Why Do Males in Scotland Die Younger than Those in England? Evidence from Three Prospective Cohort Studies

• Gerry McCartney ,

  * E-mail: gmccartney@nhs.net

  Affiliation Public Health Science Directorate, NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland

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• Martin Shipley,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

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• Carole Hart,

  Affiliation Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

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• George Davey-Smith,

  Affiliation MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Mika Kivimäki,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

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• David Walsh,

  Affiliation Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow, Scotland

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• Graham C. Watt,

  Affiliation Section of General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

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• G. David Batty

  Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland

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