Figures
Abstract
Background
Many chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients recur after off-therapy and have to accept prolonged consolidation therapy with NUCs. We investigated the rate of HBV relapse after stopping NUCs therapy with different time period of prolonged consolidation therapy in HBeAg positive CHB patients, and analyzed the associated-factor of recurrence.
Methods
We recruited 162 HBeAg-positive CHB patients who met the standard of stopping NUCs therapy recommended by the 2005 APASL. Patients in group A, without the prolonged consolidation therapy, were as controls. Patients in group B were divided into 3 subgroups (group B1, 7 (range 3–11) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy; group B2, 17 (range 13–20) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy; group B3, 28 (range 25–34) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy). Virologic relapse was defined as an increase in serum HBV DNA to >103copies/ml after off-therapy.
Results
One hundred and thirty-six patients (group A, 40 patients; group B1, 54 patients; group B2, 23 patients; group B3, 19 patients) were eligible for this study. The cumulative rates of relapse in group B at 6 months and 48 months were 29.2%, 41.7% after off-therapy, respectively. The cumulative rates of relapse in group B were statistically lower than that in group A at the same time periods. The cumulative rate of relapse in group B3 or group B2 was statistically lower than that in group B1, respectively. On multivariate analysis by Cox’s proportional hazard model, age at off-therapy, baseline ALT and the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy were associated with the relapse of HBV after off-therapy.
Citation: Pan X, Zhang K, Yang X, Liang J, Sun H, Li X, et al. (2013) Relapse Rate and Associated-Factor of Recurrence after Stopping NUCs Therapy with Different Prolonged Consolidation Therapy in HBeAg Positive CHB Patients. PLoS ONE 8(7): e68568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068568
Editor: Matti Sällberg, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Received: January 3, 2013; Accepted: May 30, 2013; Published: July 3, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Pan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by research grants from the Project Supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. S2011010004680), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-04-0797), Medical Research Fund of Guangdong Pharmaceutical Association (Grant No. 2011G23, 2012GRS01), and National Natural Science Fund of China (Grant No. 81000180). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
There are approximately 350–400 million people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the world [1]. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). It is reported that HBV-related end stage liver disease or HCC is responsible for beyond 0.5–1 million deaths every year worldwide [2]–[4]. Hepatitis virus B (HBV), a hepatotropic double stranded DNA virus, is not directly cytopathic for hepatocyte, but the immune response to virus or viral antigens is thought to be responsible for liver damage or virus clearance in patients with acute and chronic HBV infection [5]. So it is very important to directly aim at HBV with antiviral therapy.
Nowadays, 4 kinds of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), Lamivudine (LAM), Adefovir Dipivoxil (ADV), Telbivudine (LDT), Entecavir (ETV) are used to treat chronic HBV infection in China. NUCs can effectively inhibit replication of HBV, but not eradicate HBV in hepatocyte. Many CHB patients recur after NUCs are discontinued. So CHB patients have to accept long-term therapy of NUCs. Long-term therapy brings many problems to CHB patients, such as high expenses, HBV drug resistance, etc.
Different researches recommend different end points of therapy with NUCs. According to guidelines recommended by the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) [6]–[7], in HBeAg positive CHB patients, therapy could be stopped when HBeAg seroconversion with undetectable HBV DNA has been documented on two separate occasions at least 6 months apart. According to the 2009 AASLD guidelines [8], therapy may be discontinued in patient who has confirmed anti-HBe seroconversion (detection on 2 occasions 1–3months apart) and has completed at least 6 months of consolidation therapy after the appearance of anti-HBe. However, the rate of relapse is still high after off-therapy, even if CHB patient is treated with at least 6 months of consolidation therapy [9]. So the time period of the consideration therapy and the associated factor of recurrence should be evaluated again.
In the present study, we analyzed the relapse rate of HBV and the associated-factor of recurrence after stopping NUCs therapy with the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy in HBeAg positive CHB patients. These patients met the standard of stopping therapy recommended by the 2005 APASL guideline [6] and were given the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy.
Materials and Methods
Patients
Patient recruitment started in January 2001 and the last patient follow-up was in March 2012. We recruited 162 HBeAg-positive CHB patients who were referred to Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. These patients met the standard of stopping NUCs therapy recommended by the 2005 APASL. The standards for diagnosis of CHB have been previously described in detail [10]. The included standards were as follows: (1) HBsAg positive, HBeAg positive, HBV DNA load of ≥105copies/ml; (2) the history of HBV infection ≥6 months; (3) the time of abnormal ALT ≥6 months; (4) the good compliance of patients. The excluded standards were as follows: (1) patients with antibodies against HIV or other forms of chronic liver disease; (2) patients with long term of drinking history; (3) patients complicated with fatty liver, the criteria of diagnosis of fatty liver by trans-abdominal ultrasonography: increased echogenicity, posterior attenuation and loss of intra-hepatic architectural details; (4) patients whose ALT were normal; (5) patients who were pregnant or in lactating; (6) patients with signs of variceal bleeding, ascites, encephalopathy. The study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient in the study.
Study Design
All patients were treated with ADV, ETV, LAM or LDT, respectively. The standard of stopping therapy recommended by the 2005 APASL was as follows: anti-HBe seroconversion, HBV DNA<103copies/ml (detection on 2 occasions at least 6 months apart). According to the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy with NUCs, patients were divided into 2 groups: group A and group B. Group A included 40 patients without the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B was then categorized into B1, B2 and B3, depending on the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B1 included 54 patients with 7 (range 3–11) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B2 included 23 patients with 17 (range 13–20) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B3 included 19 patients with 28 (range 25–34) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Sera of all patients were collected at baseline, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 months after off-therapy, respectively. HBV DNA, HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBe, ALT were analyzed, respectively. The standard of virological relapse was serum HBV DNA to >103copies/ml.
Laboratory Tests
Liver biochemistry was assayed by routine automated analysis system (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA). HBV serological markers, including HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HBe were assayed by a chemiluminescent micro particle enzyme immunoassay (Abbott, Chicago, IL). The detection of serum HBV DNA level was previously described in detail [11].
Statistical Analysis
Data were expressed as mean±SD or median. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative rate of relapse. Log-rank test was used to compare the cumulative rate of relapse among groups. The Cox’s proportional hazards regression model was adopted to determine the predictive factor for relapse, among various variables including age at off-therapy, gender, baseline HBV DNA level, baseline ALT level, baseline AST level, baseline TBIL level, baseline ALB level, time to virologic response, type of NUCs, the duration of the prolonged consolidation therapy and total treatment duration. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to calculate cut off value of the relevant predictive factor for relapse. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v16.00 statistical analysis software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Differences were considered statistically significant at a value of P<0.05.
Results
Patient Characteristics
One hundred and sixty-two HBeAg-positive CHB patients were recruited in the present study. After excluding 16 patients lost in follow-up period and 10 patients whose sera were not collected at baseline, 136 patients were eligible for this analysis. Sixty patients were treated with ADV, while 37 patients with ETV, 26 patients with LAM, 13 patients with LDT. Baseline characteristics of the 136 patients in this study were shown in Table 1.
Cumulative Rate of Relapse
After off-therapy, the cumulative rates of relapse at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48 months were calculated, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1A, 52.5% patients recurred at 6 months in group A and only 29.2% patients at 6 months in group B. The cumulative rates of relapse in group A and group B at 48 months increased to 82.5%, 41.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse between group A and group B was statistically significant (Fig. 1A).
Group A, 40 patients without the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B, 96 patients with the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B1, 54 patients with 7 (range 3–11) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B2, 23 patients with 17 (range 13–20) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Group B3, 19 patients with 28 (range 25–34) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy. Fig. 1A showed the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse between group A and group B (P<0.05). Fig. 1B–D showed the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse among group B1, B2 and B3.
Subsequently, we compared the cumulative rates of relapse among group B1, group B2 and group B3. As shown in Fig. 1B–D, the cumulative rates of relapse in group B3 or group B2 were statistically lower than that in group B1, respectively. Although the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse between group B3 and B2 was not statistically significant, the cumulative rate of relapse in group B3 was lower than that in group B2.
Relevant Factors for HBV Recurrence
Cox’s regression analysis revealed that HBV recurrence after off-therapy was associated with age at off-therapy (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.021∼1.069; P = 0.000), baseline ALT level (RR = 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997∼1.000; P = 0.016) and the different time period of the prolonged consolidation treatment (RR = 0.974; 95% CI, 0.951∼0.998; P = 0.031). According to regression coefficients, the younger the patient was, or the higher the baseline ALT level was, or the longer the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy was, the lower the rate of relapse was. The age was the most significant among the three relevant factors because the Wald of age was the highest. The time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy was the least significant among the three relevant factors because the Wald of the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy was the lowest (Table 2).
Subsequently, ROC curves of the three relevant predictive factors were drawn and cut off values of them were calculated, respectively. Cut off value of age at off-therapy, ALT level at baseline, and the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy, for predicting HBV recurrence, was 37 years old, 80 U/L, 11 months, respectively.
Then we measured the differences in the cumulative rates of relapse between age≤37 and age>37, ALT>80 U/L and ALT≤80 U/L, the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy>11 months and that ≤11 months, respectively. The cumulative rate of relapse in patient ≤37 years old at off-therapy (45.3%) was statistically lower than that in patient >37 at off-therapy (62.5%) (Fig. 2A). The cumulative rate of relapse in patient who had ALT >80 U/L at baseline (44.7%) was statistically lower than that in patient who had ALT ≤80 U/L at baseline (66.7%) (Fig. 2B). The cumulative rate of relapse in patient with >11 months of the prolonged consolidation therapy (26.0%) was significantly lower than that in patient with ≤11 months (58.7%) or that in patient without the prolonged consolidation therapy (85.0%) (Fig. 2Ca–b). Furthermore, the difference among them was statistically significant. However, the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse was not statistically significant between patient with 0–11 months of the prolonged consolidation therapy and patient without the prolonged consolidation therapy (Fig. 2Cc). These results further demonstrated the significance of cut off value.
Fig. 2A showed the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse between age≤37 and age>37 (P<0.05). Fig. 2B showed the difference in the cumulative rate of relapse between ALT>80 U/L and ALT≤80 U/L (P<0.05). Fig. 2C showed the difference between the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy>11 months and that ≤11 months (P<0.05).
Discussion
In the present study, we found that the relapse rate of HBV after off-therapy gradually decreased with the increase of the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy in HBeAg positive CHB patients. Age at off-therapy, baseline ALT level and the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy were associated with recurrence of HBV after NUCs were discontinued. If patient was ≤37 years old at off-therapy, or ALT at baseline was >80 U/L, or the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy was >11 months, the cumulative rate of relapse would significantly decrease after off-therapy.
For patients with HBV infection, it is best to eradicate HBV in hepatocyte, but there is no drug to eradicate HBV in hepatocyte worldwide. NUCs are widely used to treat CHB because they can suppress the replication of HBV and decrease the load of HBV DNA. However, patient with CHB often recurs because the load of HBV DNA rapidly rises after off-therapy [12]. It is demonstrated that high viral load (≥103 copies/ml) is related to the progression of liver disease [13]–[14]. As a result, more attention is paid to the duration and the stopping point of NUCs therapy. APASL guidelines [6]–[7], AASLD guidelines [8] and EASL guidelines [1] recommend different duration and the stopping point of NUCs therapy for treating CHB with NUCs. In the present study, even if HBeAg positive CHB patient met the standard of stopping therapy recommended by the 2012 EASL guidelines [1], the cumulative rate of relapse was still high (Fig. 1). Cut-off value of the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy also revealed that the cumulative rate of relapse in patient with >11 months of the prolonged consolidation therapy was significantly lower than that in patient with ≤11 months of the prolonged consolidation therapy (Fig. 2b). Taken together, we believe that 12 months of the prolonged consolidation therapy after HBeAg seroconversion were imperfect for HBeAg positive CHB patients.
Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which functions as the template for the transcription of viral gene, is required for the maintenance of HBV infection [15]. Furthermore, it is difficult to eradicate cccDNA in hepatocyte [16]. Recently, Werle et al [17] demonstrates that long-term ADV therapy can significantly decrease cccDNA level in hepatocyte. The mechanisms they propose are as follows: the replication of HBV is suppressed by NUCs. The decrease of HBV replication results in the reduction of nucleotide chain. The reduction of nucleotide chain can not be converted into enough cccDNA to supplement the consumption of cccDNA. As a result, cccDNA level gradually lessens. In the present study, we found that the cumulative rate of relapse in patient with 28 (range 25–34) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy was the lowest in 136 patients. This might be associated with the decrease of cccDNA level. However, there were still 21.1% patients who recurred after 28 (range 25–34) months of the prolonged consolidation therapy in the present study. So we think that the consolidation therapy after HBeAg seroconversion should be further prolonged. Unfortunately, long-term NUCs therapy can result in HBV-resistance. All problems above are difficult to resolve.
The sustained durability in patient whose age was ≤37 was higher in the present study. Chien et al [18] demonstrates that patient ≤36 has a high sustained response. Song et al [19] demonstrates that patient ≤40 is significantly associated with the sustained response. Chu et al [20] reports that the incidence of hepatitis relapse is increased in patient who develops HBeAg seroconversion after age 40. Recently, it is reported that the difference in durability based on age can be associated with immune activity [21]. All these results demonstrated that it was more likely for younger patient to maintain viral suppression and high rate of durability after off-therapy. So we think that the consolidation therapy should be further prolonged for older patient to lessen the rate of relapse.
ALT level at baseline is an important predictive factor for the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Yan et al [22] approves that long-term efficacy of LAM is improved if the baseline ALT is more than 220 U/L. In the present study, we found that ALT level at baseline was associated with HBV recurrence after off-therapy and the cumulative rate of relapse was decreased if the baseline ALT was more than 80 U/L. Our results further demonstrated the role of ALT level in antiviral therapy.
It is reported that genotype B is related with spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion, and that genotype B patient has a significantly higher rate of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion than genotype C patient [23]. It is also reported that genotype C patient is more HBeAg positive than genotype B patient [24]. Furthermore, genotype C is associated with more severe liver disease than genotype B [25]. So genotype C patient was recruited in the present study. Our results might be valuable for genotype C patient. Subsequently, in order to verify whether our results could also be meaningful for other genotype patients, we will investigate the relapse rate and the associated-factor of recurrence after stopping NUCs therapy with the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy in other genotype patients.
In sum, we have demonstrated that the APASL recommendations for stopping anti-viral therapy in HBeAg-positive CHB patients are inadequate. We, therefore, believe that the consolidation therapy with NUCs after HBeAg seroconversion should be further prolonged and the standard of stopping therapy should be further evaluated.
Conclusion
Taken together, in the present study, we investigated the relapse rate and the associated-factor of recurrence after stopping NUCs therapy with the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy in HBeAg positive CHB patients. We revealed that the cumulative rate of relapse in patient with the prolonged consolidation therapy was statistically lower than that in patient without the prolonged consolidation therapy. Age at off-therapy, baseline ALT level and the different time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy were associated with HBV recurrence after off-therapy. Our results demonstrated that the consolidation therapy with NUCs after HBeAg seroconversion should be further prolonged, and that age at off-therapy, ALT at baseline and the time period of the prolonged consolidation therapy could provide information to direct anti-viral therapy.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: QX GL. Performed the experiments: KZ XY. Analyzed the data: JL XP. Wrote the paper: XP. Contributed reagents: YZ. Contributed materials: XL. Contributed analysis tool: HS. Revised the manuscript: QX GA.
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