http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-0634
Figures
Abstract
Objective
To describe the distribution of specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (hgs) in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Methods
Two-hundred nineteen consecutive patients with RA had mtDNA isolated from their blood, sequenced and haplotyped. Patients were diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European league against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved from the Danish nationwide database (DANBIO). Logistic regression analyses were performed to test for associations.
Results
One-hundred eighty-four patients were eligible for analysis. Haplogroup frequencies were: H (n = 88; 47.8%), U (n = 37; 20.1%), T (n = 22; 12.0%), J (n = 16; 8.7%), K (n = 11; 5.9%), HV (n = 6; 3.3%) and V (n = 4; 2.2%). The distribution of individual hgs was identical to the background population. Radiographic erosions were significantly associated with hg clusters JT (OR = 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–5.53, p = 0.038). Significantly fewer patients from hg cluster JT received biological treatment (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03–0.87, p = 0.038). Albeit, none of these associations were significant when corrected for multiple tests.
Conclusion
There was no significant association between mtDNA hgs and presence of RA or disease manifestations. There was an, albeit insignificant, overrepresentation of patients with hg JT among patients with erosive disease; however, slightly fewer patients in the JT group were treated with biological drugs.
Citation: Duhn PH, Sode J, Hagen CM, Christiansen M, Locht H (2017) Mitochondrial haplogroups in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: No association with disease and disease manifestations. PLoS ONE 12(12): e0188492. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188492
Editor: Luísa Maria Sousa Mesquita Pereira, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, PORTUGAL
Received: April 29, 2017; Accepted: October 9, 2017; Published: December 20, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Duhn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: According to Danish law, the current data set cannot be shared as it contains potentially sensitive information. Requests regarding data extraction are to be sent to Department of Rheumatology, att. Dr. Henning Locht (locht@dadlnet.dk) Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen and the Danish Data Protection Agency, (email: dt@datatilsynet.dk); Borgergade 28, 5; DK-1300 Copenhagen K.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has a strict maternal mode of inheritance and is not subject to recombination [1]. Every mitochondrion contains from 2–5 copies of mtDNA [1]. Throughout evolution mutations have accumulated sequentially in the 16.6 kb mtDNA genome leading to the fixation of haplogroups (hgs) [1,2]. Individual hgs are defined by the combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and are named from hg A to hg Z [1,3].
mtDNA encodes for proteins involved in the mitochondrial production of adenosine triphospate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a process also involved in generation of superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1–3]. Furthermore, the mitochondria are of importance for apoptosis, calcium handling and several intracellular signalling pathways [4,5]. Mutations in mtDNA have been recognised as causes of disease often involving organs with high energy turnover [4]. This has resulted in the formulation of a bio-energetic paradigm suggesting that variation in mtDNA may lead to changes in oxidative stress in cells and eventually to differences in morbidity, mortality, and longevity [4–6].
Several studies have investigated the association between hgs and various diseases [1,2,7–12]. Rego-Perez et al. found that mtDNA haplogroup (hg) J lowered the risk for osteoarthritis (OA) in the knees and hips [10] and others have found that hgs J and K are associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson’s disease [8]. Furthermore, hg U has been linked with Alzheimer’s disease [9], and hgs H and HV have been associated with the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [1]. Recently, a large study identified several mtDNA SNPs each associated with several degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and ischaemic stroke [13].
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic auto-immune disorder which is characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, autoantibody production, cartilage and bone destruction leading to erosions and joint deformity [14]. A recent study has suggested ROS to be involved in the pathogenesis of RA [15], but whether this relates to associations between RA and the mtDNA hgs have not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of mtDNA hgs in a cohort of patients with RA according to disease phenotype, presence of rheumatoid factor, and biological treatment. The distribution of mtDNA hgs in the RA-cohort was compared with two historical control groups from the background population.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study population and data collection
Consecutive randomly selected patients treated for RA in the out-patient clinic at the Department of Rheumatology, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark between January-December 2013 were assessed for inclusion. Inclusion criteria were fulfilment of the classification criteria for RA proposed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in 1987 and European league against Rheumatism (EULAR) in 2010 [16], age above 18 years and written informed consent to have blood analysed for mtDNA haplotyping and to have data extracted from relevant databases. Exclusion criterion was a non-European hg e.g. only patients with hg H, hg HV, hg V, hg U, hg K, hg J or hg T were included [17]. This exclusion was performed to avoid that the association analysis should be skewed due to population stratification.
Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the nationwide DANBIO database (The National Danish Registry for Biological Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases), which contains prospective data on all adult Danish rheumatologic patients subjected to both biological treatment and conventional treatment with synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARD). Data included gender, age, IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) status, radiographic joint erosions and whether the patients were receiving biological/sDMARDs treatment. Furthermore, the disease activity score 28-joints with c-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) was registered. By convention DAS28-CRP levels can be graded in four categories according to the disease score: “High disease activity” (> 5.1), “Moderate disease activity” (3.2 ≤ 5.1), “Low disease activity” (2.6 ≤ 3.2) and “Remission” (< 2.6) [18]. Biological treatment is considered when the patient has current and persistent moderate or high disease activity [19]. Therefore, when testing the associations between clinico-pathological factors and allocation to biological treatment the DAS28-CRP was divided into”remission/mild” or “moderat/severe” disease activity. Biological treatment may also be considered if x-ray show current, progressive erosions regardless of the DAS28-CRP [19].
The distribution of the mtDNA hgs in the study population were compared with results from two other Danish studies performed in the Greater Copenhagen area, Denmark. The study by Benn et al. examined mtDNA hg distribution in 9254 patients from the Copenhagen City Heart Study [6]. The other study by Mikkelsen et al. analysed the mtDNA hg distribution from 206 employees at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and the Danish Police force [20].
2.2 mtDNA haplotyping
DNA was extracted from the blood using the Maxwell® 16 system (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and pyrosequencing primers for mtDNA haplotyping were designed using PyroMark Assay Design 2.0 and the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) (NC_012920) as template. The combination of diagnostic SNPs used for mtDNA haplotyping of European mitochondrial hg H, hg U, hg K, hg J, hg T, and hg V is presented in Table 1. The hgs were classified according to PhyloTree.org (mtDNA tree Build 16 (19th of February 2014)) [1,17].
2.3 Statistical analysis
Due to small sample sizes we pooled the hgs into evolutionary closely related hg clusters: HV, UK and JT.
Logistic regression analyses were performed to test for associations between the hg clusters and anti-CCP (negative/positive), IgM-RF (negative/positive), DAS28-CRP (remission/mild or moderate/severe), erosions (absent/present) and biological treatment (no/yes). Multivariable analyses were performed of associations between clinico-pathological factors and allocation to biological treatment. A two-tailed p-value of 0.05 was used as level of significance. The results are presented in odds ratio (OR). Statistical analyses were performed in R version 2.15.2 [21].
2.4 Ethics statement
The Regional Ethics Committee of Copenhagen (M-20100153) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (J. 2010-41-4719) approved this study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients did not give informed consent as the samples were taken as part of routine medical care. This in accordance with the permission from the Regional Ethics Committee of Copenhagen and The Declaration of Helsinki, para 32. The authors were not involved in drawing blood and collecting of samples, but the samples were blinded prior to laboratory analyses.
3. Results
In total, 219 patients were included. They were diagnosed with seropositive RA (n = 185), seronegative RA (n = 33), or juvenile arthritis (n = 1). Thirty-five patients were excluded from analysis due to having a non-European hg (n = 29) or an unknown hg (n = 6). The distribution of mtDNA hgs and hg clusters was analysed in all included patients.
Patient demographics and clinical data stratified by the hgs and hg clusters are presented in Table 2. Median age was 60.5 years (interquartile range 22–88 years).
The hg frequencies are shown in Table 3. Furthermore, hg frequencies from two control groups from the background population are listed in Table 3 [6,20]. In the study by Benn et al. no data on the hg HV [6] were available. Mikkelsen et al. had no data on hg V [20]. The distribution of individual hgs was comparable with the distribution of the background populations.
A significant association between hg clusters and disease activity was found with regard to erosions as patients with hgs in cluster JT showed a significantly higher frequency of erosions (OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.07–5.53, p = 0.038) compared to hg cluster HV, Table 4.
None of the hg clusters were significantly associated with anti-CCP, IgM-RF, DAS28-CRP or biological treatment (Table 4).
When testing the multivariable association between clinico-pathological factors and allocation to biological treatment in Table 5, there were significantly fewer patients from hg cluster JT that received biological treatment (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03–0.87, p = 0.038). There was a borderline significant association between getting biological treatment and having erosions (OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.04–14.45, p = 0.050) and a significant association between biological treatment and having moderate/severe DAS28-CRP (OR = 35.83, 95% CI: 10.18–164.94, p < 0.001). No association was found between biological treatment and anti-CCP or IgM-RF (Table 5).
4. Discussion
This study investigated the distribution of mtDNA hgs in patients with RA according to disease activity, presence of rheumatoid factor (and/or anti-CCP antibodies), and biological treatment. The distribution of mtDNA hgs in the RA-cohort was compared with two historical control groups from the background population and the overall distribution of hgs was found to be comparable with the distribution of the background populations. Thus, there does not seem to be an association between the occurrence of RA and mtDNA hgs.
The study demonstrated an association albeit insignificant following Bonferroni’s correction for multiple testing, between radiographic erosions and the hg cluster JT. However, the multivariable analysis showed that significantly fewer patients from the hg cluster JT received biological treatment compared to hg cluster HV. Furthermore, there was a significant association between biological treatment and having moderate/severe DAS28-CRP, but only borderline significance was obtained when radiographic erosions were included in the calculations. The hg cluster JT had a higher frequency of erosions compared to hg cluster HV.
Thus, our results might indicate that patients in hg cluster JT exhibit a higher disease activity. This may be a consequence of the small study sample, as hg H has been associated with increased pathogenicity in degenerative diseases compared to other hgs. A study by Soto-Hermida et al. evaluated the influence of the mtDNA hgs on the progession of knee OA and found cartilage thickness loss to be significantly lower in patients with hgs T [11]. They suggested mtDNA hg T to have a higher capacity to cope with oxidative stress than hg H [11]. This was supported by two other studies indicating a higher vulnerability of hg H to ROS than hg T [22,23]. Previous studies have shown that higher energy turnover of the cell and protonmotive force is positively correlated to ROS production [24,25]. Thereby expecting the HV cluster to associate with a higher amount of erosions.
An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is thought to lead to the oxidative stress in RA patients which contributes to tissue damage and further to the chronicity of the disease [26]. Oxidative stress has therefore been considered to be involved in the onset of RA [15,26–29].
Measurements on oxidative stress have been challenging, but studies have been performed to analyse whether mtDNA hgs differ in ROS production [22,30–32]. A comparison of the findings of these studies is complicated by the variation in the choice of models, methods and design used. The ROS production have been measured in transmitochondrial cybrids using fluorogenic dyes as MitoSOX and H2DCFDA [30–32]. The cybrid cell-lines were not the same in these studies and the flourogenic dyes have been found controversial as a method for measuring mitochondrial ROS production [33,34]. The mitochondrial ROS production is linked to the mitochondrial membrane potential, that is connected to the rate of OXPHOS [35]. The variation that may exist in OPXHOS function in different hgs is coupled to variation in ROS production. The OXPHOS function in hgs have been analysed using respirometry [30,32,36,37], respiratory gas-exchange [23,38,39], enzymatic assays [22], in cybrids [22,30,32,37], humans [23,38,39], and permeabilized muscle cells [36]. Interestingly, hgs UK and H have been studied by a similar method by Gomez-Duran [32], and Larsen [36], in cybrids and permeabilized muscle fibers, reaching opposite conclusions. This indicates variability in OXPHOS function between mtDNA hgs [23,30,32,36]. There is evidence that ROS are involved in cartilage degradation in vitro and in animal OA models. [40].
A study by Mitsunaga et al. found a significant association between severe erosive RA and mitochondrial respiratory complex-related genes, that were major site of ROS generation [15]. They suggested that ROS were involved in cartilage and bone destruction through activation of osteoclast and fibroblast-like synoviocytes [15].
To our knowledge only one study by Coto-Segura et al. has examined the hgs frequencies in patients with arthritis—psoriatic arthritis (PsA) [41]. Comparing the most common hg H with hg J, they found that hg J was significantly less frequent among patients with PsA, hypothesising a protective effect in their study population [41]. Other studies support the protective effects of hg J when regarding the development of OA [7,10,12].
Our findings, that there are not any significant association between European mtDNA neither with occurrence of RA nor with clinical manifestations may reflect the complexity of RA etiology and pathogenesis, as the mtDNA variation most likely involves many other mitochondrial functions. It is probably not sufficient to interpret the results with reference solely to ROS production. Finally, mtDNA only code for approximately 1% of the mitochondrial proteome [42], so population substratification may also confound the results. However, more studies are needed to confirm our findings and more carefully relate them to clinical and biochemically defined subtypes of RA.
Acknowledgments
Andreas Nordholm-Carstensen, MD, PhD, Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, provided statistical consultancy. This study has been conducted using the Danish National Biobank resource, supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.
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