Figures
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the length variation of the posterior auricular artery and propose a novel classification of the posterior auricular artery based on angiographical appearance.
Patients and Methods
A series of 234 consecutive patients who had undergone conventional cerebral angiography was analyzed. The posterior auricular artery was examined on the lateral projection of the external carotid or common carotid arteriography. The posterior auricular artery was classified into four groups by length, using the external auditory canal and the top of the helix as radiographical landmarks. Our proposed classification is as follows: Type A, posterior auricular artery terminates between its origin and the center of the external auditory canal; Type B, posterior auricular artery terminates between the center of the external auditory canal and the top of the helix; Type C, posterior auricular artery terminates between the top of the helix and the vertex; and Type D, posterior auricular artery reaches up to the vertex.
Results
A total of 424 (right, 214; left, 210) posterior auricular arteries were analyzed in 111 men and 123 women aged 11 to 91 years (mean, 61.0 years) examined for aneurysms in 78 cases, occlusive vascular diseases in 56, intracranial hemorrhages in 41, tumors in 35, and others in 24. Types A, B, C, and D were found in 15.1%, 34.9%, 48.8%, and 1.2% of the patients, respectively.
Citation: Tokugawa J, Cho N, Suzuki H, Sugiyama N, Akiyama O, Nakao Y, et al. (2015) Novel Classification of the Posterior Auricular Artery Based on Angiographical Appearance. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128723. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128723
Academic Editor: Xiaoming Yang, University of Washington School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: December 17, 2014; Accepted: April 29, 2015; Published: June 1, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Tokugawa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: JT received funding from Juntendo Casualty Center. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The posterior auricular artery (PAA) is recognized as one of the small branches arising from the external carotid artery and supplies a relatively small area of the skin posterior to the ear and the ear itself [1,2]. Anatomical consideration of this artery is quite limited in the standard neuroradiographical text books [3,4]. Conventional cerebral angiography generally shows a slender PAA, but we recently treated a patient with an exceptionally large PAA which was suitable as a donor artery for cerebral revascularization surgery [5]. From this case, we speculated that the PAA may have considerable variation in length.
The present study investigated the variation in angiographical length of the PAA and proposes a novel classification of the PAA based on angiographical appearance.
Patients and Methods
The present study included 234 consecutive patients who had undergone conventional cerebral angiography in our institute. The PAA was observed on the lateral projection of the conventional external carotid or common carotid arteriography. Cases were excluded of PAAs ipsilateral to the history of major head injury or laceration of the head skin, patients with tumors with possible blood supply from the external carotid artery such as meningiomas, and patients with history of craniotomy, because these conditions may cause change in the balance of the distribution of the blood supply to the skin. The PAAs were classified into four groups by length, using the external auditory canal and the top of the helix as the radiographical landmarks. This classification did not consider the size or the diameter of the PAA. The PAA was observed on cine angiography until disappearance at the end of the arterial phase to ensure evaluation of the full length of the artery. Our proposed classification is as follows: Type A, PAA terminates between the origin and the center of the external auditory canal; Type B, PAA terminates between the origin and the top of the helix; Type C, PAA terminates between the top of the helix and the vertex; and Type D, PAA reaches up to the vertex. Representative cases of each type are shown in Figs 1–4.
Representative cases of PAA in each type are shown with black arrows. In each figure, a black dot shows the external auditory canal and a short straight line shows the top of the helix.
Representative cases of PAA in each type are shown with black arrows. In each figure, a black dot shows the external auditory canal and a short straight line shows the top of the helix.
Representative cases of PAA in each type are shown with black arrows. In each figure, a black dot shows the external auditory canal and a short straight line shows the top of the helix.
Representative cases of PAA in each type are shown with black arrows. In each figure, a black dot shows the external auditory canal and a short straight line shows the top of the helix.
Ethics statement
All data was collected retrospectively, so no patients were exposed to ionizing radiation purely for the purpose of this study. Patient records and information were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis and the study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital. The individual patients used as representative cases in this manuscript have given written informed consent as outlined in the PLOS consent form to publish their angiographical images.
Results
A total of 424 (right, 214; left, 210) PAAs were analyzed in 111 men and 123 women aged 11 to 91 years (mean, 61.0 years) examined for unruptured aneurysms in 78 cases, occlusive vascular diseases in 56, intracranial hemorrhages in 41, tumors in 35, arteriovenous malformations or fistulas in 14, traumas 8, and miscellaneous diseases in 2. The total number of PAAs in each type were as follows: 64 (15.1%) in Type A, 148 (34.9%) in Type B, 207 (48.8%) in Type C, and 5 (1.2%) in Type D (Table 1). Type A was short and slender, and sometimes so faint that cine angiography was needed for identification. Type B was more obvious than Type A but still slender. Type C was easy to identify but not as large as the superficial temporal artery (STA) or occipital artery (OA). Type D was as large as, or sometimes larger, than the STA or OA. The PAA varied in length, but only 5 of the 424 PAAs (1.2%) were as large as the STA. The age distribution of patients in each type is shown in Table 2. There was no significant difference in mean age between patients with the different types (one-way analysis of variance).
Discussion
The PAA has been examined in a number of anatomical studies [1,2,6–9]. Two studies were more focused and exact on the territory of PAA. Ink injection, radiographic examination, and latex injection were performed on a total of eight cadavers [1]. Bilateral injection of colored latex was performed on 24 cadavers [2]. These cadaver studies were well-organized and achieved reliable results, but examined only a limited number of the PAAs. We examined 424 PAAs, a number large enough to likely include all types of variation. According to our findings, Types B and C accounted for 83.7% of all cases, so represent the “normal” or “majority” angiographical presentation. This finding agrees with the results of the ink injection in cadaver study [1]. Type D was probably not identified because of the lower incidence of this length variation.
The present findings may be important in the fields of plastic surgery and neurosurgery. In plastic surgery, the PAA is frequently used for a pedicled skin flap [10–12]. If the patient has PAA of Type A, a large skin flap of this area may not be a good solution. On the other hand, if the patient has Type C or D, a larger skin flap should result in a good result. In the neurosurgical field, if the PAA is large enough such as Type D, the artery could be used as a donor artery for revascularization surgery. We previously treated a patient with a rare case of PAA-middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis instead of STA-MCA anastomosis because the STA parietal branch was absent in this patient [5].
The present study found that Types A and B are too small for use as a donor artery, and no case of Type C was larger than the STA. However, four of the five Type D cases had equivalent size to the STA, and one was obviously larger than STA. Following our case report, three more similar case reports were published [13]. A series of consecutive 175 patients who received bypass surgery found that 5.7% of patients had PAAs large enough for use as a donor artery for revascularization surgery, which corresponds to Type D [13]. This five-fold difference from the present finding of 1.2% might be the result of selection bias, as all patients underwent bypass surgery. Furthermore, bypass surgery candidates may develop a larger PAA in response to cerebral blood flow limitations. Even our finding of 1.2% might be higher than the incidence in the overall population, as any patients who have to undergo any type of cerebrovascular investigation, such as conventional cerebral angiography, computed tomography angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography, may have developed a larger PAA. However, the finding that a large PAA of Type D could be a suitable donor remains valid. Moreover, such a large PAA could act as a donor artery for the MCA territory or for the posterior circulation territory.
Definitive discussion of the function of the extralarge PAA requires more data to establish the relationships between the major arteries including the STA, PAA, and OA in the distribution of the skin.
Conclusion
A novel classification of the PAA into four types based on angiographical length found more than 80% of the arteries were Type B or C, whereas the extralarge Type D was as rare as 1%. Type D PAA is of considerable interest in certain clinical situations.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JT YN TY. Performed the experiments: JT NC. Analyzed the data: JT YN TY. Wrote the paper: JT. Collected the data: JT HS NS OA. Supervised the study: YN TY.
References
- 1. McKinnon BJ, Wall MP, Karakla DW. The vascular anatomy and angiosome of the posterior auricular artery. A cadaver study. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 1999; 1: 101–104. pmid:10937086
- 2. Toure G, Meningaud JP, Vacher C. Arterial vascularization of occipital scalp: mapping of vascular cutaneous territories and surgical applications. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010; 32: 739–743. pmid:20499067
- 3.
Lasjaunias P, Berenstein A, Ter Brugge K. Surgical neuroangiography. 1987. pp. 325–333.
- 4.
Krayenbuhl H, Yasargil M, Huber P. Cerebral angiography. New York: Thieme-Stratton; 1982. pp. 40–41.
- 5. Tokugawa J, Nakao Y, Kudo K, Iimura K, Esaki T, Yamamoto T, et al. Posterior auricular artery-middle cerebral artery bypass: a rare superficial temporal artery variant with well-developed posterior auricular artery—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2014; 54: 841–844. pmid:24140773
- 6. Houseman ND, Taylor GI, Pan WR. The angiosomes of the head and neck: anatomic study and clinical applications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000; 105: 2287–2313. pmid:10845282
- 7. Pinar YA, Ikiz ZA, Bilge O. Arterial anatomy of the auricle: its importance for reconstructive surgery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2003; 25: 175–179. pmid:14504820
- 8. Moschella F, Cordova A, Pirrello R, De Leo A. The supra-auricular arterial network: anatomical bases for the use of superior pedicle retro-auricular skin flaps. Surg Radiol Anat. 2003; 24: 343–347. pmid:12647023
- 9. Sharma RK, Kobayashi K, Jackson IT, Carls FR. Vascular anatomy of the galeal occipitalis flap: a cadaver study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996; 97: 25–31; discussion 32. pmid:8532793
- 10. Kolhe PS, Leonard AG. The posterior auricular flap: anatomical studies. Br J Plast Surg. 1987; 40: 562–569. pmid:3690087
- 11. Krespi YP, Ries WR, Shugar JM, Sisson GA. Auricular reconstruction with postauricular myocutaneous flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1983; 91: 193–196. pmid:6408578
- 12. Sharma RK, Pandey SK. Extended posterior auricular artery flap for coverage of a large temporo-parietal defect. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010; 63: e775–778. pmid:20692214
- 13. Germans MR, Regli L. Posterior auricular artery as an alternative donor vessel for extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014; 156: 2095–2101; discussion 2101. pmid:25160851