Figures
Abstract
Background
Paying attention to and improving the mental health of the informal caregivers of disabled elders has become a global public health priority. This study focused on low-income female Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of disabled elders residing in China’s far west. It investigated the prevalence of and the major related factors of depressive emotion.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed from September 2013 to January 2014 in Shawan Prefectures, Tuokexun Prefectures, Bole Prefecture and Urumchi city. Shawan Prefecture has the highest proportion of Kazakhs, whereas Tuokexun Prefectures, Bole Prefecture and Urumchi city have the highest proportion of Uyghurs in Muslim ethnic Uygur and Kazakh communities. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is located in remote western China; this area is approximately 3,105 km (1,929 miles) away from Beijing. A total of 444 female Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of disabled elders participated in this study. The self-rating depression scale, the Zarit burden interview, and the SF-36 questionnaire were used to evaluate the state of caregiver depression, caregiver burden, and quality of life (QOL), respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariate logistic regression analyses, correlation with Spearman’s rho and independent-sample t-tests; a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Up to 38.5% (n = 217) of informal caregivers reported having depression, whereas 61.5% (n = 273) of them reported a lack of depression. Age of disabled elders more than 60 years old, total hours spent on caring daily≥8h, duration of caring≥5 years, negative self-evaluation of health condition, having caregiver burden, elders’ medium degree of disability and elders’ heavy degree of disability had a higher risk of caregiver depression. By contrast, daughter/daughter-in-law of disabled elders; unemployed carers, family’s per capita income >US$235.48(1500 yuan), high social support, and high QOL of disabled elders were each associated with a lower risk of depressive emotion. Moreover, informal caregivers with depression obtained high care burden scores; at the same time, disabled elders who were looked after by caregivers with depression obtained low QOL scores.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the demographics characteristics of informal caregivers, and caregiver burden, and the disabled elders’ degree of disability and QOL had the most significant correlation with depressive emotion among women informal caregivers. The results had a enlighten that these variables should be considered while planning interventions to improve depression of informal caregivers.
Citation: Wang M, He B, Wang Y, Wu F, Chen X, Wang W, et al. (2016) Depression among Low-Income Female Muslim Uyghur and Kazakh Informal Caregivers of Disabled Elders in Far Western China: Influence on the Caregivers’ Burden and the Disabled Elders’ Quality of Life. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0156382. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156382
Editor: Kenji Hashimoto, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, JAPAN
Received: January 26, 2016; Accepted: May 15, 2016; Published: May 31, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This research was supported by The National Natural Science Fund of China (NSFC)(project number: 81260443). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Disability has become a primary subject of investigation in aging research. However, consensus on the definition or measure of disability is lacking. Thus, the term is defined in this paper as a general decline in several physiological systems and is characterized by disability and diminished functional ability; consequently, such decline induces vulnerability to adverse outcomes, including falls, hospitalization, institutionalization, and death [1]. In this paper, we define disabled older people as individuals who are unable to look after themselves because of chronic illness, physical injury, or old age, and thus must rely on others to take care of them [2]. This group of population demands long-term care. However, disabled older adults are cared for at home by family members because of national government advocacy and the influence of traditional culture [3–5]. Family members provide any informal unpaid type of physical and emotional care for an ill loved one at home, and such family members are referred to as “informal caregivers” [6]. Informal caregivers generally provide caregiving support, including help in tasks related to the activities of daily living (ADL) (e.g., help with dressing, bathing, eating, and using the toilet) or in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) (e.g., help with preparing hot meals, shopping for groceries, taking medication, or managing money) [7–8]. The contribution of informal caregivers in elderly care has become extremely important. However, taking care of an older adult with long-term, chronic, and complex health problems is an extremely onerous task, which imposes role strain, caregiver burden (i.e., physical, psychological, social life, and financil burden), and responsibility on informal caregivers [9–10]. Several academics have reported that informal caregivers deal with caregiver pressure and burden for a long period, and this situation may eventually trigger psychiatric ailments, such as a depressive disorder, anxiety, stress, and low life satisfaction [11–12]. A depressive emotion appears as the most determining factor of the physical health of the caregivers compared with the general population in global terms. This fact appears in higher rates in persons caring for older adults with dementia or behavior disorders [13–14]. Thus, paying attention to the mental health of family caregivers and improving their psychological well-being has become a global public health priority.
The global population is aging rapidly, and this aging phenomenon is occurring in China where the number of older individuals aged 65 years and above has reached 221 million; the older population accounts for 16% of the total Chinese population [15]. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is located in remote western China; it is approximately 3,105 km (1,929 miles) away from Beijing. Its largest inhabitant minority groups are Uyghurs and Kazakhs; the proportion of the elderly population in these groups has reached 11.18% and within 4.36% by 2013 and within a year [16]. With an aging society, the scale and number of Uyghur and Kazakh disabled elders have also increased annually [17]. Given the unique culture and society of Uyghur and Kazakh and the absence of a strong social welfare regime and of any formal care support, the family pension continues to occupy the dominant endowment model. In this model, a family member personally cares for disabled elders in their homes. As part of the unique customs and habits of the Uyghur and Kazakh society, the males go to the labor market to earn money, whereas the females stay at home to take care of their families (i.e., performing housework and caring for children and elders). Therefore, in this nation, the bulk of the caring for elders is provided by female informal caregivers, such as wives, daughters, daughters-in-law and granddaughters [18]. In terms of gender, the preponderance of depression is higher in women than in men [19]. Women provide a greater amount of care and ultimately experience a higher level of burden and depression compared with men [20]. Yee and Schulz reported higher levels of burden and depression among female caregivers [21]. Moreover, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is an economically underdeveloped area; furthermore, the per capita income of Uyghur and Kazakh is lower than the national per capita income [22]. In 2001, the World Health Organization confirmed that in low-income countries, poverty both at the community (macro) and individual (micro) levels was associated with poor mental health functioning [23]. Although the Chinese government has issued relevant policies in recent years, such as the establishment of a new type of rural social endowment insurance [24], informal caregivers continue to receive limited financial or physical assistance from the state. Thus, the prevalence and the major related factors of depression of low-income female Urghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of disabled elders must be investigated.
Researchers have discussed the relationship between depression and caregiver burden. They suggested that caregivers with a higher caregiver burden exhibited more depression [25–26]. However, the major and interactive effects of depressive emotion on caregiver burden, particularly in low-income and resource-limited settings in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, are unclear. Quality of life (QOL) is another major variable of examination in older adults and their informal caregivers. QOL is a construct that encompasses health and functioning, socioeconomic status, psychological, emotional, and spiritual aspects, general health perceptions, and family [27]. Some researchers have clarified that the stress of caregivers influenced their QOL outcomes [28–29]. However, fewer studies have examined the effects of the informal caregivers’ depressive emotion on the QOL of disabled elders. Additionally, the interaction between the informal caregivers’ depression and the disabled elders’ QOL is unclear.
In our investigation of the factors associated with depression, we analyzed the general demographic characteristics of the caregiver–elder dyads and included the informal caregivers’ care burden and the disabled elders’ QOL as independent variables in the multivariate logistic regression model. We subsequently tested the effects of a depressive emotion on the informal caregivers’ care burden and the disabled elders’ QOL. We hypothesized that (1) family caregivers with a depressive emotion have higher caregiver burden scores, and (2) disabled elders cared for by depressed informal caregivers have lower QOL scores.
In this exploratory study, we (1) examined the prevalence and the related factors of depression among the female informal caregivers of disabled elders; (2) analyzed the correlation of the depressive emotion between the informal caregivers’ care burden and disabled elders’ QOL; and (3) investigated the influence of informal caregivers’ depressive emotion on informal caregivers’ care burden and the QOL among disabled elders.
Methods
Study design and setting
This study was conducted in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where Kazakhs and Uyghurs are two large inhabitant minority groups. Following a pilot study, we used a cross-sectional study design with approval from the ethics committee to explore our objectives. We employed a stepped-wedge cluster sampling in Shawan Prefectures, Tuokexun Prefectures, Bole Prefecture and Urumchi City from September 2013 to January 2014. Shawan Prefecture has the highest proportion of Kazakhs, whereas Tuokexun Prefectures, Bole Prefecture and Urumchi City have the highest proportion of Uyghurs.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria of study participants
The research participants were the family caregivers of community-dwelling disabled elders. We confirmed the informal caregivers based on our identification of the disabled elders. We used the following inclusion criteria in defining the disabled elders: (1) disabled elders of Uyghur and Kazakh minorities aged 60 years and above; (2) Katz ADL scores higher than 17 points, which fit the degree of disability of elders (i.e., “light,” “medium,”, and “heavy”) [30]; (3) residing in the research area; and (4) Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores higher than or equal to 27 points; this score indicated the lack of cognitive impairment [31]. By contrast, we used the following exclusion criteria: (1) elders on a waiting list for a nursing home or living in the nursing home or convalescent hospital; and (2) an elder with a life expectancy of <1 year because of a terminal illness. Each included disabled older participant was then asked to nominate one family member or friend as his or her primary informal caregiver, who knew the older adult best and who was undertaking most of the caregiver burden for the required care of the disabled elders. Informal caregivers would be included if (1) they were 18 years or older; (2) they were the nominated family member of disabled elders aged 60 years and above; (3) they assisted in or supervised the ADL (i.e., personal care, mobility, communication, and emotional and/or practical and financial support) of the included elders; and (4) they provided unpaid family care. However, informal caregivers would be excluded if they were cognitively impaired and incapable of completing the measurements. Moreover, disabled elders and their informal caregiver would be excluded if either of them was unwilling to participate in this research.
The recruitment of family caregivers involved three steps. First, the disabled elders were selected and determined from the inclusion and exclusion criteria through the researchers’ door-to-door survey, under the assistance of community health institution staff members who profoundly know about the disabled elders’ basic situation. Second, these eligible elders nominated a primary informal caregiver who provided daily care. If the nominated informal caregivers were recruited from the inclusion criteria, then the family caregivers were invited to participate in this study. Finally, eligible informal caregivers who were interested in participating received an informed consent form, and their baseline measurements were recorded (see Fig 1).
Assessment of caregivers’ depressive emotion
To evaluate participants’ depression, all of the informal caregivers filled out the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) questionnaire. SDS was introduced by Doctor Zung in 1971. SDS is a 20-item inventory with a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never or a few times) to 4 (almost or all the time), which evaluates the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. It measures four cognitive manifestations, namely, spirituality–emotional symptoms, somatic disorders, mental motility disorders, depression and mental disorder. An overall index ranging from 20 to 80 indicated the raw scores. The standard score was obtained through the raw scores multiplied by 1.25; higher scores indicated more severe symptoms. Additionally, the scores were grouped into several categories, namely, minimal(<50), mild (50–59), moderate (60–69), and severe symptoms (≥70) [32].
Assessment of factors associated with caregiver depression
Demographic characteristics.
Demographic characteristics were collected from informal caregivers through self-reports. The demographic characteristics included age, nation, educational level, marital status, relationship with the older resident, employment status, have children (yes vs. no), monthly family income (two categories: poor, ≤US$235.75 and good, >US$235.75), lives with the older resident (yes vs. no), total time spent on caring daily (hours), duration of caring (years), others helping to care for the elders (yes vs. no), self-evaluation of health condition (positive vs. negative), and social support (low vs. high). The demographic data of disabled elders were also assessed, including age, gender, nation, educational level, and degree of disability.
Social support of family caregiver.
The social support of informal caregivers was measured by the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS); SSRS was conducted by Xiaoshuiyuan [33], who relied on the situation of China (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92). SSRS included 10 items and focused on three areas, namely, subjective support, objective support, and social support utilization. The total SSRS scores ranged from 0 to 66; a high score indicated a high level of social support. Scores less than 22 denoted a low level of social support, scores ranging from 22 to 44 indicated a moderate level of social support, and scores ranging from 45 to 66 suggested a high level of social support.
Family caregivers’ care burden.
The reaction in the care burden of Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers as the primary outcome was measured using the Zarit burden interview (ZBI) [34,35]. ZBI consists of 22 items, with a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (nearly always). It is widely used in appraising caregiver burden. The ZBI questions focus on the areas of caregivers’ health, psychological well-being, social life, and finances, as well as evaluate the overall burden [36]. The subscale used in this tool consists of four aspects, namely, personal strain, privacy conflict, guilt, and uncertain attitude. The total burden is obtained by summing the items to create a score from zero (lowest burden) to 88 (highest burden). No, mild, moderate, and severe burdens are scored at less than 20, 20–39, 40–59, and 60–88, respectively [37].
Degree of the elders’ disability and cognitive function.
The degree of the elders’ disability was measured by Katz ADL at the baseline. The Katz ADL variable was categorized into three classes, namely, slight (unable to perform at least one of the six ADL tasks), moderate (unable to perform at least three of the six ADL tasks), and severe (unable to perform at least five of the six ADL tasks) [30]. To measure and describe the cognitive status of the disabled elders, MMSE as defined by Folstein was used [31]. The highest score was 30 points, scores in the normal range were 23 to 30, and scores <23denoted cognitive dysfunction.
QOL of the disabled elders.
The SF-36 questionnaire was used to evaluate the QOL of disabled elders. It measures the eight concepts of physical functioning, bodily pain, role limitations due to physical, personal, and emotional health problems, emotional well-being, social functioning, energy/fatigue, and general health perceptions. Cronbach’s alpha is 0.824. The total score is obtained by summing the items to create a score from zero to 100; higher scores indicate a better QOL. Scores of more than 117, 72–117, and less than 72 denote good, moderate, and negative QOL, respectively [38, 39].
Ethical statement
The Institutional Ethics Review Board (IERB) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine granted ethical approval for the study (IERB No. SHZ201203801). Standard university hospital guidelines, including informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and anonymity, were followed. This study also complied with the culture of Muslim Uyghur and Kazakh. Prior to the study, all of the participants gave a written informed consent, including the information for the participants and their agreement on study participation. All of the personal data were treated as confidential and used only for scientific objectives.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis involved third steps. In the first step, basic data variables that included the demographic characteristics, disabled elders’ QOL, and the depressive emotion and care burden of informal caregivers were summarized using a descriptive statistical presentation in percentages, means, and standard deviations. In the second step, the factors related to the depressive emotion of informal caregiver were examined through multivariate logistic regression analyses; the presence of depressive emotion was used as the dependent variable, whereas the demographic data of the informal caregiver and disabled elders, the disabled elders’ QOL, and the informal caregivers’ care burden were employed as independent variables. In the third step and final step were to suggest the association between the depression of informal caregivers and their care burden and disabled elders’ QOL: correlation with Spearman’s rho was performed to examine the relationship of the depressive emotion of informal caregivers with their care burden and disabled elders’ QOL; a t-test of independent means was employed to assess the effects of depression on the care burden of informal caregivers and the QOL of disabled elders. The statistical analysis was performed using the software program SPSS (version 17.0, 2008). A two-sided test probability level of less than 0.05 was applied and indicated statistical significance.
Results
Demographics characteristics of the study population
According to the selection criteria, 444 eligible healthy female Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of disabled elders were retained from a database of 621 participants. The characteristics of the study population are summarized in Table 1. The ages of the eligible female informal caregivers ranged from 18 to 83 years, with a mean age of 41.32 years (SD = 14.49). The educational level of the carers is as follows: 67.1% (n = 298) completed secondary education, 24.3% (n = 108) completed primary education, and 8.6% (n = 38) had no education. Up to 92.6% of the carers (n = 411) were married, whereas 7.4% (n = 33) of the carers were single or separated. The relationship of the carers to the elders person is as follows: 32.4% (n = 144) of the carers were spouses, 65.3% (n = 290) of the carers were children (daughters or daughters-in-law), and 2.3% (n = 10) of the carers were other relatives. Roughly 64.2% (n = 285) of the carers had a family per capita income of less than 1,500 yuan (US$235.48). The majority of the informal caregivers worked part-time (62.4%, n = 277). A large number of informal caregivers (91%, n = 404) lived with the elders. Approximately 77.5% (n = 344) of informal caregivers had taken care of the elders for more than five years, whereas 22.5% (n = 100) of the carers had taken care of the elders for more than/less than five years. The majority of the carers (66.4%, n = 295) had others helping in the caring of the elders. Up to 66.7% (n = 296) of caregivers reported themselves to be in good health. The majority of the informal caregivers obtained a low level of social support. The average age of the disabled elders was 68.5 (SD = 7.83) years. Most of the disabled elders (75%, n = 333) lived in rural areas. The elders’ degrees of disability are as follows: 61% (n = 271) had a light degree of disability, 21.4% (n = 95) had a medium degree of disability, and 17.6% (n = 78) had a heavy degree of disability.
Prevalence of the depression and care burden of informal caregivers and the QOL of disabled elders
In this paper, according to our aim and the original cut-off score of questionnaire, we set the cut-off score of SDS was ≥50 (high score) as the threshold of having depression and cut-off score of SDS was ≤49 (low score)as the threshold of no depression; setting the cut-off score of ZBI was ≥20 (high score) as having burden and <20 (low score) as the no burden; setting the cut-off score of QOL was ≥72 (high score) as well QOL and the cut-off score of QOL was<72 (low score) as negative QOL.
The female informal caregivers’ mean score on the SDS was 48.45 (SE = 0.27). Up to 38.5% (n = 217) of caregivers reported having depression, whereas 61.5% (n = 273) of caregivers reported no depression. The mean ZBI total score of informal caregivers was 20.04 (SE = 0.43). Among the informal caregivers, 48.2% (n = 214) reported having caregiver burden, whereas 51.8% (n = 230) reported no caregiver burden. The disabled elders had a mean score on the SF-36 of 91.59 (SE = 0.58). The majority of the disabled elders (92.8%, n = 412) reported a high level of QOL, whereas 7.2% (n = 32) of the elders reported a low level of QOL (see Table 2).
Factors associated with caregiver depression
The results of the logistic regression analyses used to examine the effect of the factors on the presence of depressive emotion are presented in Table 3. Informal caregivers with age of 60 years and above had a 4.15 times higher risk of depression than those with age of less than 40 years. Caregivers with total hours spent on caring daily ≥8h and duration of caring ≥5 years had 3.35 times, 2.25 times higher risk of depression separately than those whose total hours spent on caring daily <8h and duration of caring <5 years, respectively. Depression of informal caregiver was significantly associated with elders’ degree of disability: compared with slight disability of elders, elders with medium and heavy disability had 3.23 times, 3.46 times higher risk of depression separately. Informal caregivers were also more likely to experience depression emotion if their self-evaluation of health condition were negative (2.30 times), had caregiver burden (2.76 times). While, caregivers with characteristics of daughter/daughter-in-law of the disabled elders had a 0.28 times lower risk of burden than those characteristics of spouse. As well as caregiver with unemployed (0.26 times), family per capita income >US$235.48(1,500 yuan) (0.24 times), high social support (0.05 times) and disabled elders’ high QOL (0.12 times) were each associated with a lowered risk of depressive emotion. A multivariate model that included these significant correlates could account for 33.2% of the variability among the depressive emotions experienced by informal caregivers (R2 = 0.332). No significant association was noted between the other characteristics of informal caregivers, such as educational level, marital status, having children, lives with the elders, and others’ help in caring for the elders. The characteristics of disabled elders, such as age, nation, gender, living area, and educational level, lacked a significant association with the informal caregivers’ depressive emotion.
Association between informal caregivers’ depressive emotion and care burden of informal caregivers and disabled elders’ QOL
The relationship between the informal caregiver’s depressive emotion (SDS total score) and the care burden of the caregiver (ZBI total score) and disabled elders’ QOL (SF-36 total score) was assessed (N = 444). Spearman’s correlation coefficients were conducted separately between the SDS total scores and the ZBI total scores and between the SDS total scores and QOL (SF-36 total score). The depressive emotion demonstrated a positive correlation with caregiver burden (r = 0.417) but a negative correlation with QOL (r = −0.175). The results are summarized in Table 4.
A t-test of independent means was used in assessing the two hypotheses; the results are presented in Table 5. Caregivers with a depressive emotion reported significantly higher scores of care burden compared with caregivers without a depressive emotion. Caregivers with a depressive emotion scored 23.20 on care burden, whereas those without a depressive emotion scored 18.06, with a mean difference of −5.15. This result implied a significant difference in the care burden experienced by caregivers with a depressive emotion and those without a depressive emotion. Table 5 also shows that the disabled elders scored higher on QOL with their informal caregiver with no depressive emotion than those with their caregiver with a depressive emotion. The disabled elders among caregivers with no depressive emotion scored 92.94 on QOL, whereas those with a depressive emotion scored 89.44, with a mean difference of 3.50. This result confirmed a significant difference in the disabled elders’ QOL between their informal caregivers without a depressive emotion and with a depressive emotion.
Discussion
Some studies have stated that the factors association with depression of female informal caregivers caring for disabled elders are differences significant in view of the diverse background of informal caregivers including nation, ethnicity and culture [40–41]. The Muslim population accounts for 24.3% of the global population[42], and this group have their own unique social culture and ethical principle[43]. However, fewer studies undertaken with the depression of Muslim Uyghur and Kazakh female informal caregivers have been evaluated previously. This paper demonstrated that 38.5% of female Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of community-dwelling elders experienced depression. This rate is considerably higher than the recognized depression prevalence of 2.1% in the general adult population [44]. The current research noted a relative higher incidence of depression in the informal caregivers of disabled elders belonging to ethnic minorities. Thus, the mental health of the family caregivers of disabled elders should be given increased attention; at the same time, it’s necessary to develop an effective intervention to improve the family caregivers’ mental health.
The results of this study indicated that the depressive emotion of female informal caregivers of disabled elders was primarily associated with the caregivers’ demographics characteristics. The informal caregivers’ age and self-evaluation of health condition were each associated with an increased risk of depressive mood significantly. This result was concurred with that of Gurland et al. [45], who reported that the age of a caregiver was associated with both mental and physical health outcomes. This outcome could be attributed to the fact that most of the older caregivers of the disabled elders were spouses, and they along with the disabled elders suffered from various chronic diseases or functional disabilities, thereby increasing the caregivers’ stress. The results of this study confirmed that more total time spent on caring daily (hours) and longer duration of caring (years) worsen depression of caregivers. These results were consistent with those of Kuscul MK [46]. An endowment culture with national features exists within Xinjiang Uyghur and Kazakh minority groups during the long production process; this culture is based on the values of “honoring and respecting elders,” “helping and loving mutually,” and “being filial toward parents” [47]. Members of these minority groups have a duty to raise their children, and the children are responsible for caring for their aging parents at home. Family members would not send the disabled elders into nursing homes because of the influence of the endowment and religious cultures, in addition to being bounded by public opinions; thus, they insist on living with disabled elders [48]. They take care of the daily life and disease management for elders and help in the latter’s participation in the bulk of religious activities. Consequently, family caregivers looking after the elders invest more time and energy, thereby limiting their personal rest and social life time. At the same time, this situation triggers their own mental health problems in the long-term process of caring for disabled elders because of lack of relaxation and social support. An earlier research showed that higher levels of social participation could protect against caregiver burden and could be physiologically rewarding [49]. We also verified that caregiver burden that possibly caused depression from caregiver burden negatively influenced informal caregivers’ depression; this result concurred with previous reports [25–26]. Furthermore, the elders’ degree of disability was associated with a higher risk of the depression of informal caregivers. Informal caregivers would perform increased care work for disabled elders with moderate and serious degrees of disability. By contrast, we determined that being the daughter/daughter-in-law of the elders positively influenced the depression of informal caregivers. This result concurred with the finding that the informal caregivers’ age was the most negative factor in the caregivers’ depression. Filial piety is the most distinct characteristic in the traditional old pension culture. Parents have the supreme power in the family. Children should not defy their parents’ will and intentions. Children who do so are considered violators of family discipline; subsequently, they will be condemned and reviled by the people [50]. Hence, a situation in which the daughter/daughter-in-law cares for his/her disabled elders will not induce feelings of inhibition toward caring compared with a situation in which the spouse or other relatives are the caregivers. The high social support of caregivers and the high QOL of disabled elders were each associated with a lower risk of depression among informal caregivers significantly, which has implications for planning the intervention of improving the depression. Moreover, a higher family income positively influenced the caregivers’ depression. This result was consistent with that of Neri AL et al. [51], who reported that a low level of family income was a high-risk factor of depression. Therefore, our findings suggest that our government must be committed to developing the economy of ethnic minority areas to increase the household income for living expenses and increase the support for spending in medical equipment and welfare for elders and informal caregivers.
The results of this study confirmed the two hypotheses; that is, (1) a significant difference existed between the higher care burden scores among having depression of caregivers than those with no depression, and (2) disabled elders obtained lower QOL scores when cared for by caregivers with depression than when cared for by caregivers without depression. Therefore, we suggested that the association between the caregivers’ depression and their care burden and the disabled elders’ QOL could influence each other. Caregiver burden and disabled elders’ QOL have significant association with depression of informal caregivers, that are caregivers with a higher caregiver burden and low level of QOL among disabled elders increase depression of informal caregivers. On the contrary, it is possible that caregivers with depression are likely to feel more burdened and lower disabled elders’ QOL. Hence, we suspected that the depression of informal caregivers were possibly improved by alleviating their care burden and improving the disabled elders’ QOL. Conversely, improving the mental health of caregivers may reduce their care burden and improve the elders’ QOL.
Our research team had to overcome some difficulties in the process of collecting the data of caregivers and disabled elders. First, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is extremely vast (i.e., covering 166 km2) and is characterized by an unbalanced economic development; thus, selecting a large sample with a good representative of Uyghur and Kazakh disabled elders became a key issue of this study. Therefore, we strictly adopted the stepped-wedge cluster sampling to ensure the representative object in this study based on our familiarity with the geographical distribution of Uyghur and Kazakh, and combined this aspect with the economic development and living standards of local residents. We subsequently determined the good sample selection. Second, the language of communication between the researchers and the participants became a problem in this study. Thus, we recruited the medical postgraduates with an understanding of bilingual double language (i.e., understanding the language of Han and Uygur, or understanding the language of Han and Kazak) and the local community health workers with bilingual double language. Third, research personnel training signified another key problem. Hence, after confirming the study protocol, all of the research personnel (including the medical postgraduates and local community health workers with understanding of bilingual double language) were required to undergo roughly four weeks of standardization training.
Strengths and limitations of this study
The strength of our study is that our work is the first to focus on the depression of low-income Muslim Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers in western China; at the same time, it pioneers the examination of the prevalence and the related factors of depression among female informal caregivers of disabled elders. The results of this study supplement the literature on the depression of Uyghur and Kazakh informal caregivers of disabled elders. Another strength is the sampling used in this study.
The limitations of this paper include the use of a screening tool for depression rather than a structured diagnostic interview. This study also lacks sufficient samples to determine the independent effect of each informal caregiver problem. Furthermore, this study proved that the elders’ degree of disability could have a direct impact on caregiver depression. However, the sampling might have excluded the serious degree of disabled elders who were treated in the hospital because of their inclusion and exclusion criteria. This aspect might affect the detection prevalence and predictors of depression among informal caregivers.
Conclusion
This study assessed the depressive emotion and care burden of female informal caregivers and the QOL of disabled elders. The prevalence rate of a depressive emotion was 38.5%, and the percentages of those with caregiver burden were 48.2% and 92.8% of disabled elders with high QOL. The informal caregivers’ demographic characteristics and the disabled elders’ degree of disability and QOL demonstrated the most significant correlation with the depressive emotion of female family caregivers of disabled elders. We also clarified that the caregivers’ high care burden and disabled elders’ low QOL could increase the caregivers’ depressive emotion, and high depressive mood could augment the caregivers’ care burden and disabled elders’ QOL. These variables should be considered in planning interventions to improve the depression of family caregivers.
Supporting Information
S1 Fig. Recruitment of family caregiver participants.
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S1 File. First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine granted ethical approval.
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S1 Table. Demographic characteristics of informal caregivers and disabled elders.
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S2 Table. Prevalence and score on depression and care burden of informal caregivers and the quality of life of disabled elders.
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S3 Table. Multivariate logistic regression analysis: Factors associated with the depressive emotion among the informal caregivers of disabled elders (N = 444).
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S4 Table. Correlation with Spearman’s rho between the depressive emotion and the care burden of informal caregivers and the quality of life of disabled elders (N = 444).
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S5 Table. Tests of independent means in comparing effects of the lack and presence of depressive emotion on the care burden of informal caregivers and quality of life of disabled elders.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all of the Uyghur and Kazakh elders and their family members for their participation in this study. We express our gratitude to County Government and County Health Bureau of Shawan, Tuokexun and Bole, and Urumchi City’ Government and Health Bureau, and their staff for their field assistance during the recruitment process. We are also grateful to the participating community Uyghur and Kazakh minority nurses and workers of the participating community health communities institutions and who agreed to participate and support our study. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund Program (81260443).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YHW MYW. Performed the experiments: MYW BH XFC YHW FCW WTW XY. Analyzed the data: MYW BH YHW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MYW XFC YHW FCW. Wrote the paper: MYW. Responsibility for the overall project management and conduct of the project: YHW.
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