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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a Pain Assessment Tool in Horses Undergoing Routine Castration

  • Emanuela Dalla Costa ,

    emanuela.dallacosta@unimi.it

    Affiliation Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Milan, Italy

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  • Michela Minero,

    Affiliation Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Milan, Italy

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  • Dirk Lebelt,

    Affiliation Pferdeklinik Havelland / Havelland Equine Hospital, Beetzsee-Brielow, Germany

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  • Diana Stucke,

    Affiliation Pferdeklinik Havelland / Havelland Equine Hospital, Beetzsee-Brielow, Germany

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  • Elisabetta Canali,

    Affiliation Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Milan, Italy

    ⨯
  • Matthew C. Leach

    Affiliation Newcastle University, School of Agriculture, Food & Rural Development, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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