Figures
Abstract
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with multisystem involvement, and it is listed as a rare disease in the United States but is common in the Middle East, China, and Japan. The aim of this study was to identify novel autoantigens in Chinese patients with BD. First, the candidate autoantigens were screened by Western blotting, and the sequences of putative antigens were identified by LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Next, the screened protein was cloned, expressed and purified. Then, an optimized ELISA was developed, and the serological criteria were evaluated using a large number of confirmed patients. One antigen with a molecular weight of approximately 28 kDa was identified as electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (ETFB). Positive reactivity was detected in recombinant human ETFB sera from 38 of 92 BD patients (41 %) and 1 of 90 healthy controls (1 %).
Citation: Chen P, Yang W, Tian Y, Sun S, Chen G, Zhang C, et al. (2015) Electron Transfer Flavoprotein Subunit Beta Is a Candidate Endothelial Cell Autoantigen in Behçet’s Disease. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124760. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124760
Academic Editor: Massimo Pietropaolo, Baylor College of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: September 20, 2014; Accepted: March 5, 2015; Published: April 27, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central universities, the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371203). Co-author Guangyu Chen is employed by ImmunoHunt Corporation. ImmunoHunt Corporation provided support in the form of salary for author GC, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
Competing interests: Guangyu Chen is employed by ImmunoHunt Corporation. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystem chronic vasculitis that was first described in the 5th century BC [1]. BD occurs most frequently in an area that coincides with the Old Silk Route, an ancient commercial route that stretched between the Mediterranean and the Far East [2, 3]. The pathogenesis of BD remains uncertain, and its diagnosis is still mainly based on the clinical syndrome [4]. BD is usually characterized by vascular injury and the triple-symptom complex of recurrent oral ulcerations, genital ulcerations and iritis [5, 6], and many organs, including the skin and the gastrointestinal organs, are typically involved in this disease [4].
Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) were suggested to be involved in the autoimmune process of BD. AECAs bind to endothelial cell antigens and can be directed against endothelial cells in clinically relevant organs. Their effects on endothelial cells are thought to be associated with the vascular injury and damage that occurs in BD patients and have also been confirmed to be associated with autoimmune symptoms [7, 8].
Similar to many traditional autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), the various signs and symptoms of BD suggest the co-existence of a large number of autoantigens [9– 11]. Recently, heat shock protein 27 and prohibitin were successfully identified in our lab [12, 13]. However, many questions remain, especially the pathogenesis of BD is still unknown, and more AECA autoantigen/autoantibody pairs should be identified in BD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further identify new AECA autoantigens in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) [14].
Materials and Methods
Subjects
Serological criteria were evaluated through the assessment of 364 samples in total. This study included 92 BD patients with an average age of 39 years (range, 14 to 66 years; 38 females and 54 males) who fulfilled the criteria proposed by the International Study Group for BD [15], 92 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (average age, 34 years; range, 15 to 62 years; 81 females and 11 males), 90 Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) patients (average age, 51 years; range, 19 to 70 years; 86 females and 4 males) and 90 healthy controls (HCs) (average age, 25 years; range, 21 to 33 years; 69 females and 21 males). Initially, samples from 5 BD patients were collected in July 2013. The other samples were collected from September 2012 to June 2014 for a large-scale test using the ELISA method. All of the patients involved in the study were treated at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, and each patient involved in this study provided written informed consent. Furthermore, written informed consent on behalf of the minors involved in the study was obtained from their guardians. The samples were collected, dispensed, aliquoted and stored at -80°C for further testing.
Cell culture and protein extracts
The HUVEC line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, MD) and cultured in F-12K (HyClone, UT) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, UT), 0.1 mg/mL heparin (HyClone, UT), and 0.05 mg/mL endothelial cell growth supplement (HyClone, UT). HUVECs were lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China) with 1% complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, MO). The extracts were aliquoted and stored at -80°C until further use.
Indirect immunofluorescence assay
HUVECs were applied to coverslips and subsequently fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Next, BD and HC sera were added to the slides, and the slides were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After washing 3 times, the slides were then incubated with a FITC-conjugated goat-anti human IgG secondary antibody (ImmunoHunt, Beijing, China) diluted 1:500 for 1 h at 37°C. Finally, the slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy (AMG, Bothell, WA). For the indirect immunofluorescence assay, the total ratio of cell fluorescence was obtained using Image J software (NIH, MD), and the results were compared among 3 representative patients in each group.
Western blotting
Western blotting was performed as described elsewhere [16] with slight modifications. The cell lysate was loaded into the wells of a 12% SDS-PAGE gel. The proteins were then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Merck Millipore, MA) and blocked with 5% nonfat milk in PBS at 4°C overnight. Next, the membranes were incubated with serum from the first batch of five BD patients (1:500 dilution) or sera from five HCs (1:500 dilution) at 4°C for 12 h. The filters were then extensively washed 3 times with 5% PBST to remove the unbound antibodies. Finally, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (ImmunoHunt, Beijing, China) (1:10,000 dilution) for 1 h at 37°C. ECL detection was performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (Applygen, Beijing, China).
Protein recovery and immunoprecipitation
Two different bands located at approximately 28 kDa were excised and recovered to ensure the retrieval of the reactive band. Briefly, the bands were cut out of the gel and placed in a 1.5-mL centrifuge tube with 0.5 mL of ultrapure water at room temperature for 5 min. The gel in the centrifuge tube was ground with 0.7 mL of extraction solution (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.9], 0.1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS) at 4°C overnight. Following centrifugation (12000 rpm, 15 min), the extraction solution was transferred to a dialysis tube in PBS and maintained at 4°C overnight. After centrifugation (12,000 rpm, 15 min), the extraction solution was transferred into an ultrafiltration tube (Sartorius, Germany). Finally, the proteins were recovered by centrifugation at 14,400 rpm for 30 min. The total recovered proteins (10 μg) were incubated with sera (equal volumes from BD patients with a positive band after Western blotting selection) at 4°C overnight. Thereafter, protein A sepharose beads (Sigma, MO) that had been washed with PBS were added and mixed overnight at 4°C. The immunoprecipitates were washed three times in 500 μL of PBS. Then, the immunoprecipitates were suspended in sample loading buffer and resolved by SDS-PAGE.
Mass spectrometry identification
The excised gel pieces were destained with a mixture of 25 mM NH4HCO3 and 50% acetonitrile and subsequently dried by vacuum centrifugation. Then, the gel pieces were reduced for 2 h in 10 mM dithiothreitol. After cooling to room temperature, the dithiothreitol solution was replaced with roughly the same volume of 25 mM NH4HCO3 containing 55 mM iodoacetamide and incubated for 45 min at room temperature in the dark. Then, the gel pieces were covered with 20 μL of 0.05 M NH4HCO3 buffer with trypsin (Sigma, MO). Digestion was performed overnight at 37°C. Finally, the recovered target proteins were identified using a 5800 Proteomics Analyzer. The mass spectrometric data were analyzed using a LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) at the Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as described previously [17]. The mass spectrometric data were further analyzed using the Mascot bioinformatics database search engine (Matrix Sciences, London, UK; www.matrixscience.com).
Protein expression and purification
The protein expression and purification procedure was performed according to our routine method [18]. Briefly, total RNA was isolated from HUVECs using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, CA). RT-PCR was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Fermentas, MD). The human ETFB protein was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 cells, and the recombinant protein was purified using Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The protein concentration was determined with the BCA assay kit (Biosynthesis Biotechnology, Beijing, China). Purified recombinant protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
ELISA
ELISA based on the human recombinant ETFB protein was performed as described previously [16]. Briefly, human recombinant ETFB protein (300 ng/mL) was used to coat a 96-well microplate (Corning, NY) overnight at 4°C. After three washes with PBST, each well was blocked in 200 μL of 5% goat serum for 2 h at 37°C. Then, the plate was incubated with 100 μL of sera (1:100 dilution) for 2 h at 37°C. After three washes, 100 μL of goat anti-human IgG HRP (ImmunoHunt, Beijing, China) (diluted 1:10,000) was added to each well, and the plate was then incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Next, the plate was washed three times, and 50 μL of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) A (0.1 M citric acid, 0.2 M Na2HPO4, 0.6 g hydroperite/L) and 50 μL of TMB B (5 mM citric acid, 0.4 mM EDTA-Na2, 0.2 g TMB/L) were added to each well. Then, the plate was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 5 min. Finally, the reaction was stopped by adding 50 μL of 2 M H2SO4. The absorbance in each well was measured with a plate reader at 450/620 nm (Tecan, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland).
Results
Endothelial cell autoantigens are expressed in HUVECs
HUVECs were positively bound by the BD patient sera, which confirmed the presence of AECA in the sera (Fig 1A). The total difference in fluorescence between the BD and HC group was quantified by Image J software, and a significant difference was observed (P = 0.0008, Fig 1B). The existence of autoantigens in the cytoplasm of HUVECs was demonstrated by the presence of abundant fluorescence signals.
(A) HUVECs were subjected to an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The HUVECs had a strong positive reaction with sera from BD patients, indicating that autoantigens may be present in the sera. (B) The total cell fluorescence was obtained using Image J software. There were significant differences between the BD and HC groups (P = 0.0008). (C) Western blotting of HUVEC extracts with sera from the first batch of 5 BD patients revealed a positive band (≈ 28-kDa) in 2 patients (top row) but not in the HCs (bottom row). BD, Behçet’s disease; HC, healthy controls.
Detection and identification of the autoantigens
Western blotting was performed to detect the autoantigens associated with BD. IgG autoantibodies against the 28-kDa band were detected in 2 out of 5 BD patients but not in the 5 healthy controls (Fig 1C). Other bands were only observed in less one BD sample. So two different bands located at approximately 28-kDa were selected, separated and recovered for further immunoprecipitation (Fig 2A). The Western blotting result was verified in the immunoprecipitation. It was found that one approximately 28-kDa protein band reacted with the sera of BD patients (Fig 2B). Then, the autoantigen (≈28-kDa) was excised from a polyacrylamide gel and digested with trypsin. We performed LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and used the Mascot database scanning algorithm to identify the target protein. Two main proteins were identified in this band. One protein was found to share approximately 31% sequence similarity with human ETFB (NCBI accession number gi|4503609; Mascot score, 265; Fig 2C), and 6 unique peptides of ETFB were matched (Fig 3). Another protein was identified as prohibitin antigen with mascot score 90, which was reported in our previous study [12]. Our previous finding was reproduced in this independent experiment.
(A) a: The molecular weight markers are shown on the left. b: Two positive bands at approximately 28 kDa were resolved and recovered. (B) Immunoprecipitation revealed an approximately 28-kDa protein band in the immunoprecipitate complex that reacted with the sera from BD patients. a: Protein marker. b: Supernatant. c: Immunoprecipitate complex. (C) The band at approximately 28 kDa was identified as the ETFB protein (NCBI accession number gi|4503609; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). PHB: Prohibitin; ETFB: Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta
The peptide origin, amino acid sequences, and m/z are shown.
ETFB is a new autoantigen in BD
In this experiment, recombinant human ETFB protein was expressed and purified in our lab, and it was then confirmed by MS (Fig 4A and 4B).
Western blotting analysis was performed on 2 μg of recombinant human ETFB protein with BD sera, and the patient sera positively recognized the recombinant ETFB, which supported the previous results obtained with native proteins from HUVECs Fig (4C–4E) and successfully confirmed that ETFB is a potential autoantigen in BD.
(A) The expression and purification of the ETFB protein. M: Marker; 1: E. coli BL21 containing a recombinant plasmid after the induction of expression with IPTG; 2: Purified recombinant ETFB protein. (B) Verification of the ETFB protein by mass spectrometry. The Mascot score was 474 (Matrix Sciences, London, UK; www.matrixscience.com). (C) Western blotting results for ETFB probed with serum from patient BD1 (1:500 dilution). (D) Western blotting results for ETFB probed with serum from patient BD3. (E) Healthy control.
ELISA results
ELISA was performed to determine the prevalence of the anti-ETFB autoantibody in BD patient sera. We observed that 38 of 92 patients with BD (41%), 16 of 92 with RA (17%), 10 of 90 with SS (11%), and 1 of 90 HC (1%) were anti-ETFB positive, indicating that the anti-ETFB antibody had a significantly higher prevalence in BD than RA (P<0.0001), SS (P<0.0001) or HC (P<0.0001), which further confirmed that ETFB is an autoantigen in BD (Fig 5).
An ELISA was performed to detect the reactivity of the serum IgG antibodies against the human recombinant EFTB protein. The anti-ETFB antibodies were detected in 38 of 92 BD patients (41%), 16 of 92 RA patients (17%), 10 of 90 SS patients (11%), and 1 of 90 HC patients (1%). The reactivity of serum IgG to human recombinant ETFB in BD was significantly higher than in RA (P<0.0001), SS (P<0.0001) or HC (P<0.0001). The data are shown as the mean±SD. The threshold for defining a positive result was a higher value than that obtained for the healthy controls (mean + 3 SD), which was shown as horizontal line. BD, Behçet’s disease; HC, healthy controls; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SS, Sjogren syndrome.
Analysis of clinical characteristics
Among the 92 Han Chinese BD patients, 38 patients were anti-ETFB positive in the ELISA. Detailed clinical information was obtained from these patients, and their symptoms were observed (Table 1). By comparing the clinical information between the anti-ETFB antibody-positive and anti-ETFB antibody-negative groups, there were significantly more BD patients with gastrointestinal involvement in the anti-ETFB antibody-positive group than in the anti-ETFB antibody-negative group (P<0.05).
Discussion
Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) was discovered to be capable of transferring the reducing equivalents derived from mammalian fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to various electron acceptors [19, 20]. In mitochondria, the reducing equivalents from these dehydrogenases are transferred sequentially to ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO). The ETF/ETF-QO system serves as a short electron transfer pathway to conduct electrons from primary flavoprotein dehydrogenases to the ubiquinone pool of the main respiratory chain [21, 22]. Defects in ETF or ETF-QO result in glutaric acidemia type II, a common fatal disease resulting from the inability to catabolize various fatty acyl-CoAs [23, 24]. Here, we first provided evidence that ETFB may be a candidate autoantigen in BD, thus extending our current knowledge of the ETFB protein. ETFB is a subunit of ETF [25]. However, it is unclear how ETFB acts as an autoantigen in BD.
The direct attack of normal host targets by autoantibodies is a common feature of many autoimmune diseases. Some of these autoantibodies are pathogenic, whereas others serve as biomarkers of organ involvement [26]. Autoantibody attack against ETFB may disrupt normal physiological functions in humans. Among the 92 BD patients included in this study, 38 patients showed a positive reaction to the recombinant human ETFB protein. By comparing clinical information between the anti-ETFB antibody-positive and anti-ETFB antibody-negative groups, there was a striking difference in gastrointestinal involvement between the anti-ETFB antibody-positive group and the antibody-negative group (P<0.05). Based on our current knowledge, the clinical manifestations (specific organ involvement) of many diseases is not consistent with the antigens’ expression (distribution) [27]. For example, a-enolase is also an AECA autoantigen in BD associated with intestinal syndrome [28]; however, it is widely expressed in many other cells.
The limitations of the present study should be acknowledged. More detailed clinical information must be analyzed in the next study. Overall, based on the results of this study, we suggest that ETFB may be a new autoantigen in BD. We will perform further investigations with additional patients enrolled from more clinical centers to evaluate and analyze anti-ETFB autoantibody induction in multiple autoimmune diseases.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HWD PC. Performed the experiments: PC YPX WKY LLS STS LQZ YBZ FXM. Analyzed the data: YPT CHY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YPT CYZ HWD. Wrote the paper: PC HWD GYC. Performed the additional experiments in manuscript R1 for answering the reviewer's questions: FXM.
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