CD4-Independent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Involves Participation of Endocytosis and Cathepsin B

• Hiroaki Yoshii,

  Current address: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi, Japan

  Affiliations Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Department of Preventive and Therapeutic Research for Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

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• Haruka Kamiyama,

  Affiliation Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

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• Kensuke Goto,

  Affiliation Department of Eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

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• Kazunori Oishi,

  Affiliations Department of Preventive and Therapeutic Research for Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

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• Nobuhiko Katunuma,

  Affiliation Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan

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• Yuetsu Tanaka,

  Affiliation Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan

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• Hideki Hayashi,

  Affiliation Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

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• Toshifumi Matsuyama,

  Affiliation Division of Cytokine Signaling, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

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• Hironori Sato,

  Affiliations Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

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• Naoki Yamamoto,

  Current address: Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore

  Affiliations Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

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• Yoshinao Kubo

  * E-mail: yoshinao@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

  Affiliation Department of AIDS Research, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

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