Obif, a Transmembrane Protein, Is Required for Bone Mineralization and Spermatogenesis in Mice

Koji Mizuhashi; Taro Chaya; Takashi Kanamoto; Yoshihiro Omori; Takahisa Furukawa

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133704

Abstract

Background

Various kinds of transmembrane and secreted proteins play pivotal roles in development through cell-cell communication. We previously reported that Obif (Osteoblast induction factor, Tmem119), encoding a single transmembrane protein, is expressed in differentiating osteoblasts, and that Obif^−/− mice exhibit significantly reduced bone volume in the femur. In the current study, we characterized the Obif protein and further investigated the biological phenotypes of a variety of tissues in Obif^−/− mice.

Results

First, we found that O-glycosylation of the Obif protein occurs at serine residue 36 in the Obif extracellular domain. Next, we observed that Obif^−/− mice exhibit bone dysplasia in association with significantly increased osteoid volume per osteoid surface (OV/OS) and osteoid maturation time (Omt), and significantly decreased mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate per bone surface (BFR/BS). In addition, we observed that Obif^−/− mice show a significant decrease in testis weight as well as in sperm number. By histological analysis, we found that Obif is expressed in spermatocytes and spermatids in the developing testis and that spermatogenesis is halted at the round spermatid stage in the Obif^−/− testis that lacks sperm. However, the number of litters fathered by male mice was slightly reduced in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice, although this was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Our results, taken together with previous observations, indicate that Obif is a type Ia transmembrane protein whose N-terminal region is O-glycosylated. In addition, we found that Obif is required for normal bone mineralization and late testicular differentiation in vivo. These findings suggest that Obif plays essential roles in the development of multiple tissues.

Citation: Mizuhashi K, Chaya T, Kanamoto T, Omori Y, Furukawa T (2015) Obif, a Transmembrane Protein, Is Required for Bone Mineralization and Spermatogenesis in Mice. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704

Editor: Luc Malaval, Université de Lyon—Université Jean Monnet, FRANCE

Received: November 18, 2014; Accepted: June 30, 2015; Published: July 24, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Mizuhashi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This work was supported by PRESTO (#4118 for YO) from Japan Science and Technology Agency (http://www.jst.go.jp/), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (#25113519, #23113728 for YO), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (#15H04669 for TF, #25293070 for YO), Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (#15K18955 for TC) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (http://www.jsps.go.jp/), The Takeda Science Foundation (for TF and YO) (http://www.takeda-sci.or.jp/), The Uehara Memorial Foundation (for YO and TC) (http://www.ueharazaidan.or.jp/), Suzuken Memorial Foundation (for YO) (http://www.suzukenzaidan.or.jp/), Naito Foundation (#220 for YO) (https://www.naito-f.or.jp/), Hyogo Science and Technology Association (for TF) (http://www.hyogosta.jp/), The Osaka Community Foundation (for TF) (http://www.osaka-community.or.jp/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Vertebrates are characterized by possession of bones and cartilage as major components of the skeletal system. Bone formation occurs through two distinct processes: endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage model is replaced by bone, and intramembranous ossification, in which bones are shaped directly from condensations of mesenchymal cells without a cartilage intermediate [1]. Normal bone remodeling is mediated by a balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity, whereby bone tissues maintain bone mass and mineral homeostasis [2]. Recent advances have shown the importance of cell-cell communications for osteoblast differentiation, including Notch-Delta, Ephrin-Eph, and Semaphorin-Plexin pathways [2–5]. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of osteoblast differentiation mediated by cell-cell communication have not been well elucidated. In addition, we propose that unidentified membrane proteins essential for cell-cell communication in osteoblast development are still likely to exist.

We previously identified a gene encoding a single transmembrane protein, Obif, which is predominantly expressed in osteoblasts during mouse bone development [6]. The Obif protein contains several O-glycosylation consensus sites between the signal sequence and the transmembrane domain. We observed several strong smeary bands of higher molecular weight than the unmodified Obif molecular weight by Western blot analysis with an anti-Obif antibody using primary cultured calvarial cells containing osteoblast cells and preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell lysates, suggesting that the Obif protein is glycosylated in osteoblasts. We showed that osteoblast differentiation is stimulated when Obif is overexpressed and inhibited when Obif is knocked down in MC3T3-E1 cells. We then generated Obif mutant mice by targeted gene disruption. Micro computed tomography (μCT) analysis revealed that the femur of Obif^−/− mice show a significant decrease of cortical thickness as well as cancellous bone volume (BV/TV) at postnatal day 14 (P14) and progressive bone hypoplasia was observed at 8 weeks of age (8 wks) [7]. The expression levels of osteoblast marker genes were significantly reduced in the calvaria of Obif^−/− mice at P4. These data suggested that Obif plays an important role in bone formation through the regulation of osteoblast development.

Recent findings showed that some molecules playing critical roles in bone development are also involved in spermatogenesis. Osteocalcin is an osteoblast- secreted molecule, and osteocalcin-deficient mice showed increased bone formation [8]. A recent study showed that osteocalcin also promotes Leydig cell maturation, and that osteocalcin-deficient mice exhibit a decrease in testis and epididymis weights as well as sperm number. These phenotypes are caused by low circulating testosterone levels in osteocalcin-deficient mice, suggesting that osteocalcin is required for male fertility in mice by promoting testosterone production in Leydig cells. [9]. GPRC6A is a candidate as an osteocalcin receptor, which is expressed in osteoblasts and Leydig cells [10, 11]. GPRC6A^−/− mice showed osteopenia and reproduction phenotypes similar to those seen in Osteocalcin^−/− mice [10]. During spermatogenesis in mammalian testis, spermatogonia differentiate into spermatocytes, which then proceed to round spermatids. Round spermatids undergo an elongation phase, transforming into mature spermatozoa (the sperm cells) [12]. In these spermatogenesis processes, cell-cell communications play important roles [13, 14]. Impairment in any of these spermatogenesis steps can lead to oligozoospermia or azoospermia, which are major causes for male infertility in humans [15].

In the current study, we first biochemically characterized the Obif protein and found that O-glycosylation of Obif protein occurs at serine residue 36 in the Obif extracellular domain. We examined the development of various bones in Obif^−/− mice in more detail than in our previous study. We found that bone formation and bone mineralization are reduced in Obif^−/− mice. We then investigated biological phenotypes of Obif^−/− mice in other tissues, because Obif transcripts are significantly detected in the brain, heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, ovary, testis, and epididymis at the adult stage. Interestingly, we found that testis weight and sperm number significantly decreased in Obif^−/− mice. We observed Obif expression in spermatocytes and spermatids in the developing testis. We found that late testicular differentiation is disturbed in Obif^−/− mice, revealing the possibility that Obif plays a role in the development of normal male fertility.

Results

Obif protein is O-glycosylated at serine residue 36

In our previous study, we identified five potential O-glycosylation sites (serine residues 36 (S36) and S43; and threonine residues 54 (T54), T60, and T67) in the mouse Obif protein, using online prediction server NetOglyc 3.1 [16] (Fig 1A), although we did not detect any N-glycosylation consensus site. S36, S43, T54, and T60 are conserved between mouse and human Obif proteins, while T67 is specific to the mouse Obif protein (Fig 1A, yellow boxes). To determine whether the Obif protein is O-glycosylated, we generated constructs expressing a FLAG-tagged full length wild-type mouse Obif (mObif-WT) and FLAG-tagged mutants in which one or all of the five predicted O-glycosylation residues were replaced with alanine residues (mObif-S36A,-S43A,-T54A,-T60A,-T67A, and-ALL). We transfected the constructs into HEK293T cells and the transfected cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot using an anti-FLAG M2 antibody (Fig 1B). Our previous report showed that a band of approximately 37 kDa represented the nascent form of mObif by Western blot analysis with an anti-Obif antibody using primary cultured calvarial cells containing osteoblast cells and preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell lysates [6]. Moreover, we detected several strong smeary bands of higher molecular weight than the unmodified Obif molecular weight in that analysis [6]. We found that the approximately 60 kDa bands in the S36A- or ALL-transfected cell lysates were markedly fainter than those of mObif-WT-transfected cell lysates (Fig 1B, arrowheads), while the band pattern was unaltered in the other mutant-transfected cell lysates (S43A, T54A, T60A, T67A) compared with mObif-WT-transfected cell lysates. Then, to confirm that the Obif protein modification is O-glycosylation, we transfected mObif-WT into HEK293T cells with or without a specific O-glycosylation inhibitor, benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside (benzyl-GalNAc), and analyzed them by Western blot (Fig 1C). We produced constructs expressing FLAG-tagged GFP (GFP) as a negative control and FLAG-tagged human CD55 (hCD55), which encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein, as a positive control for benzyl-GalNAc treatment [17]. In GFP-transfected cell lysates, we detected a single band of approximately 30 kDa in the presence of 2 mM benzyl-GalNAc. A previous report showed that a band of approximately 70 kDa represented the mature form of hCD55, and a band of approximately 40 kDa represented the nascent form of hCD55 [18]. In the hCD55- transfected lysates, we detected an approximately 70 kDa band of hCD55 in the absence of benzyl-GalNAc. In contrast, in the presence of benzyl-GalNAc, the ~70 kDa band in the hCD55-transfected lysate was undetectable and the 40 kDa band markedly increased, indicating that hCD55 is an O-glycosylated protein as previously reported. In mObif-WT-transfected lysates, we detected an approximately 60 kDa band, the expected mObif-WT size, in the absence of benzyl-GalNAc. On the other hand, we found that the 60 kDa band in the presence of 0.5 mM benzyl-GalNAc became weaker than that in the absence of benzyl-GalNAc (Fig 1C, arrowheads). The 60 kDa band of mObif-WT was undetectable in the cell lysates treated with 2 mM of benzyl-GalNAc. Taken together, these results suggest that Obif protein is O-glycosylated at serine 36.

Download:

Fig 1. Obif protein is O-glycosylated at serine residue 36.

(A) Potential O-glycosylation sites of human and mouse Obif proteins. The predicted amino acid sequences of human OBIF (NP_859075.2) and mouse Obif (NP_666274.1) were aligned by the ClustalW program (http://clustalw.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/). Asterisks indicate identical amino acids. Colons and periods indicate similar amino acids. Yellow boxes indicate potential O-glycosylation sites. Red bracket indicates extracellular domain. Blue underline indicates N-terminal signal peptides. Green box indicates single transmembrane domain. (B-C) Analysis of O-glycosylation sites in the mouse Obif protein. Constructs of pCAGGS expression vector (CAG), FLAG-tagged GFP (GFP), or FLAG-tagged mObif with or without mutation(s) (wild-type (WT), S36A, S43A, T54A, T60A, T67A, or S36A/S43A/T54A/T60A/T67A (ALL)) were transfected into HEK293T cells. The HEK293T cells were cultured for 24 h. The cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-FLAG M2 antibody (B). FLAG-tagged constructs expressing GFP (GFP), human CD55 (hCD55), or wild-type mouse Obif (mObif-WT) were transfected into HEK293T cells cultured in standard medium. The HEK293T cells were cultured for 24 h, and subsequently cultured for 3 days in medium with or without benzyl-GalNAc. The cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot analysis using the anti-FLAG M2 antibody (C). Arrowheads indicate the 60 kDa band of O-glycosylated mObif. Arrows indicate the 37 kDa band is a nascent form of mObif-WT. Benzyl-GalNAc, benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- α-D-galactopyranoside, an O-glycosylation inhibitor.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.g001

O-glycosylation of mObif protein had no effect on mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells

To investigated whether O-glycosylation of Obif protein affects osteoblast mineralization using MC3T3-E1 cell lines that have the capacity to form mineralized nodules upon stimulation with ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate [19], we generated retrovirus constructs expressing a FLAG-tagged full-length wild-type mouse Obif (mObif-WT-Nolan GFP) and FLAG-tagged S36 mutants including mObif-S36A- Nolan GFP and mObif-ALL Nolan GFP (mObif-S36A/S43A/T54A/ T60A/T67A Nolan GFP). Using retroviruses derived from these constructs, we established MC3T3-E1 cells expressing mObif-WT or S36 mutant proteins under mineralizing conditions. Mineralized nodules were assessed after 21 days in the culture by staining with Alizarin red. The Alizarin red staining was eluted and the acid soluble calcium bound dye was quantified (S1 Fig). We examined the effect of mObif S36 mutant proteins on the induction of matrix mineralization, and found that the degree of mineralization was unaltered between wild-type and S36 mutant MC3T3-E1 cells.

Loss of Obif impaired bone growth

We previously examined the in vivo role of Obif in bone development by bone microstructure imaging using high-resolution μCT on the distal femur of Obif^−/− mice, and found that cortical thickness as well as cancellous BV/TV significantly decreased in the Obif^−/− femur compared with those in wild-type femur [7]. These results showed that Obif is required for normal femur and calvaria formation, however, whether the formation of bones other than the femur and calvaria was affected and how Obif is required for bone formation were unexplored.

To investigate bone development in Obif^−/− mice more extensively, we measured longitudinal bone lengths of the radius, humerus, tibia, and femur at 8 wks (Fig 2). We compared the bone length of the radius, humerus, tibia, and femur, which represent endochondral ossification, between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (Fig 2). All of the bone lengths of the radius, humerus, tibia, and femur in Obif^−/− mice were significantly shorter than those in wild-type mice. These data suggest that bone development is widely impaired in Obif^−/− mice.

Download:

Fig 2. Loss of Obif impaired bone growth.

(A) CR lengths from wild-type (white box) and Obif ^−/− mice (black box) at 8 wks. (B) Longitudinal bone lengths of radius, humerus, tibia, and femur in wild-type (white box) and Obif ^−/− mice (black box) at 8 wks. CR length, crown-rump length. Error bars show the SEM (n = 5). *P < 0.05.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.g002

Obif^−/− mice showed abnormal bone formation and bone mineralization by bone histomorphometry analysis

To further investigate the cellular mechanism for how Obif affects bone formation, we carried out bone histomorphometry on male femurs isolated from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 8 wks (Figs 3A, 3B, and 4A–4R). First, we examined wild-type and Obif^−/− epiphyseal cartilage and bone by Villanueva bone staining (Fig 3A and 3B). We detected no significant difference in the thickness of distal femoral growth plates between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (Fig 3A). In addition, osteoblasts and osteoclasts were almost unchanged in number and size between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (Fig 3B, arrowheads for osteoblasts and arrows for osteoclasts). Next, to determine several bone parameters in Obif^−/− mice, we performed fluorescence microscopic imaging of isolated bone tissues following the injection of calcein and tetracycline into mice (Fig 4A–4R). Fluorescence imaging of calcein and tetracycline, which bind to calcium incorporated into the new bone, enables us to assess various bone parameters, including bone formation, bone resorption, bone mineralization, and bone volume. The bone formation parameters such as osteoid volume/bone volume (OV/BV) showed no significant difference between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice, while osteoblast surface/bone surface (Ob.S/BS) and osteoblast number/bone surface (N.Ob/BS) were slightly reduced in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice, but these were not statistically significant (Fig 4B, 4D, and 4E). Moreover, osteoid volume/osteoid surface (OV/OS) significantly increased in Obif^−/− mice (Fig 4C). Bone resorption parameters such as eroded surface/bone surface (ES/BS) and bone resorption rate (BRs.R) showed no significant differences between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice. While osteoclast surface/bone surface (Oc.S/BS) and osteoclast number/bone surface (N.Oc/BS) were slightly reduced in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice, these were not statistically significant (Fig 4F–4I). In addition, the bone volume parameters such as bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) were decreased and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) were increased in Obif^−/− mice (Fig 4J–4L). Although trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was slightly reduced in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice, this was not statistically significant (Fig 4M). This observation agrees with our finding obtained by μCT analysis in a previous study [7].

Download:

Fig 3. Histological analysis of distal femoral epiphysis of Obif^−/− mice.

(A-B) Villanueva bone staining of distal femur sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice. The thickness of distal femoral growth plates was unaltered between wild-type (white box) and Obif^−/− mice (black box) (A). In wild-type and Obif^−/− mice, the osteoblasts (indicated by arrowheads) and osteoclasts (indicated by arrows) were unchanged in number and size. Scale bars represent 100 μm (A) and 20 μm (B). Error bars show the SEM (n = 3).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.g003

Download:

Fig 4. Obif^−/− mice showed abnormal bone formation and bone mineralization.

(A) Fluorescence microscopic images of calcein (indicated by arrowhead) and tetracycline (indicated by arrow) staining of distal femur sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice. Scale bar represents 100 μm. (B-R) Bone histomorphometric analyses of the distal femur sections from wild-type (white box) and Obif^−/− mice (black box) at 8 wks. Parameters for bone formation (B-E), bone resorption (F-I), bone volume (J-M), and mineralization (N-R) were analyzed. OV/BV, osteoid volume per bone volume; OV/OS, osteoid volume per osteoid surface; Ob.S/BS, osteoblast surface per bone surface; N.Ob/BS, osteoblast number per bone surface; ES/BS, eroded surface per bone surface; Oc.S/BS, osteoclast surface per bone surface; N.Oc/BS, osteoclast number per bone surface; BRs.R, bone resorption rate; BV/TV, bone volume per tissue volume; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; MAR, mineral apposition rate; BFR/BS, bone formation rate per bone surface; Aj.Ar, adjusted MAR; Omt, osteoid maturation time; Mlt, mineralization lag time. Error bars show the SEM (n = 5). *P < 0.05.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.g004

The bone mineralization parameters such as adjusted MAR (Aj.Ar) and mineralization lag time (Mlt) showed no significant differences between wild-type and Obi^f−/− mice (Fig 4P and 4R). Interestingly, when we measured mineral apposition rate (MAR), bone formation per bone surface (BFR/BS), and osteoid maturation time (Omt; an indicator of abnormal mineralization), we found that MAR and BFR/BS were significantly decreased and Omt was significantly increased in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice (Fig 4N, 4O and 4Q). These data showed that bone formation and bone mineralization are reduced in Obif^−/− bones.

Bone dysplasia in Obif^−/− mice is due to a bone-originating primary cause

It is well known that bone mineralization can be affected by calcium or phosphate abnormalities [20]. To confirm that the bone dysplasia in Obif^−/− mice is due to a bone-originating primary cause, we compared serum calcium, phosphate, and 25-OH vitamin D₃ levels between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (S2A-S2C Fig). Serum calcium, phosphate, and 25-OH vitamin D₃ levels were unaltered between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (S2A-S2C Fig). In addition, we compared levels of serum osteocalcin, a specific marker of terminal osteoblastic differentiation, between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (S2D Fig). The serum osteocalcin level was significantly decreased in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. These data suggested that bone dysplasia in Obif^−/− mice is due to a bone-originating primary cause rather than indirect bone-originating causes.

Phenotypic analysis of various Obif^−/− mouse tissues

In our previous study, we found that Obif transcripts are highly expressed in mouse tissues, including calvaria, brain, and lung by Northern blot analysis [6]. To further examine Obif expression in various mouse tissues including the cerebrum, thymus, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, blood, calvaria, femur, ovary, testis, epididymis, and prostate in wild-type mice at 4 wks, we performed RT-PCR analysis of RNAs isolated from these tissues using Obif-specific intron-spanning primers (S3A Fig). Although the Obif RNA was undetectable in the blood, the other tissues that we examined produced bands of the expected size for Obif (S3A Fig). We then performed phenotypic analysis of Obif^−/− tissues, including the brain, heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, ovary, testis, and epididymis (S3B–S3G Fig; Fig 5A–5F). As far as we examined, the gross appearance of the brain, heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, and ovary in Obif^−/− mice was normal, compared with those in wild-type mice. To examine the histological integrities of these tissues in Obif^−/− mice, we performed toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining on tissue sections prepared from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice. For tissue sections isolated from the brain, heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, and ovary in wild-type and Obif^−/− mice, we observed no significant abnormality in Obif^−/− tissues as far as we examined (S3B-S3G Fig).

Download:

Fig 5. Obif is required for normal spermatogenesis.

(A) Gross appearance of testes in male wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks. (B) Comparison of testicular weight in wild-type (white box), Obif^+/− (grey box), and Obif^−/− (black box) mice at 5 wks and 12 wks (n = 6). (C) Comparison of epididymis weight between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks (n = 6). (D) Comparison of sperm number from cauda epididymis between wild-type, Obif^+/−, and Obif^−/− at 16 wks and 24 wks (n = 4). (E) The level of serum testosterone in wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks (n = 6). (F) H&E staining of testis sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks. Scale bars represent 5 mm (A), and 50 μm (F). Error bars show the SEM. *P < 0.05.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.g005

Obif is required for normal spermatogenesis

We then examined the testis and epididymis, where Obif mRNAs were strongly detected by RT-PCR analysis (S3A Fig). The testes isolated from Obif^−/− mice appeared substantially smaller than those from wild-type mice (Fig 5A). When we compared testis weight at 5 wks and 12 wks between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice, we found that testis weight at 12 wks was significantly lighter in Obif^−/− mice compared with that in wild-type mice, although testis weight at 5 wks was unaltered between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (Fig 5A and 5B). While epididymis weight of Obif^−/− mice was slightly lighter compared with that of wild-type mice, it was not statistically significant (Fig 5C). We then counted sperm number in both wild-type and Obif^−/− cauda epididymis at 16 wks and 24 wks. We found that sperm number significantly decreased in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice both at 16 wks and 24 wks (Fig 5D). Because testosterone is a well-known inducer of spermatogenesis, we tested whether these phenotypes could be due to a decrease in testosterone level. We compared the level of serum testosterone between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks. We found that testosterone levels were statistically unaltered between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice, suggesting that oligozoospermia in Obif^−/− mice is due not to a secondary cause, but to a primary testicular cause (Fig 5E). In addition, since previous report showed that osteocalcin regulates testosterone biosynthesis in mouse testes [9], we compared serum osteocalcin levels between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice. We found that serum osteocalcin levels were significantly reduced in Obif^−/− compared with wild-type mice. To investigate histological abnormalities of the testis in Obif^−/− mice, we performed H&E staining on testis sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks. We observed that seminiferous tubules are smaller and appear immature in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice (Fig 5F), suggesting that Obif is essential for normal spermatogenesis.

Obif has a possible role in the development of normal male fertility

To investigate how Obif deficiency affects male fertility, we investigated the number of litters, the number of pups per litter, and the number of days until the first litter was born between wild-type male mice mated with wild-type female mice and Obif^−/− male mice mated with wild-type female mice (Table 1). Male mice at 12 wks were mated with ICR fertile females at 10 wks for 28 days. There were no significant differences in the number of pups per litter between wild-type and Obif^−/− male mice, nor in the number of days until the first litter was born. However, Obif^−/− male mice produced a slightly reduced number of litters compared with wild-type mice, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.054, Table 1).

Download:

Table 1. Fertility parameters.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.t001

Obif is expressed in spermatocytes and spermatids in the developing testis

Since Obif^−/− mice showed impaired spermatogenesis, we then investigated the localization of Obif transcripts in the developing testis at P14 by in situ hybridization together with testicular differentiation and cellular marker probes in the testis (S4A–S4G Fig). While almost no signal was detected with the Obif sense probe, the Obif anti-sense probe produced modest but significant staining in the center region of seminiferous tubules (S4A and S4B Fig). To identify Obif-expressing cell types, we compared the Obif-staining pattern with those of cell type-specific markers. We used cell type-specific marker genes, including PLZF (Promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger) for spermatogonia (S4C Fig) [21], Acrosin and Calmegin for pachytene spermatocytes to round spermatids [22, 23] (S4D and S4E Fig), 3β-HSD (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5–Δ4 isomerase) for Leydig cells (S4F Fig) [24], and Sox9 for Sertoli cells (S4G Fig) [25]. We found that the Obif expression pattern is similar to that of Acrosin or Calmegin, suggesting that Obif transcripts are expressed in the cells from pachytene spermatocyte to round spermatid stages.

Testicular differentiation is perturbed in Obif^−/− mice

To investigate how loss of Obif affects spermatogenesis, we performed in situ hybridization analysis on mature testis sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks using PLZF, Acrosin, Calmegin, 3β-HSD and Sox9 probes (Fig 6A–6E). At this stage, spermatozoa are localized at the center region of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis occurs in the peripheral regions of seminiferous tubules. We observed that PLZF expression was almost unaltered between wild-type and Obif^−/− mice (Fig 6A). Notably, both Acrosin and Calmegin expression patterns were distinctively affected in the Obif^−/− testis compared with that in the wild-type testis. In the Obif^−/− testis, Acrosin and Calmegin were detected in the central region of seminiferous tubules, which are occupied by spermatozoa in the wild-type testis at the adult stage (Fig 6B and 6C). On the other hand, 3β-HSD expression in Leydig cells and Sox9 expression in Sertoli cells were unchanged between the wild-type and Obif^−/− testis (Fig 6D and 6E). These results suggest that Obif regulates testicular parenchymal cell differentiation between pachytene spermatocyte and spermatid stages. In order to further confirm whether the absence of Obif perturbs late spermatogenesis, we performed immunofluorescence staining on testicular sections using an anti-SPACA1 antibody, which detects cells at round spermatid, elongated spermatid, and spermatozoa stages (Fig 6F) [26]. While we observed round spermatids (arrows), elongated spermatids (arrowheads), and spermatozoa (asterisks) in the wild-type testis, we detected only round spermatids, but no elongated spermatids or spermatozoa, in the Obif^−/− testis. This result suggests that spermatogenesis is halted at the round spermatid stage in the Obif^−/− testis that lack sperm.

Download:

Fig 6. Late spermatogenesis is perturbed in the Obif^−/− testis.

(A-E) In situ hybridization analysis for testicular sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12wks, using probes of PLZF (A), Acrosin (B), Calmegin (C), 3β-HSD (D), and Sox9 (E). (F) Immunofluorescence staining of testicular sections with an anti-SPACA1 antibody, which detects cells at stages from spermatids to spermatozoa. Arrows, round spermatids; arrowheads, elongated spermatids; asterisks, spermatozoa. Scale bars represent 100 μm (A-E) and 20 μm (F).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.g006

Discussion

We previously identified a gene encoding a single transmembrane protein, Obif, and we showed that Obif can promote osteoblastic differentiation with only the N-terminus fragment prior to the membrane domain, suggesting that Obif functions as a ligand in osteoblast differentiation [6]. Furthermore, we generated an Obif null allele by targeted gene disruption, and revealed that Obif^−/− mice showed a significant decrease of cortical thickness as well as cancellous BV/TV in the femur. In addition, the expression levels of osteoblast marker genes, including Collagen 1a1, Osteopontin, Runx2, and Osterix, were significantly reduced in the calvaria of Obif^−/− mice [7]. These data suggested that Obif plays an essential role in bone formation in association with reduced osteoblastogenesis. In the current study, in order to clarify how Obif increase volume, we performed bone histomorphometry on Obif^−/− mice. We found that activities of bone formation and bone mineralization significantly decreased in Obif^−/− mice, and that the bone mineralization defect in Obif^−/− mice is independent of calcium and phosphate metabolisms. These findings suggest that lack of Obif impaired bone mineralization through reduced osteoblast activity.

Moreover, we found that Obif^−/− mice show a decrease in testis weight as well as sperm number. In addition, we found that Obif is expressed in spermatocytes and spermatids in the developing testis, and that spermatogenesis is completely halted at the round spermatid stage in the Obif^−/− testis that lacks sperm. However, the number of litters fathered by male mice were slightly reduced in Obif^−/− mice compared with wild-type mice, although this was not statistically significant. Taken together, these results suggest that Obif has a possible role in the development of normal male fertility. Recent studies showed that junctions between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells are essential for normal spermatogenesis [27–29]. For example, Junctional adhesion molecule C (Jam-C) on the surface of spermatids binds to Jam-B on the surfaces of Sertoli cells. Jam-C-null male mice are infertile due to a failure of round spermatids to differentiate into spermatozoa [27]. Similarly, Nestin-2 protein on the surfaces of Sertoli cells interacts with Nestin-3 protein on the surface of elongated spermatid heads. Nestin-2-deficient mice are infertile due to aberrant morphogenesis of spermatids [28]. Considering that Obif is a membrane protein and that Obif expression was detected in spermatocytes and spermatids, we hypothesize that Obif binds to an unidentified partner on Sertoli cells to mediate the cell-cell communication that plays a role in normal testis differentiation.

Interestingly, recent studies have shown that Obif transcripts are highly enriched in microglial cells [30–32], however, Obif functions in microglial cells remain unknown. Moreover, a large-scale functional screen using mouse knockouts for secreted or transmembrane proteins revealed that Obif^−/− mice in the 129/B6 mixed genetic background appear to show abnormalities in neurology including the open field test and tail suspension test [33]. However, behavioral analysis using mice with the C57BL/6 genetic background is needed.

In our previous study, we identified several potential O-glycosylation sites in extracellular domain of mouse and human Obif proteins using the online prediction server NetOglyc 3.1 [6]. The surface membranes of mammalian cells are abundant in N- and O-linked glycoproteins which are related to cellular events and closely involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions [34]. To confirm O-glycosylation of the Obif protein, we used an O-glycan inhibitor benzyl-GalNAc, which is widely used in cell culture assays [35–37]. We narrowed down the O-glycosylation site to serine residue 36 in the Obif extracellular domain using benzyl-GalNAc and Obif mutants. This observation suggests that Obif is a type Ia transmembrane protein in which the N-terminal region is O-glycosylated. It should be noted that other studies have reported that Obif interacts with Smad-1, -5 and Runx2 transcription factors involved in osteoblastic differentiation [38]. Our observation of Obif glycosylation may not support this mechanism.

Our current and previous studies suggest that the Obif protein functions through cell-cell interactions in bone and testis development. In future studies, it will be important and interesting to identify a partner molecule for Obif in these tissues as well as to elucidate Obif functions in microglial cells.

Materials and Methods

Mice

Obif^−/− mice in the 129/SvEv genetic background were generated as previously described [6]. To obtain Obif^−/− mice for all experiments Obif^+/− male mice were mated with Obif^+/− female mice. Experiments were carried out on Obif-deficient mice at 5, 8, 12 and 16 wks. ICR strain female mice used for fertility tests were purchased from Japan SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). In this study, we used 84 mice that were housed in a temperature-controlled room at 22° C with 12 h light/dark cycle. Fresh water and rodent diet were available at all times. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Safety Committee on Recombinant DNA Experiments and Animal Research Committee of Osaka Bioscience Institute, and by the Recombinant DNA (#3380–4) and Animal Experimental Committees (#24-05-1) of Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, and were performed in compliance with the relevant institutional guidelines. Mice were sacrificed by CO₂-induced euthanasia, which was performed by placing mice in a container and exposing them to CO₂. The mice ceased breathing within 30 sec.

Plasmids constructs

A plasmid encoding full-length mouse Obif was amplified using a FANTOM II clone cDNA [39] (GenBank accession No. BC025600) as a template and inserted into the C-terminal FLAG-tagged pCAGGSII expression vector to produce pCAG-full-length-mouse-Obif-FLAG [6]. The mouse Obif mutations were introduced by PCR using primers containing mutations. The human pME18Sf+-Cd55-FLAG expression vector was kindly provided by Dr. Y. Maeda (Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University). The retroviral vector expressing mouse Obif and Obif mutants were constructed in a pBMN-I-GFP vector that was kindly provided by Dr. Gary Nolan (Stanford University). The mouse Obif or Obif mutations cDNA that were added to the FLAG tag at the C-terminus were inserted into the multicloning site of pBMN-I-GFP (Nolan-GFP).

Cell culture and transfection with O-glycosylation inhibitor

HEK293T cells [40] were grown in DMEM (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) with 10% FBS. Transfection of plasmid DNA was performed using Lipofectamine LTX (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for HEK293T cells according to the manufacturer’s instruction. All cells were cultured in a plate with or without benzyl-GalNAc (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 3 days with a slight modification of the previously published protocol [41].

Western blot analysis

Proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (ATTO, Tokyo, Japan). The membrane was incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG M2 antibody (1:1000; Sigma-Aldrich, F1804) and incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:10,000; Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA). The bands were developed using Chemi-Lumi One L (Nacalai, Kyoto, Japan).

Cell Culture

Phoenix cells [42] were grown in DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with 10% FBS. MC3T3-E1 cells (preosteoblastic cells) were obtained from the Riken Cell Bank (Ibaraki, Japan) and grown in α-MEM (Sigma-Aldrich) containing 10% FBS. To induce mineralization, the media was supplemented with 50 μg/ml of ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 mM of β-glycerophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich) as described previously [6].

Production of recombinant retrovirus and infection

To produce the retroviral particles, the plasmid DNA was transfected along with a helper plasmid into a subline of the 293T cell line, Phoenix cells. The medium was changed 24 h after transfection and supernatant containing the virus was harvested, concentrated, and titered by analyzing the frequency of GFP-positive cells in a number of MC3T3-E1 cells infected with serially diluted viral supernatant. The efficiency of infection was determined at 48 h by the number of GFP-positive cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were maintained for 2 days in mineralizing media, and then infected for 48 h in the presence of polybrene (8 μg/ml), after which cells continued incubation in mineralizing culture media. Cells were maintained in mineralizing media for 3 weeks.

Alizarin red staining

After 21 days, cultured cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS buffer. Alizarin red staining was eluted with 28% ammonia solution and the acid soluble solution was measured at OD 415nm.

RT-PCR

RT-PCR was performed as described previously [43]. In brief, total RNA (1 μg) was isolated from wild-type mice tissues, including cerebrum, thymus, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, blood, calvaria, femur, ovary, testis, epididymis, and prostate, using TRIzol RNA extraction reagent (Invitrogen). The total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using SuperSript II reagent (Invitrogen) with random hexamers. The cDNAs were used as templates for PCR reactions with rTaq polymerase (Takara, Kyoto, Japan). The following sets of PCR primers were used: 5’-CAGCT-GCACCCGGTCCTTCACCCAGAG-3’ (Obif, forward) and 5’-GGAGGTTGGTGG- GTGGCACGGGGCCGT-3’ (Obif, reverse), and 5’-CGTGCGTGACATCAAAG- AGAA-3’ (β-actin, forward) and 5’-TGGATGCCACAGGATTCCAT-3’ (β-actin, reverse).

Bone histomorphometric analyses

Mice were subcutaneously injected with tetracycline hydrochloride (20 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, 4 days before dissection), and subcutaneously injected with calcein (20 mg/kg; Dojindo, Japan, 2 days before dissection). Bone histomorphometry was performed on undecalcified sections. Femurs were fixed with 70% ethanol, and embedded in glycol-methacrylate. Sections were stained with Villanueva bone stain to identify cellular components. Histomorphometric parameters were measured at Ito Bone Science Institute (Niigata, Japan).

Histological analysis

To prepare frozen sections of the brain, heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, ovary, and testis, we perfusion-fixed the tissues with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS buffer and embedded in OCT compound (Sakura Finetechnical, Tokyo, Japan). Frozen sections (10–20 μm thick) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or toluidine blue, and subjected to histochemical analysis.

In situ hybridization

In situ hybridization was performed as described previously [6]. The following sets of PCR primers were used: 5’-AGGAGGGTTTGTGGGCCAGAGGA-3’ (3β-HSD, forward) and 5’-ATTAGGGCGGAGCCCCCATTCCT-3’ (3β-HSD, reverse), 5’-ACA- GCCGCAGGTACCACGCCTGT-3’ (Acrosin, forward) and 5’-GGGCTCAAACGT- GGAGAAGCGGT-3’ (Acrosin, reverse), and 5’-CAGGTGCCTGGCGGCGACAG- AGGGCT-3’ (Calmegin, forward) and 5’-AGCCCACTGATCGGCCACCTCCT-3’ (Calmegin, reverse). We used Obif, PLZF, and Sox9 primer sets following the previous reports [6, 21].

Immunohistochemistry

Mouse testes were perfusion-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, embedded in TissueTec OCT compound, frozen, and sectioned. Frozen 10 μm sections on slides were dried for 30 min at room temperature, rehydrated in PBS for 5 min, incubated with blocking solution (10% newborn calf serum/0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS) for 1 h, and then incubated with the primary antibodies for 4 h at room temperature. Slides were washed three times with PBS for 10 min and incubated with a secondary antibody for 2 h at room temperature. The specimens were observed under a laser confocal microscope (LSM700, CarlZeiss). Rabbit anti-mouse SPACA1 polyclonal antibody was a gift from Dr. M. Ikawa (1:1000, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan). Cy3-conjugated IgG (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) was used as a secondary antibody.

Fertility test

Male WT and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks were obtained from same colony. They were housed with ICR strain female WT mice at 10 wks, one breeding pair per cage, for 4 weeks, and the numbers of litters and pups, as well as the time to first litter were documented. Male mice were euthanized at the end of the breeding period.

Murine sperm counts and hormone measurement

Caudal epididymides were minced in 1 ml PBS and the number of cells released was counted after 1 h. The total sperm count was assessed in final suspension by using a hemocytometer [44]. The level of testosterone in serum samples was measured by ASKA Pharmaceutical Medical Co. Ltd. (Kawasaki, Japan) using LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography—Tandem Mass Spectrometry).

Serum biological measurements

The levels of phosphate and calcium in serum samples were measured by CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Serum 25-OH Vitamin D₃ was measured by a Vitamin D EIA kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). Serum osteocalcin was measured by a Mouse Osteocalcin EIA Kit (Biomedical Technologies, Stoughton, MA, USA).

Statistics

Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test for comparisons between two groups, unless otherwise described. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

Supporting Information

S1 Fig. O-glycosylation of mObif protein had no effect on mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells.

Constructs of FLAG-tagged Nolan-GFP retrovirus vector (GFP), or FLAG-tagged mObif with or without mutation(s) (wild-type (WT), S36A, or S36A/S43A/T54A/ T60A/T67A (ALL)) were transfected into Phoenix cells. The Phoenix cells were cultured for 48 h. MC3T3-E1 cells were infected with supernatant containing the virus and cultured under mineralizing conditions. After 21 days, cells were stained with Alizarin red. Alizarin red staining was eluted with 28% Ammonia Solution and the acid soluble solution measured at OD 415nm. GFP, FLAG-tagged Nolan-GFP; mObif-WT, FLAG-tagged mObif Nolan-GFP; S36A, FLAG-tagged mObif-S36A Nolan-GFP; ALL, FLAG-tagged mObif-S36A/S43A/T54A/T60A/T67A Nolan-GFP. Error bars show the SEM (n = 4). *P < 0.05.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.s001

(TIF)

S2 Fig. Serum biological measurements in Obif^−/− mice.

Calcuim (A), Phosphate (B), 25-OH Vitamin D₃ (C), and osteocalcin (D). Ca, Calcium; IP, Inorganic phosphorus. Error bars show the SEM (n = 6). *P < 0.05.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.s002

(TIF)

S3 Fig. Phenotype analysis in various tissues in Obif^−/− mice.

(A) RT-PCR analysis of Obif mRNA in various tissues isolated from wild-type mice at 4 wks. Intron-spanning primer sets of Obif or β-actin for RT-PCR generated 290 bp or 202 bp bands, respectively. (B-G) Histological analysis of Obif^−/− mouse tissues. Toluidine blue staining of brain (hippocampus and cerebellum) sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 12 wks (B). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of heart, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, and ovary sections from wild-type and Obif^−/− mice at 8 wks (C-G). Histological features of the tissues from Obif^−/− mice were unaltered compared with those from wild-type mice. Scale bars represent 500 μm (B, C, E, F, and G) and 100 μm (D).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.s003

(TIF)

S4 Fig. Obif expression in the developing mouse testis at P14.

(A-G) In situ hybridization analysis for testicular sections. Obif antisense probe (A) and Obif sense probe (B) were used. Following testicular differentiation and cellular marker probes were used; PLZF, Promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger, a marker for spermatogonia (C), Acrosin, a marker for pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids (D), Calmegin, a marker for pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids (E), 3β-HSD, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5–Δ4 isomerase, a marker for Leydig cells (F), and Sox9, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9, a marker for Sertoli cells (G). Scale bar represents 100 μm.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133704.s004

(TIF)

Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. Y. Maeda, E. Miyoshi, Y. Miyagawa, A. Tsujimura, and M. Ikawa for helpful discussion, and A. Tani, M. Kadowaki, A. Ishimaru, T. Tsujii, H. Abe, and S. Kennedy for technical assistance.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TF KM. Performed the experiments: KM TC. Analyzed the data: KM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KM TK. Wrote the paper: KM TC YO TF.

References

1. Soltanoff CS, Yang S, Chen W, Li YP. Signaling networks that control the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2009;19(1):1–46. pmid:19191755; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3392028.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
2. Zuo C, Huang Y, Bajis R, Sahih M, Li YP, Dai K, et al. Osteoblastogenesis regulation signals in bone remodeling. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(6):1653–63. pmid:22290242.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
3. Lin GL, Hankenson KD. Integration of BMP, Wnt, and notch signaling pathways in osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112(12):3491–501. pmid:21793042; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3202082.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
4. Negishi-Koga T, Takayanagi H. Bone cell communication factors and Semaphorins. Bonekey Rep. 2012;1:183. pmid:24171101; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3810552.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
5. Westendorf JJ, Kahler RA, Schroeder TM. Wnt signaling in osteoblasts and bone diseases. Gene. 2004;341:19–39. pmid:15474285.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
6. Kanamoto T, Mizuhashi K, Terada K, Minami T, Yoshikawa H, Furukawa T. Isolation and characterization of a novel plasma membrane protein, osteoblast induction factor (obif), associated with osteoblast differentiation. BMC Dev Biol. 2009;9:70. pmid:20025746; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2805627.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
7. Mizuhashi K, Kanamoto T, Ito M, Moriishi T, Muranishi Y, Omori Y, et al. OBIF, an osteoblast induction factor, plays an essential role in bone formation in association with osteoblastogenesis. Dev Growth Differ. 2012;54(4):474–80. pmid:22416756.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
8. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, Pinero G, Story B, Dunstan C, et al. Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature. 1996;382(6590):448–52. pmid:8684484.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
9. Oury F, Sumara G, Sumara O, Ferron M, Chang H, Smith CE, et al. Endocrine regulation of male fertility by the skeleton. Cell. 2011;144(5):796–809. pmid:21333348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3052787.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
10. Pi M, Chen L, Huang MZ, Zhu W, Ringhofer B, Luo J, et al. GPRC6A null mice exhibit osteopenia, feminization and metabolic syndrome. PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3858. pmid:19050760; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2585477.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
11. Pi M, Faber P, Ekema G, Jackson PD, Ting A, Wang N, et al. Identification of a novel extracellular cation-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(48):40201–9. pmid:16199532; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1435382.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
12. Cheng CY, Mruk DD. Cell junction dynamics in the testis: Sertoli-germ cell interactions and male contraceptive development. Physiol Rev. 2002;82(4):825–74. pmid:12270945.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
13. Wong EW, Cheng CY. Polarity proteins and cell-cell interactions in the testis. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2009;278:309–53. pmid:19815182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2810284.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
14. Xiao X, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19(2):167–86. pmid:23287428; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3576004.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
15. Ezeh UI. Beyond the clinical classification of azoospermia: opinion. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(11):2356–9. pmid:11056132.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
16. Julenius K, Molgaard A, Gupta R, Brunak S. Prediction, conservation analysis, and structural characterization of mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation sites. Glycobiology. 2005;15(2):153–64. pmid:15385431.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
17. Lublin DM, Atkinson JP. Decay-accelerating factor: biochemistry, molecular biology, and function. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:35–58. pmid:2469439.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
18. Tashima Y, Taguchi R, Murata C, Ashida H, Kinoshita T, Maeda Y. PGAP2 is essential for correct processing and stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(3):1410–20. pmid:16407401; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1382328.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
19. Barbara A, Delannoy P, Denis BG, Marie PJ. Normal matrix mineralization induced by strontium ranelate in MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cells. Metabolism. 2004;53(4):532–7. pmid:15045704.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
20. Saliba W, El-Haddad B. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathophysiology and treatment. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(5):574–81. pmid:19734404.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
21. Costoya JA, Hobbs RM, Barna M, Cattoretti G, Manova K, Sukhwani M, et al. Essential role of Plzf in maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells. Nat Genet. 2004;36(6):653–9. pmid:15156143.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
22. Ikawa M, Wada I, Kominami K, Watanabe D, Toshimori K, Nishimune Y, et al. The putative chaperone calmegin is required for sperm fertility. Nature. 1997;387(6633):607–11. pmid:9177349.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
23. Kashiwabara S, Arai Y, Kodaira K, Baba T. Acrosin biosynthesis in meiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;173(1):240–5. pmid:1701633.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
24. Budefeld T, Jezek D, Rozman D, Majdic G. Initiation of steroidogenesis precedes expression of cholesterologenic enzymes in the fetal mouse testes. Anat Histol Embryol. 2009;38(6):461–6. pmid:19793088.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
25. Li Y, Zheng M, Lau YF. The sex-determining factors SRY and SOX9 regulate similar target genes and promote testis cord formation during testicular differentiation. Cell Rep. 2014;8(3):723–33. pmid:25088423.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
26. Fujihara Y, Satouh Y, Inoue N, Isotani A, Ikawa M, Okabe M. SPACA1-deficient male mice are infertile with abnormally shaped sperm heads reminiscent of globozoospermia. Development. 2012;139(19):3583–9. pmid:22949614.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
27. Gliki G, Ebnet K, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA, Adams RH. Spermatid differentiation requires the assembly of a cell polarity complex downstream of junctional adhesion molecule-C. Nature. 2004;431(7006):320–4. pmid:15372036.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
28. Mueller S, Rosenquist TA, Takai Y, Bronson RA, Wimmer E. Loss of nectin-2 at Sertoli-spermatid junctions leads to male infertility and correlates with severe spermatozoan head and midpiece malformation, impaired binding to the zona pellucida, and oocyte penetration. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(4):1330–40. pmid:12801998.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
29. van der Weyden L, Arends MJ, Chausiaux OE, Ellis PJ, Lange UC, Surani MA, et al. Loss of TSLC1 causes male infertility due to a defect at the spermatid stage of spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26(9):3595–609. pmid:16611999; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1447413.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
30. Butovsky O, Jedrychowski MP, Moore CS, Cialic R, Lanser AJ, Gabriely G, et al. Identification of a unique TGF-beta-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia. Nature neuroscience. 2014;17(1):131–43. pmid:24316888; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4066672.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
31. Chiu IM, Morimoto ET, Goodarzi H, Liao JT, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani HP, et al. A neurodegeneration-specific gene-expression signature of acutely isolated microglia from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Cell reports. 2013;4(2):385–401. pmid:23850290.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
32. Hickman SE, Kingery ND, Ohsumi TK, Borowsky ML, Wang LC, Means TK, et al. The microglial sensome revealed by direct RNA sequencing. Nature neuroscience. 2013;16(12):1896–905. pmid:24162652; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3840123.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
33. Tang T, Li L, Tang J, Li Y, Lin WY, Martin F, et al. A mouse knockout library for secreted and transmembrane proteins. Nature biotechnology. 2010;28(7):749–55. pmid:20562862.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
34. Van den Steen P, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Opdenakker G. Concepts and principles of O-linked glycosylation. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology. 1998;33(3):151–208. pmid:9673446.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
35. Gabius HJ. Cell surface glycans: the why and how of their functionality as biochemical signals in lectin-mediated information transfer. Crit Rev Immunol. 2006;26(1):43–79. pmid:16472068.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
36. Huet G, Gouyer V, Delacour D, Richet C, Zanetta JP, Delannoy P, et al. Involvement of glycosylation in the intracellular trafficking of glycoproteins in polarized epithelial cells. Biochimie. 2003;85(3–4):323–30. pmid:12770771.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
37. Ulloa F, Real FX. Benzyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide induces a storage disease-like phenotype by perturbing the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(14):12374–83. pmid:12538583.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
38. Hisa I, Inoue Y, Hendy GN, Canaff L, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, et al. Parathyroid hormone-responsive Smad3-related factor, Tmem119, promotes osteoblast differentiation and interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein-Runx2 pathway. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(11):9787–96. pmid:21239498; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3058974.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
39. Osato N, Itoh M, Konno H, Kondo S, Shibata K, Carninci P, et al. A computer-based method of selecting clones for a full-length cDNA project: simultaneous collection of negligibly redundant and variant cDNAs. Genome Res. 2002;12(7):1127–34. pmid:12097351; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC186622.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
40. DuBridge RB, Tang P, Hsia HC, Leong PM, Miller JH, Calos MP. Analysis of mutation in human cells by using an Epstein-Barr virus shuttle system. Mol Cell Biol. 1987;7(1):379–87. pmid:3031469; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC365079.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
41. Patsos G, Hebbe-Viton V, Robbe-Masselot C, Masselot D, San Martin R, Greenwood R, et al. O-glycan inhibitors generate aryl-glycans, induce apoptosis and lead to growth inhibition in colorectal cancer cell lines. Glycobiology. 2009;19(4):382–98. pmid:19122213.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
42. Pear WS, Nolan GP, Scott ML, Baltimore D. Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(18):8392–6. pmid:7690960; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC47362.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
43. Omori Y, Chaya T, Katoh K, Kajimura N, Sato S, Muraoka K, et al. Negative regulation of ciliary length by ciliary male germ cell-associated kinase (Mak) is required for retinal photoreceptor survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(52):22671–6. pmid:21148103; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3012466.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
44. Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, et al. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell. 2007;130(3):456–69. pmid:17693256; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2013746.
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar

[ref1] 1. Soltanoff CS, Yang S, Chen W, Li YP. Signaling networks that control the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2009;19(1):1–46. pmid:19191755; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3392028.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[2] View Article

[3] PubMed/NCBI

[4] Google Scholar

[ref2] 2. Zuo C, Huang Y, Bajis R, Sahih M, Li YP, Dai K, et al. Osteoblastogenesis regulation signals in bone remodeling. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(6):1653–63. pmid:22290242.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[6] View Article

[7] PubMed/NCBI

[8] Google Scholar

[ref3] 3. Lin GL, Hankenson KD. Integration of BMP, Wnt, and notch signaling pathways in osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112(12):3491–501. pmid:21793042; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3202082.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[10] View Article

[11] PubMed/NCBI

[12] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Negishi-Koga T, Takayanagi H. Bone cell communication factors and Semaphorins. Bonekey Rep. 2012;1:183. pmid:24171101; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3810552.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[14] View Article

[15] PubMed/NCBI

[16] Google Scholar

[ref5] 5. Westendorf JJ, Kahler RA, Schroeder TM. Wnt signaling in osteoblasts and bone diseases. Gene. 2004;341:19–39. pmid:15474285.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[18] View Article

[19] PubMed/NCBI

[20] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Kanamoto T, Mizuhashi K, Terada K, Minami T, Yoshikawa H, Furukawa T. Isolation and characterization of a novel plasma membrane protein, osteoblast induction factor (obif), associated with osteoblast differentiation. BMC Dev Biol. 2009;9:70. pmid:20025746; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2805627.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[22] View Article

[23] PubMed/NCBI

[24] Google Scholar

[ref7] 7. Mizuhashi K, Kanamoto T, Ito M, Moriishi T, Muranishi Y, Omori Y, et al. OBIF, an osteoblast induction factor, plays an essential role in bone formation in association with osteoblastogenesis. Dev Growth Differ. 2012;54(4):474–80. pmid:22416756.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[26] View Article

[27] PubMed/NCBI

[28] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, Pinero G, Story B, Dunstan C, et al. Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature. 1996;382(6590):448–52. pmid:8684484.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[30] View Article

[31] PubMed/NCBI

[32] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Oury F, Sumara G, Sumara O, Ferron M, Chang H, Smith CE, et al. Endocrine regulation of male fertility by the skeleton. Cell. 2011;144(5):796–809. pmid:21333348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3052787.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[34] View Article

[35] PubMed/NCBI

[36] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. Pi M, Chen L, Huang MZ, Zhu W, Ringhofer B, Luo J, et al. GPRC6A null mice exhibit osteopenia, feminization and metabolic syndrome. PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3858. pmid:19050760; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2585477.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[38] View Article

[39] PubMed/NCBI

[40] Google Scholar

[ref11] 11. Pi M, Faber P, Ekema G, Jackson PD, Ting A, Wang N, et al. Identification of a novel extracellular cation-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(48):40201–9. pmid:16199532; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1435382.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[42] View Article

[43] PubMed/NCBI

[44] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Cheng CY, Mruk DD. Cell junction dynamics in the testis: Sertoli-germ cell interactions and male contraceptive development. Physiol Rev. 2002;82(4):825–74. pmid:12270945.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[46] View Article

[47] PubMed/NCBI

[48] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Wong EW, Cheng CY. Polarity proteins and cell-cell interactions in the testis. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2009;278:309–53. pmid:19815182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2810284.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[50] View Article

[51] PubMed/NCBI

[52] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Xiao X, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19(2):167–86. pmid:23287428; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3576004.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[54] View Article

[55] PubMed/NCBI

[56] Google Scholar

[ref15] 15. Ezeh UI. Beyond the clinical classification of azoospermia: opinion. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(11):2356–9. pmid:11056132.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[58] View Article

[59] PubMed/NCBI

[60] Google Scholar

[ref16] 16. Julenius K, Molgaard A, Gupta R, Brunak S. Prediction, conservation analysis, and structural characterization of mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation sites. Glycobiology. 2005;15(2):153–64. pmid:15385431.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[62] View Article

[63] PubMed/NCBI

[64] Google Scholar

[ref17] 17. Lublin DM, Atkinson JP. Decay-accelerating factor: biochemistry, molecular biology, and function. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:35–58. pmid:2469439.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[66] View Article

[67] PubMed/NCBI

[68] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. Tashima Y, Taguchi R, Murata C, Ashida H, Kinoshita T, Maeda Y. PGAP2 is essential for correct processing and stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(3):1410–20. pmid:16407401; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1382328.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[70] View Article

[71] PubMed/NCBI

[72] Google Scholar

[ref19] 19. Barbara A, Delannoy P, Denis BG, Marie PJ. Normal matrix mineralization induced by strontium ranelate in MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cells. Metabolism. 2004;53(4):532–7. pmid:15045704.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[74] View Article

[75] PubMed/NCBI

[76] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. Saliba W, El-Haddad B. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathophysiology and treatment. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(5):574–81. pmid:19734404.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[78] View Article

[79] PubMed/NCBI

[80] Google Scholar

[ref21] 21. Costoya JA, Hobbs RM, Barna M, Cattoretti G, Manova K, Sukhwani M, et al. Essential role of Plzf in maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells. Nat Genet. 2004;36(6):653–9. pmid:15156143.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[82] View Article

[83] PubMed/NCBI

[84] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Ikawa M, Wada I, Kominami K, Watanabe D, Toshimori K, Nishimune Y, et al. The putative chaperone calmegin is required for sperm fertility. Nature. 1997;387(6633):607–11. pmid:9177349.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[86] View Article

[87] PubMed/NCBI

[88] Google Scholar

[ref23] 23. Kashiwabara S, Arai Y, Kodaira K, Baba T. Acrosin biosynthesis in meiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;173(1):240–5. pmid:1701633.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[90] View Article

[91] PubMed/NCBI

[92] Google Scholar

[ref24] 24. Budefeld T, Jezek D, Rozman D, Majdic G. Initiation of steroidogenesis precedes expression of cholesterologenic enzymes in the fetal mouse testes. Anat Histol Embryol. 2009;38(6):461–6. pmid:19793088.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[94] View Article

[95] PubMed/NCBI

[96] Google Scholar

[ref25] 25. Li Y, Zheng M, Lau YF. The sex-determining factors SRY and SOX9 regulate similar target genes and promote testis cord formation during testicular differentiation. Cell Rep. 2014;8(3):723–33. pmid:25088423.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[98] View Article

[99] PubMed/NCBI

[100] Google Scholar

[ref26] 26. Fujihara Y, Satouh Y, Inoue N, Isotani A, Ikawa M, Okabe M. SPACA1-deficient male mice are infertile with abnormally shaped sperm heads reminiscent of globozoospermia. Development. 2012;139(19):3583–9. pmid:22949614.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[102] View Article

[103] PubMed/NCBI

[104] Google Scholar

[ref27] 27. Gliki G, Ebnet K, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA, Adams RH. Spermatid differentiation requires the assembly of a cell polarity complex downstream of junctional adhesion molecule-C. Nature. 2004;431(7006):320–4. pmid:15372036.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[106] View Article

[107] PubMed/NCBI

[108] Google Scholar

[ref28] 28. Mueller S, Rosenquist TA, Takai Y, Bronson RA, Wimmer E. Loss of nectin-2 at Sertoli-spermatid junctions leads to male infertility and correlates with severe spermatozoan head and midpiece malformation, impaired binding to the zona pellucida, and oocyte penetration. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(4):1330–40. pmid:12801998.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[110] View Article

[111] PubMed/NCBI

[112] Google Scholar

[ref29] 29. van der Weyden L, Arends MJ, Chausiaux OE, Ellis PJ, Lange UC, Surani MA, et al. Loss of TSLC1 causes male infertility due to a defect at the spermatid stage of spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26(9):3595–609. pmid:16611999; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1447413.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[114] View Article

[115] PubMed/NCBI

[116] Google Scholar

[ref30] 30. Butovsky O, Jedrychowski MP, Moore CS, Cialic R, Lanser AJ, Gabriely G, et al. Identification of a unique TGF-beta-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia. Nature neuroscience. 2014;17(1):131–43. pmid:24316888; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4066672.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[118] View Article

[119] PubMed/NCBI

[120] Google Scholar

[ref31] 31. Chiu IM, Morimoto ET, Goodarzi H, Liao JT, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani HP, et al. A neurodegeneration-specific gene-expression signature of acutely isolated microglia from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Cell reports. 2013;4(2):385–401. pmid:23850290.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[122] View Article

[123] PubMed/NCBI

[124] Google Scholar

[ref32] 32. Hickman SE, Kingery ND, Ohsumi TK, Borowsky ML, Wang LC, Means TK, et al. The microglial sensome revealed by direct RNA sequencing. Nature neuroscience. 2013;16(12):1896–905. pmid:24162652; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3840123.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[126] View Article

[127] PubMed/NCBI

[128] Google Scholar

[ref33] 33. Tang T, Li L, Tang J, Li Y, Lin WY, Martin F, et al. A mouse knockout library for secreted and transmembrane proteins. Nature biotechnology. 2010;28(7):749–55. pmid:20562862.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[130] View Article

[131] PubMed/NCBI

[132] Google Scholar

[ref34] 34. Van den Steen P, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Opdenakker G. Concepts and principles of O-linked glycosylation. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology. 1998;33(3):151–208. pmid:9673446.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[134] View Article

[135] PubMed/NCBI

[136] Google Scholar

[ref35] 35. Gabius HJ. Cell surface glycans: the why and how of their functionality as biochemical signals in lectin-mediated information transfer. Crit Rev Immunol. 2006;26(1):43–79. pmid:16472068.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[138] View Article

[139] PubMed/NCBI

[140] Google Scholar

[ref36] 36. Huet G, Gouyer V, Delacour D, Richet C, Zanetta JP, Delannoy P, et al. Involvement of glycosylation in the intracellular trafficking of glycoproteins in polarized epithelial cells. Biochimie. 2003;85(3–4):323–30. pmid:12770771.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[142] View Article

[143] PubMed/NCBI

[144] Google Scholar

[ref37] 37. Ulloa F, Real FX. Benzyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide induces a storage disease-like phenotype by perturbing the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(14):12374–83. pmid:12538583.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[146] View Article

[147] PubMed/NCBI

[148] Google Scholar

[ref38] 38. Hisa I, Inoue Y, Hendy GN, Canaff L, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, et al. Parathyroid hormone-responsive Smad3-related factor, Tmem119, promotes osteoblast differentiation and interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein-Runx2 pathway. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(11):9787–96. pmid:21239498; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3058974.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[150] View Article

[151] PubMed/NCBI

[152] Google Scholar

[ref39] 39. Osato N, Itoh M, Konno H, Kondo S, Shibata K, Carninci P, et al. A computer-based method of selecting clones for a full-length cDNA project: simultaneous collection of negligibly redundant and variant cDNAs. Genome Res. 2002;12(7):1127–34. pmid:12097351; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC186622.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[154] View Article

[155] PubMed/NCBI

[156] Google Scholar

[ref40] 40. DuBridge RB, Tang P, Hsia HC, Leong PM, Miller JH, Calos MP. Analysis of mutation in human cells by using an Epstein-Barr virus shuttle system. Mol Cell Biol. 1987;7(1):379–87. pmid:3031469; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC365079.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[158] View Article

[159] PubMed/NCBI

[160] Google Scholar

[ref41] 41. Patsos G, Hebbe-Viton V, Robbe-Masselot C, Masselot D, San Martin R, Greenwood R, et al. O-glycan inhibitors generate aryl-glycans, induce apoptosis and lead to growth inhibition in colorectal cancer cell lines. Glycobiology. 2009;19(4):382–98. pmid:19122213.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[162] View Article

[163] PubMed/NCBI

[164] Google Scholar

[ref42] 42. Pear WS, Nolan GP, Scott ML, Baltimore D. Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(18):8392–6. pmid:7690960; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC47362.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[166] View Article

[167] PubMed/NCBI

[168] Google Scholar

[ref43] 43. Omori Y, Chaya T, Katoh K, Kajimura N, Sato S, Muraoka K, et al. Negative regulation of ciliary length by ciliary male germ cell-associated kinase (Mak) is required for retinal photoreceptor survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(52):22671–6. pmid:21148103; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3012466.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[170] View Article

[171] PubMed/NCBI

[172] Google Scholar

[ref44] 44. Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, et al. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell. 2007;130(3):456–69. pmid:17693256; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2013746.
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[174] View Article

[175] PubMed/NCBI

[176] Google Scholar

Figures

Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Results

Obif protein is O-glycosylated at serine residue 36

O-glycosylation of mObif protein had no effect on mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells

Loss of Obif impaired bone growth

Obif−/− mice showed abnormal bone formation and bone mineralization by bone histomorphometry analysis

Bone dysplasia in Obif−/− mice is due to a bone-originating primary cause

Phenotypic analysis of various Obif−/− mouse tissues

Obif is required for normal spermatogenesis

Obif has a possible role in the development of normal male fertility

Obif is expressed in spermatocytes and spermatids in the developing testis

Testicular differentiation is perturbed in Obif−/− mice

Discussion

Materials and Methods

Mice

Plasmids constructs

Cell culture and transfection with O-glycosylation inhibitor

Western blot analysis

Cell Culture

Production of recombinant retrovirus and infection

Alizarin red staining

RT-PCR

Bone histomorphometric analyses

Histological analysis

In situ hybridization

Immunohistochemistry

Fertility test

Murine sperm counts and hormone measurement

Serum biological measurements

Statistics

Supporting Information

S1 Fig. O-glycosylation of mObif protein had no effect on mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells.

S2 Fig. Serum biological measurements in Obif−/− mice.

S3 Fig. Phenotype analysis in various tissues in Obif−/− mice.

S4 Fig. Obif expression in the developing mouse testis at P14.

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

References

Obif^−/− mice showed abnormal bone formation and bone mineralization by bone histomorphometry analysis

Bone dysplasia in Obif^−/− mice is due to a bone-originating primary cause

Phenotypic analysis of various Obif^−/− mouse tissues

Testicular differentiation is perturbed in Obif^−/− mice

S2 Fig. Serum biological measurements in Obif^−/− mice.

S3 Fig. Phenotype analysis in various tissues in Obif^−/− mice.