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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

The RGS2 (-391, C>G) Genetic Variation Correlates to Antihypertensive Drug Responses in Chinese Patients with Essential Hypertension

  • Fazhong He,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

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  • Jianquan Luo,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

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  • Zhitao Zhang,

    Affiliation Second uropoiesis surgical department in Han Dan Central Hospital, Handan, P.R.C

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  • Zhiying Luo,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

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  • Lan Fan,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

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  • Yijing He,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

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  • Jiagen Wen,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

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  • Dingilang Zhu,

    Affiliation Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.C

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  • Jinping Gao,

    Affiliation Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.C

    ⨯
  • Yan Wang,

    Affiliation Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.C

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  • Yuesheng Qian,

    Affiliation Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.C

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  • Honghao Zhou,

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

    ⨯
  • Xiaoping Chen ,

    yjsd2003@163.com (WZ); chenxp74@hotmail.com (XC)

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

    ⨯
  • Wei Zhang

    yjsd2003@163.com (WZ); chenxp74@hotmail.com (XC)

    Affiliations Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, P.R.C, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P.R.C

    ⨯

Abstract

Objective

Regulators of G-protein signaling protein 2 (RGS2) play an irreplaceable role in the control of normal blood pressure (BP). One RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic variation markedly changes its mRNA expression levels. This study explored the relationship between this genetic variation and the responses to antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with essential hypertension.

Methods

Genetic variations of RGS2 were successfully identified in 367 specimens using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. All patients were treated with conventional doses of antihypertensives after a 2-week run-in period and followed-up according to our protocol. A general linear model multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the data analysis.

Results

A significant difference in the mean systolic BP change was observed between RGS2 (-391, C>G) CC/CG (n = 82) and GG (n = 38) genotype carriers (-13.6 vs. -19.9 mmHg, P = 0.043) who were treated with candesartan, irbesartan or imidapril at the end of 6 weeks. In addition, the patients’ BP responses to α,β-adrenergic receptor blockers exhibited an age-specific association with the RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic variation at the end of 4 weeks.

Conclusion

The RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic polymorphism may serve as a biomarker to predict a patient’s response to antihypertensive drug therapy, but future studies need to confirm this.

Citation: He F, Luo J, Zhang Z, Luo Z, Fan L, He Y, et al. (2015) The RGS2 (-391, C>G) Genetic Variation Correlates to Antihypertensive Drug Responses in Chinese Patients with Essential Hypertension. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0121483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121483

Academic Editor: Rui Medeiros, IPO, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, PORTUGAL

Received: October 6, 2014; Accepted: February 1, 2015; Published: April 7, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.

Funding: This work was supported by the National Scientific Foundation of China (No. 81273595, 30901834, 81001476), the Scientific Foundation of Hunan (No. 11K073, 10JJ4020), the “863” Project (No. 2012AA02A518) and NCET-10-0843. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: All authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form at http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no competing interests within the submitted manuscript; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Regulator of G-protein signaling protein 2 (RGS2), also known as G0S8, belongs to a set of putative G0/G1 switch regulatory genes that are selective and highly regulated inhibitors of Gq/11 signaling, and they play critical roles in regulating vascular tone and cardiac remodeling [1,2,3]. Previous studies revealed that mice with global RGS2 deletion have a hypertensive phenotype, which was initially attributed to enhanced and prolonged Gq/11-mediated vascular pressor responses and impaired nitric oxide (NO)-induced, cGMP-mediated relaxation responses [4,5]. Clinical studies observed significant decreases in RGS2 mRNA and protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMs) and fibroblasts from hypertensive patients compared to normotensive subjects. The intracellular Ca2+ peak elicited by Ang II was greater in the fibroblasts from hypertensive patients compared to those from normotensive subjects, and the RGS2 mRNA levels were negatively correlated [2]. Another study demonstrated that alterations in RGS2 expression levels or functionality were implicated in the deregulation of Ang II signaling and abnormal aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland [6]. Semplicini et al. indicated that low RGS2 expression is the leading cause of antihypertensive drug resistance because of poor negative feedback on the effects of aldosterone and other vasoactive agents [7].

Recent studies reported that RGS2 mRNA levels were also significantly up-regulated in response to an α1-adrenergic receptor (ADR) blocker and β-ADR agonist [8,9,10]. RGS2 also selectively terminates α1-ADR agonist-induced Gq/11-specific and β-ADR agonist-mediated Gi signaling pathways [11,12]. In addition, telmisartan significantly improved the survival rates and suppressed vascular remodeling in an RGS2-deficient mice model. Other studies suggest that Ang II causes a rapid and transient increase in RGS2 mRNA levels, which can be blocked by the calcium channel blocker (CCB) nifedipine[6,13]. Notably, one recent study observed that a cAMP-response element played a critical role in activating the RGS2 promoter, and the -867 to -367 bp region had an integral role in basal promoter activation [14]. Further research indicated that RGS2 mRNA levels were up-regulated because of an RGS2 (-391, C>G) mutation [15], and this mutation was highly frequent in population distributions [16]. RGS2 (-218, C>G, -204, G>T, -203, C>T) genetic variations abolished Ang II- and forskolin-induced RGS2 mRNA overexpression. However, these mutations are highly conserved, and the allele frequencies were < 2% [17]. Therefore, we hypothesize that the RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic variation plays an important role in regulating blood pressure and the response to antihypertensive drug therapy.

Methods

Subjects

The study protocol was described in detail in a previous paper [18], but the key elements are summarized below. The Ethics Committee of Xiangya School of Medicine at Central South University approved the study protocol, and the registration number (ChiCTR-RO-12002612) is validated on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website (http://www.chictr.org/cn/). For genetic screening, our study recruited a total of 367 subjects with primary mild to moderate essential hypertension who were 26 to 81 years of age. All subjects provided written informed consent. The patients were enrolled after a 2-week run-in period and were assigned to receive the drugs for 4 or more weeks. The patients were followed up every 2 or 4 weeks on the weekends. Details of the entire protocol, such as BP measurements and inclusion and exclusion criteria, are available in a previous paper [18].

Genotyping procedure for RGS2

The RGS2 (rs2746072, -391,C>G,) genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. The genotyping procedure for the RGS2 gene was performed as previously described, with minor modifications [19]. The final 25 μl PCR mixture contained the following components: a 10x PCR buffer (2.5 μl), 10x dNTP (2.5 μl), 10 μM of each of the forward and reverse primers (0.5 μl), H2O (16.8 μl), g—DNA (2 μl), and Taq-ase (0.2 μl). The temperature cycling program was initial denaturation for 5 minutes at 95.8°C, followed by 36 cycles of denaturation at 95.8°C for 30 s, annealing at 56.1°C for 30 s, and elongation at 72°C for 30s, and a terminal extension for 5 minutes at 72°C. Amplified RGS2 DNA fragments were hydrolyzed by BsiEI at 37°C for 16 hours, and the hydrolysates were electrophoresed in ethidium bromide-stained 2.5% agarose gels and visualized using an electrophoresis apparatus.

Statistical analysis

The patients’ characteristics are reported as means and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages are reported for the categorical data. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated using the χ2 test. Differences between the baseline characteristics of single SNPs and any given phenotype of interest were assessed using independent-sample T-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, as appropriate. In terms of the heart rate and blood pressure data, general linear model multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the genotype groups with RGS2 (-391,C>G) as a factor, and body mass index (BMI), age, sex were used as covariates. Stratified analysis and multivariate ANOVA were used to assess significant interactions between age-genotype and gender-genotype. A two-tailed P-value of <0.05 was considered to be significant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 19.0 for Windows (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

In this study, 367 patients were unambiguously genotyped for the RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic variation. The genotype frequencies for RGS2 (-391, C>G) GG, GC, and CC were 31.6%, 49.0%, and 19.4%, respectively, and the allele frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). The G allele frequency was 43.8% in the Chinese population. The genotype baseline characteristics of the patients, as stratified by the RGS2 genotype, are shown in Table 1. There were no between-group differences in age, BMI, HR, BP or other clinical characteristics (e.g., FBG, TG, CHO, HDL and LDL).

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Table 1. Comparison of the baseline characteristics of the eligible patients in the RGS2 (-391, C>G) genotype groups.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121483.t001

After adjusting for age, sex and BMI, a significant SBP difference was observed between RGS2 (-391, C>G) GG and CC/CG genotype carriers in the candesartan, irbesartan or imidapril treatment groups at the end of 6 weeks (Fig 1). Ang-(1–7) regulates blood pressure by promoting pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic effects, and Ang IV can ameliorate AngII-induced cardiac injury via AT4R and protect against acute cerebral ischemia via Ang IV-AT4R and NO-dependent mechanisms [20,21]. We further analyzed the effects of the RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic variation between the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment group and the ACE inhibitor treatment group. SBP changes were observed between the RGS2 (-391, C>G) CC/CG and GG genotype carriers who were treated with candesartan or irbesartan therapy at the end of two and six weeks. Specific details of these differences are shown in Table 2. Imidapril did not have a different blood pressure-lowering effect in the different RGS2 (-391, C>G) genotype groups.

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Fig 1. The relationship between the RGS2 (-391, C>G) genetic polymorphism and the hypotensive effects of candesartan, irbesartan or imidapril monotherapy in EH patients.

*P-values are shown with age, BMI, and gender adjustments. The error bar indicates 95% CI.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121483.g001

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Table 2. The blood pressure response to candesartan and irbesartan therapy, as stratified by the RGS 2 (-391, C >G) genotype.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121483.t002

Andrea Semplicini et al. reported that RGS2 expression affects the response to antihypertensive treatment, and age is one of the key factors in regulating RGS2 mRNA level [22]. Our stratification analyses also showed that the responses to α-ADR and β-ADR blocker treatment in patients with essential hypertension (stratified according to RGS2 [-391, C>G] genotypes) were age- and genotype-dependent; these results are summarized in Table 3. However, no significant differences in the blood pressure responses were observed between the RGS2 genetic polymorphisms in the calcium channel blocker (i.e., nitrendipine or azelnidipine) medication cohorts.

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Table 3. Cardiovascular response to 4 weeks of α,β-ADR blocker therapy in EH patients, as stratified by the RGS2 genotype.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121483.t003

Discussion

Our study indicates that the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitor (imidapril) or ARB (candesartan, irbesartan) therapy were more sensitive in the RGS2 (-391 C>G) GG genotype carriers compared with the GC/CC genotype carriers, but no significant differences between these groups were observed in the responses to nitrendipine or azelnidipine administration. One previous study found that RGS2 expression was markedly lower in hypertensive patients than normotensive individuals, and low RGS2 expression was related to the increased ANGII-stimulated release of intracellular Ca2+ peaks in fibroblasts [2]. These data may support the premise that the RGS2 (-391 C>G) genetic polymorphism results were related to the ACE inhibitor treatment responses rather than the CCB blockers. The ANG II-stimulated pathway was significantly associated with the reduction in RGS2 expression and the lower concentration of intracellular Ca2+. Sugimoto et al.[23] reported that the promoter polymorphism of RGS2 (-638, A>G) was related to the hypotensive effect of azelnidipine treatment at the end of eight weeks, but this mutation did not affect the RGS2 expression. However, these results require further confirmation. Semplicini et al. demonstrated that RGS2 expression was negatively correlated with a patient’s SBP response to antihypertensive medication [7]. One study found that RGS2 mRNA levels increased because of the RGS2 (-391 C>G) mutation [15]. The antihypertensive and organ protection effects of telmisartan or candesartan are greater in RGS2-/-mice than in RGS2+/+ mice [24,25]. Previous data support our results that the RGS2 (-391 C>G) genetic variation was associated with responses to ACE inhibitors and ARB but not with CCB.

Unexpectedly, our analyses of the ACE inhibitor and ARB treatment groups showed that the SBP changes between the RGS2 (-391 C>G) CC and CG/GG genotypes differed significantly at the end of 2 and 6 weeks (but not at the end of 4 weeks) after being treated with ARB (i.e., candesartan and irbesartan) medications (Table 2). However, current data do not indicate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Because of the lack of clinical data concerning the ACE inhibitor (imidapril) treatment at the end of 4 weeks in our study cohort, it is unknown whether a common mechanism is mediated by the Ang II-RGS2 pathway. According to the literature, RGS2 deletion promotes the sensitization of Ang II type1 receptors, and group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) participates in the up-regulation of Ang II-induced RGS2 mRNA and protein levels in vascular smooth muscle cells [26,27]. Ang II modulated RGS2 transcription in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Short time periods and low concentrations of Ang II-promoted RGS2 expression; conversely, long time periods and high concentrations inhibited RGS2 expression. Valsartan can reverse the reduced RGS2 transcription [28]. These findings may help to improve our understanding of this phenomenon.

However, our data showed that the RGS2 (-391 C>G) genetic variation was unrelated to the patients’ blood pressure responses after ACE inhibitor (imidapril) monotherapy. Ang-(1–7) can elevate blood pressure by promoting pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic effects. Moreover, Ang IV can activate AT4R and may contribute to cardiac damage [20,29]. Likewise, Ang IV can counteract the presence of AT2 receptors by increasing blood pressure and reducing renal blood flow in mice. Ang IV can ameliorate AngII-induced cardiac injury via AT4R and protect against acute cerebral ischemia via Ang IV-AT4R and NO-dependent mechanisms [21,30]. Therefore, this result may be attributed to the intricate mechanisms and the small sample size, while ARBs do not directly affect the action of Ang-(1–7).

Table 3 indicates that the interaction between the RGS2 (-391 C>G) genetic polymorphism and the response to α,β-ADR blocker therapy was age-specific. Between age groups, the significant difference in HR from baseline was limited to the patients with the RGS2 (-391 C>G) GG genotype. However, the MAP and DBP changes from baseline only occurred in the patients with the GC/CC genotype. Recent studies indicate that the α1-ADR and β-ADR agonists up-regulate RGS2 mRNA levels through a cAMP-dependent pathway [8,10,12,31], and the RGS2 (-391 C>G) mutation is associated with enhanced RGS2 expression in vitro [15]. However, no underlying mechanisms have confirmed that the differential response to α,β-ADR blocker treatments between the RGS2 (-391 C>G) genotype groups are age-dependent, and the expression of RGS2 may change with age[22].

In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that the RGS2 (-391 C>G) polymorphism correlates to the responsiveness of antihypertensive drug therapy in Chinese EH patients, and RGS2 (-391 C>G) may be a useful biomarker in determining the combination of certain antihypertensive drug therapies. Our results are limited by the heterogeneous group of drugs and the relatively small number of patients in each treatment arm. A separate replication cohort is needed to validate our findings.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: FH XC WZ. Performed the experiments: FH JL ZL JW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LF YH HZ ZZ DZ JG YW YQ. Wrote the paper: FH XC WZ.

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