Introduction

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely performed as a standard endoscopic treatment for gastric neoplasms having negligible probability of lymph node metastasis because of its high rate of curability [1–8]. But ESD creates a large artificial ulcer, thereby ESD is associated with a higher risk of complications than endoscopic mucosal resection [2, 4, 9–12]. The reported incidence of postoperative bleeding is as high as 0–15.6% [13], and endoscopic hemostasis during emergency endoscopy is effective for stopping the bleeding. The bleeding after ESD causes hematemesis or melena which may result in severe anemia and circulatory failure. Therefore, there is urgent need for prevention of postoperative bleeding. Otherwise there were some studies reported that pyrexia (defined as a body temperature above 37.5 °C) occurred at an incidence of  6  - 24.8 % after gastric ESD [14–16]. Recently there was a report that showed gastric irrigation with saline solution suppress local infection during the ESD procedure[17] and prevent pyrexia after ESD. However, the preventive effect of pretreatment gastric lavage on bleeding after ESD was not studied. We conducted retrospective propensity score matched study that evaluated whether pre-ESD gastric lavage prevent bleeding after ESD.

Patients and Methods

The consecutive 760 ESD procedures for gastric neoplasm patients from September 2002 to October 2015 were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed. All patients began receiving a proton pump inhibitor at least 1week prior to ESD. Preventive coagulation of visible vessels in the artificial ulcer base was performed in all cases at the end of ESD procedure. Postoperative bleeding was defined as hematemesis or melena or Hb > 2 g/dL decrease 6 hours or more after the end of ESD which required emergency endoscopic hemostasis and evident bleeding sites on resected lesions was confirmed. Subjects were divided into a gastric lavage group; in which gastric lavage was performed before ESD, and no gastric lavage group; in which gastoric lavage was not performed. From September 2002 to March 2015, we only washed the lesion with 40 to 60 mL of tap water. From April 2014 to October 2015, pretreatment gastric lavage was performed by 1L of tap water injected though the scope in consecutive 148 patients receiving ESD. We performed gastric lavage just before indigo carmine spraying and marking during ESD proceidure. And we endoscopically aspirated and drained the washing water. We first analyzed the pretreatment risk factors for postoperative bleeding after ESD performance. After that we investigated whether gastric lavage could reduce the postoperative bleeding by matching factors other than gastric lavage with propensity score matching method. The protocol was undertaken in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board of Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (No. 766). Written informed consent was given by participants for their clinical records to be used in this study.

Results

The completion rate, en bloc resection rate and curative resection rate of ESD was 98.9%, 96.6% and 92.8% respectively. The frequency of complication except for bleeding were microperforation (1.8%) and aspiration pneumonia (2.9%). There was no patient who needed emergent surgery. The total post-ESD bleeding rate in 760 patients was 7.1%. The 54 patients had postoperative bleeding, and 706 patients did not have post operative bleeding. In monovariate analysis the pretreatment risk factors for postoperative bleeding after ESD were tumor size (p <0.001) and without gastric lavage (p = 0.02) (Table 1). And continuous antithrombotic agents was one of risk factors with borderline significance (p = 0.07). And procedure time is significant factor as during or post-ESD factors. In multivariate analysis tumor size > 2.0cm (HR 2.90, 95%C.I. 1.65–5.10, p = 0.0002) and without gastric lavage (HR 3.20, 95%C.I. 1.13–9.11, p = 0.0291) were independent factors associated with post-ESD bleeding (Table 2).

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Table 1. The comparison between post-ESD bleeding and no bleeding patients.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149235.t001

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Table 2. The pretreatment factors associated with post-ESD bleeding.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149235.t002

So we evaluated whether gastric lavage itself reduces postoperative bleeding on an artificial gastric ulcer in ESD by tumor size matched with propensity score matching method. For propensity score matched analysis, 284 patients (142 in each group) were selected and analyzed (Table 3). Between gastric lavage group (n = 142) and no gastric lavage group (n = 142), the rate of postoperative bleeding after ESD were 2.8% and 9.2% respectively (p = 0.042). And gastric lavage significantly reduced the risk of post-ESD bleeding (adjusted odds ratio 0.25, 95%C.I. 0.071–0.886, p = 0.032) (Fig 1, Table 4).

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Fig 1. The comparison of postoperative bleeding between gastric lavage group and no gastric lavage group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149235.g001

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Table 3. Comparison of patients demographics between gastric lavage group and no gastric lavage group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149235.t003

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Table 4. Hazard ratio for post-ESD bleeding of gastric lavage in propensity score matching cohort.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149235.t004

A case of postoperative bleeding after ESD in patient without gastric lavage is presented. ESD was performed in 85-year-old woman had a 0.8 cm well differenciated gastric adenocarcinoma in antrum on the anterior wall (Fig 2A and 2B). On 1 postoperative day, the patient had a fever of 38 degrees and hematemesis. Laboratory data showed that the peak white blood cells count was 9700 /μL, the lowest hemoglobin level was 8.7 g/dL, and the peak C-reactive protein level was 4.73 mg/dL. Computed tomography with contrast media showed inflammation of ESD site and spurting bleeding from the post-ESD ulcer, and no evidence of another infectious lesion (Fig 2C). Hemostasis was performed with emergent gastroscopy (Fig 2D and 2E). This case may suggest a possible association between local infection after ESD and postoperative bleeding.

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Fig 2. The suggestive case in which postoperative bleeding occurred following the infection in the no gastric lavage group.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149235.g002

Discussion

According to recent studies, rates of postoperative bleeding was about 0–15.6%[13]. Postoperative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal resection could be well managed by endoscopic hemostasis. However, emergency endoscopy should be avoided if possible. PPI administration has been recommended to reduce postoperative bleeding after ESD [18]. However gastric bacteria may increase because of an high gastric pH after PPI administration[17], which may become pathogenic infectious agents during ESD. Hence patients who were treated by ESD, have a remarkable risk of infection in the artificial ulcer base because of increased gastric bacteria. And only a larger resection diameter was significant independent risk factor for pyrexia in patients who did not have pneumonia [16]. Mori et al reported that gastric lavage decreases the gastric bacterial count at the end of ESD procedures [17]. They also showed that the increase in white blood cell (WBC) counts on postoperative day (POD) 1 as well as body temperature on POD 2 were suppressed by saline irrigation. This result may indicate that saline irrigation reduced the infection to artificial ulcer as a result of ESD. Therefore it is possible that gastric lavage reduces the infection to ESD site and subsequent complications including postoperative bleeding. We used the tap water for gastric lavage instead of saline. Japanese tap water is drinkable quality according to guideline of the world health organization (WHO) [19]. But it is obscure that preventing infection to ESD site really reduces post ESD bleeding. So the pathophysiology pertaining this issue needs future studies. In the present study we showed for the first time that gastric lavage actually reduced the gastric bleeding after ESD.

This study has some limitations. We analyzed the effect of gastric lavage on post-ESD bleeding by historical control. Except for gastric lavage, the strategy of preventing post-ESD bleeding was not changed. However, the effect of technical improvement or imporved medical appliance could not be completely excluded. Therefore the result needs to be verified in randomized controlled trial.

In conclusion, pretreatment gastric lavage is simple, low cost and readily available. We believe that this knowledgement could improve the safety in ESD procedure.