Four Common Pesticides, Their Mixtures and a Formulation Solvent in the Hive Environment Have High Oral Toxicity to Honey Bee Larvae

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Wanyi Zhu ,

* E-mail: wanyizhupsu@gmail.com

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
⨯
Daniel R. Schmehl,

Affiliation Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Christopher A. Mullin,

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
⨯
James L. Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
⨯

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Larvae
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Pesticides
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Toxicity
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Honey bees
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Diet
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Pollen
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Death rates
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Bees
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