Figures
Abstract
A new elasto-plastic constitutive model for jointed rock mass, which can consider the persistence ratio in different visual angle and anisotropic increase of plastic strain, is proposed. The proposed the yield strength criterion, which is anisotropic, is not only related to friction angle and cohesion of jointed rock masses at the visual angle but also related to the intersection angle between the visual angle and the directions of the principal stresses. Some numerical examples are given to analyze and verify the proposed constitutive model. The results show the proposed constitutive model has high precision to calculate displacement, stress and plastic strain and can be applied in engineering analysis.
Citation: Xu Q, Chen J, Li J, Zhao C, Yuan C (2015) Study on the Constitutive Model for Jointed Rock Mass. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0121850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121850
Academic Editor: Moncho Gomez-Gesteira, University of Vigo, SPAIN
Received: July 16, 2014; Accepted: February 19, 2015; Published: April 17, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No.2013CB035905), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51138001, 51178081) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT14QY10).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In the rock engineering, joints have significant effect on the stress-strain relationship of jointed rock mass. Generally speaking, there are two categories of approaches: the first method is that joint element is utilized to simulate jointed rock mass. The other method is that special constitutive model is utilized to simulate jointed rock mass.
Constitutive models for jointed rock masses are important for numerical modeling of the behavior of jointed rocks. Many constitutive models for rock joints, based on both empirical and theoretical approach, such as are summarized in [1]. The behavior of the joints is dependent on their sizes, because the scale dependence of surface roughness of the joints whose thresholds are a scaling parameter [2–4]. Some researchers took study on landslide problems and the dynamic frictional processes of the joints using theories of dynamic chaos and catastrophe for an analysis of the interactions between the fracture surfaces regarding friction, fracture stiffness and elastic materials for the jointed rocks[5]. Some researchers utilized joint factor to simulate jointed rock mass based on the finite element method[6]. Some researchers proposed the model for the equivalent elastic parameters of jointed rock mass[7,8]. Some researchers performed the modeling of dynamic rock fracture sliding using the state variable friction models. In the model, the shear stresses are the functions of both the sliding history and velocity. And the model represented the evolution of rate effects and the path-dependence of the frictional properties[9]. Some researchers utilized representative volume method to analyze nonlinear characteristics of one-way joint and the interaction of two-way orthogonal joints[10]. Some researchers reported new 3D constitutive models for rough rock fractures based on experimentally determined relations between the contact areas under normal loads and asperity inclination angles[11,12]. Some researchers established the model to calculate the physical parameters of jointed rock mass[13]. Some researchers established softening model for multi-joints[14].
In this paper, the studies on elasto-plastic constitutive model for jointed rock mass are made. The influences of joints on the jointed rock mass are analyzed. Based on these studies, a constitutive model for jointed rock mass, which can consider anisotropic strength of jointed rock mass and anisotropic increase of plastic strain, is constructed. And then the numerical examples are performed to analyze and verify the proposed constitutive model.
The Constitutive Model for Jointed Rock Mass
2.1 The construction of constitutive model
Morh-Coulomb model is well-known model in geotechnical engineering application, including in rock engineering modelling and design. The basic concepts of the Mohr-Coulomb model suggest that the behaviors of a rock material are made up of two parts: a constant cohesion and a friction coefficient. And it can be described as
(1)
where τs is the shear strength, σn is the normal stress, c is the cohesion, φ is friction angle. The parameters of this model are only two, and it is widely used due to the simple expression. But this model is based on the isotropy theory. It can only describe the isotropic material. And jointed rock mass is anisotropic material. The classical Morh-Coulomb model cannot describe the behaviors of jointed rock. So it need to be improved due to its limitations.
Fig 1 shows rock bridges exist in jointed rock masses because of the non-persistent nature of joints. In order to calculate the decrease of strength of jointed rock masses in different directions, It defines the mechanical persistence ratio of rock mass as that the ratio of joint network on the shear failure path when jointed rock mass is sheared to damaged state along a certain direction[15]. Fig 2 shows that the mechanical persistence ratio k is calculated by
(2)
where JL and RBR are the projection length of joints and rock bridges in the shear failure path respectively. β0 is the visual angle, which can be used to express the direction of joints.
It defines cohesion cβ0 and friction angle φβ0 of jointed rock masses in direction of β0 [16,17]as
(3)
(4)
where cr and φr are the cohesion and friction angle of rock bridges, respectively. ci and φi are the cohesion and friction angle of joints.
Thus, based on Mohr-Coulomb model, the yield strength criterion f can be given by
(5)
where τ and σ are the shear stress and normal stress in direction of β0, respectively.
The Mohr-Coulomb model is based on plotting Mohr's circle for states of stress at failure in the plane of the maximum and minimum principal stresses. According to Fig 3, we have
(6)
(7)
where σ1 and σ3 are the maximum and minimum principal stresses, respectively. β is the intersection angle between β0 and the directions of the maximum principal stresses σ1.
Thus, the yield strength criterion f in plane can be rewritten as
(8)
in which
(9)
From (8), through calculating df/dβ = 0, we can obtain the least angle βL in β when βmin≤β≤βmax and we have
(11)
And the minimum value of σ1 and σ3 obey the function fmin when β = βL, and we have
(12)
According to Fig 3, we also have
(13)
where σm and τm are the mean normal stress and the maximum shear stress, respectively.
Thus, the yield strength criterion f in plane can be rewritten as
(14)
The yield strength criterion f in plane is extended to three-dimensional yield strength criterion and we have
(15)
in which
(16)
(17)
(18)
where I1, J2 and J3 are the first invariant of stress tensor, the second and third invariant of deviatoric stress tensor, respectively.
In plasticity theory, the strain increment can be decomposed into two parts
(19)
where dε is the incremental strain tensor; dεe and dεp are the incremental elastic and plastic strain tensor, respectively.
The stress—strain relationship is expressed as
(20)
where dσ’ is the incremental stress tensor; Dep is the elasto-plastic stiffness tensor.
The elasto-plastic stiffness tensor is expressed as:
(21)
in which
(22)
where σ is the stress tensor; De is the elasto stiffness tensor; n and ng are the loading and flow direction vectors, respectively; f and g are the yield and plastic potential functions, respectively. And in the model, the plastic potential function g is adopted as the same as the yield function f.
The fluidity variable Λ can be expressed as
(23)
The distinction between loading and unloading directions is described through the following criteria:
(24)
Because the plastic strain will also increase in the process of reloading, the incremental plastic strain is
(25)
where the symbol〈〉is defined as〈Λ〉 = Λ for Λ>0 and〈Λ〉 = 0 for Λ≤0. It shows that the plastic strain will increase if jointed rock mass is in the state of loading. In other word, we have
(26)
2.2 Numerical implementation
The integral algorithm based on fully implicit backward Euler return mapping algorithm is adopted to calculate the updated stresses. The convergence rule is adopted according to the difference of updated stresses less than tolerance. Fig 4 shows the iterative steps of proposed constitutive model.
Numerical Examples and Results
3.1 The numerical example for the strength of jointed rock mass
In order to analyze the strength of jointed rock mass calculated by proposed elasto-plastic constitutive model, the tests for numerical simulating jointed rock mass are taken. The elastic modulus E and Poisson ratio v of jointed rock mass are 4.00GPa and 0.25, respectively. Table 1 shows the strength parameters of the joint surface and the rock bridge. Fig 5 shows the persistence ratio, friction coefficient and cohesion of jointed rock mass at the visual angle β0.
Through observing the results of Figs 5–8, they show that the yield strength criterion f in plane of jointed rock mass is not only related to the friction angle φβ0 and cohesion cβ0 of jointed rock masses in direction of β0(the visual angle). The yield strength criterion f is also related to β (the intersection angle between the visual angle and the directions of the maximum principal stresses). The yield strength criterion f has the relation of φβ0 and cβ0 only when βmin≤β≤βmax. The relation of β and β0 is also important to the yield strength criterion f. The different relation of β and β0 leads to different yield strength criterion f. In some special relation of β and β0, such as Fig 8 (c), the friction angle φβ0 and cohesion cβ0 has no use for the yield strength criterion f. In other word, the persistence ratio k has no use for the yield strength criterion f in some special condition.
3.2 Jointed rock direct shear experiment and numerical simulation by proposed model
To verify proposed constitutive model, the compared results of proposed model and experiment are given. The rock mass samples containing joints are 0.3m×0.3m. The visual angles β0 of joints of two rock mass samples are 0°and 30°,respectively. And the positions of joints are shown in Fig 9. The boundary conditions and numerical model are shown in Fig 10. The normal stress is 1.0MPa, and the shear displacements of experiment are taken to 5mm. The parameters of the joints and the rock mass samples are shown in Table 2.
Through observing the results of Fig 11 and Fig 12, they show that the results of failure mode of rock mass by experiment and numerical simulation by proposed model are similar. And the curves of shear stress-displacement of experiment and numerical simulation by proposed model are close. These results verify the proposed constitutive model. And it shows proposed model can describe the behavior of jointed rock well.
3.3 The numerical examples for a rectangle foundation of jointed rock mass
Fig 13 shows the plane stress model (finite element(FE) with 4-nodes)for a rectangle foundation of jointed rock mass (length = 120m, depth = 10m) subjected to uniform load p = 2GPa. The visual angle β0 = 100°. There are two kinds of materials in the rectangle foundation. The blue regions are calculated by linear elastic constitutive model. The green region is calculated by proposed constitutive model and ubiquitous-joint constitutive model[19] in commercial software Abaqus, respectively. Table 3 shows the physical parameters of the rectangle foundation.
Through observing the results of Fig 14 and Fig 15, they show that the results of displacement and stress calculated by proposed constitutive model are close to that calculated by ubiquitous-joint constitutive model in commercial software Abaqus, which has been verified. The maximum relative errors of results of displacement and Mises stress calculated by proposed model are 1.77% and 15.25%, respectively.
3.4 The numerical example for a rectangle beam of jointed rock mass
Fig 16 shows the plane strain model(FE with 4-nodes) for a rectangle beam (length = 4m, width = 2m) of jointed rock mass subjected to uniform load p = 0.45MPa. Both sides of beam are restraint against displacement. The visual angle β0 = 120°. The beam is calculated by proposed constitutive model and ubiquitous-joint constitutive model in commercial software Abaqus, respectively. Table 4 shows the physical parameters of the rectangle beam.
Through observing the results of Figs 17–19, they show that the results of displacement, stress and plastic strain calculated by proposed constitutive model are also close to that calculated by ubiquitous-joint constitutive model in commercial software Abaqus. The maximum relative errors of results of displacement, stress and plastic strain calculated by proposed model are 8.31%, 1.08% and 19.71%, respectively. The results show the proposed constitutive model has some precision and verify the proposed constitutive model.
3.5 The numerical example for slope
Fig 20 shows the plane stress model (FE with 4-nodes) for a slope of jointed rock mass subjected to gravity. The elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of jointed rock mass are 4.00GPa and 0.30, respectively. Fig 21 shows two kinds of jointed rock mass, whose persistence ratios are different, are used to calculate. Table 5 shows the parameters of slope.
Through observing the results of Fig 22 and Fig 23, they show that equivalent plastic strain is easy to develop along the direction, which has higher persistence ratio k. It is unfavorable to anti-slide stability if the visual angle β0, which has higher persistence ratio k, is similar to the angle of rock slope. And it shows the proposed constitutive model can consider the persistence ratio k in different visual angle β0.
Conclusion
A constitutive model for jointed rock mass, which can consider the persistence ratio in different visual angle, is proposed. The proposed the yield strength criterion f is not only related to friction angle and cohesion of jointed rock masses at the visual angle but also related to the intersection angle between the visual angle and the directions of the maximum principal stresses.
From above analysis, it shows that the yield strength criterion f in proposed constitutive model is not only related to φβ0 and cβ0 but also related to β. The yield strength criterion f has the relation of k (in other word, φβ0 and cβ0) only when βmin≤β≤βmax. The relation of β and β0 is also important to the yield strength criterion f. The different relation of β and β0 leads to different yield strength criterion f. The proposed constitutive model can consider the persistence ratio k in different visual angle β0. The proposed constitutive model has precision to calculate displacement, stress and plastic strain. The results show the proposed constitutive model has precision to calculate displacement, stress and plastic strain.
However, the proposed constitutive model also has limitations. The model can describe the anisotropic strength of jointed rock, but cannot describe the anisotropic behaviors of elastic modulus and Poisson ratio. And the anisotropic strength of proposed model is also homogenized results. It cannot describe the localization phenomena of jointed rock precisely. And these problems need more research.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No.2013CB035905), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51138001, 51178081) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT14QY10).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: QX JC. Performed the experiments: QX CZ CY. Analyzed the data: QX JL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: QX JC. Wrote the paper: QX.
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