Figures
Abstract
Aims
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare condition of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), in which post-capillary veins are affected. Since the therapeutic approach in PVOD differs from other forms of PAH, it is crucial to establish the diagnosis. Due to the fact that affected patients are often hemodynamically unstable, minimal invasive procedures are necessary for the diagnostic work-up. Chronic alveolar haemorrhage has been observed during bronchoalveolar lavage in PVOD cases. This study therefore investigates whether signs of alveolar haemorrhage can also be found in the sputum of these patients.
Methods and Results
Six patients suffering from PVOD were included in this analysis. As controls, patients with idiopathic PAH (n = 11), chronic thromboembolic PH (n = 9) and with sclerodermia-associated PH (n = 10) were assessed. Sputum from every patient was obtained by a non-invasive manner. The amount of haemosiderin-laden macrophages was determined using the Golde score. There were statistically significant more haemosiderin-laden macrophages in the sputum of patients suffering from PVOD as compared to the other groups (P<0.05). Assuming a cut-off of 200 on the Golde score, all of the 6 PVOD patients surpassed this value compared with only 1 out of the 30 cases with precapillary PH. Thus, sensitivity and specificity with respect to the diagnosis of PVOD was 100% and 97%, respectively.
Citation: Lederer H, Muggli B, Speich R, Treder U, Stricker H, Goede J, et al. (2014) Haemosiderin-Laden Sputum Macrophages for Diagnosis in Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115219
Editor: James West, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
Received: August 20, 2014; Accepted: November 20, 2014; Published: December 12, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Lederer et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: Dr. Breitenstein received educational funding from Actelion Switzerland. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Dr. Breitenstein received educational funding from Actelion Switzerland. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS policies on data sharing and materials.
Introduction
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe condition characterized by elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mmHg resulting in right heart failure and death [1]. According to recent guidelines, PH can be classified based on clinical and haemodynamic criteria. One distinct subgroup of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) [2], [3], which accounts for only 5–10% of all cases of PAH [4]. In contrast to the involvement of small pre-capillary pulmonary arteries as in PAH, vascular pathology in PVOD is characterized by fibrous remodeling of post-capillary septal veins and praeseptal venules [5], [6].
Clinical presentation of PVOD is non-specific and very similar to PAH. Hence, distinguishing PVOD from PAH based on clinical criteria is often difficult. Nevertheless, since PVOD has a worse prognosis than the various forms of PAH and may exhibit a poor and even adverse response to common vasodilator therapies which may lead to severe and sometimes fatal pulmonary oedema, it is of crucial importance to identify cases of PVOD. In addition, a diagnosis of PVOD has serious therapeutic consequences since such patient qualify for lung transplantation and should be listed as soon as possible.
PVOD can be suspected by the constellation of significant hypoxaemia, a very low carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) as well as characteristic radiological features on chest computed tomography [7]–[9]. The definitive diagnosis of PVOD would require surgical lung biopsy, but such an invasive approach is not feasible in these high-risk patients. Hence, less invasive diagnostic tools would be helpful. As mentioned, PVOD affects the post-capillary veins and may hence result in engorgement of the capillaries leading to occult alveolar haemorrhage. Indeed, a study of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in patients suffering from PVOD could demonstrate a significantly higher percentage of haemosiderin-laden macrophages as compared to other form of PH [10]. Hence, BAL has become an additional investigation tool to diagnose PVOD. Nevertheless, even though BAL has been reported to be a safe intervention in stable PH patients [10], it is an invasive procedure and may carry an increased risk of respiratory impairment and hemodynamic instability. Thus, there is an urgent need for a less invasive procedure. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether the analysis of haemosiderin-laden macrophages in the sputum of patients, might represent an additional diagnostic tool in the work-up for PVOD comparable to BAL.
Materials and Methods
Patient data
The study was conducted at the Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, between July 2003 and November 2011. PVOD was assumed with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≥25 mmHg, a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure ≤15 mmHg and the presence of at least 2 out of 3 chest computed tomography findings (centrilobular ground-glass opacities, septal lines and mediastinal lymph node enlargement) [11], as well as laboratory findings suggestive for PVOD, i.e. a reduced diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO; <50%) and hypoxaemia at rest with a PaO2<8 kPa, and clinical sings like crackles on auscultation or pulmonary oedema after vasodilator therapy [8], [9], [12]. Pathological confirmation of PVOD could be obtained in only one patient from the explanted lungs after lung transplantation.
As control groups, patients suffering from idiopathic PAH (IPAH; n = 11) [13], [14], chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH; n = 9) [13]–[15], and scleroderma-associated PAH (SPAH; n = 10) [13], [14], [16] were included in this analysis. The diagnosis of these entities was established according to current guidelines [13]–[16].
Ethical approval was granted by the institutional ethical committee (“Kantonale Ethikkommission Zürich”). All subjects signed an informed consent form.
Sputum collection and processing
Sputum from every patient was obtained by a non-invasive manner without any induction by hypertonic saline solution. Per visit, each patient has given three probes of sputum which where stained for haemosiderin by the Prussian blue procedure. The patients were encouraged as far as possible to produce a viable sputum sample. However, after 5 attempts the procedure was halted in consideration of the reduced general condition of these patients. The slides were stored and then examined by two physicians unaware of the clinical course of the patients (H.L., B.M.). Quality criteria for sputum was presence of more than 25 macrophages on the slides. The haemosiderin content of alveolar macrophages was estimated according to the Golde scoring system [17]. Each macrophage was scored for haemosiderin content using the following scale: 0, no color; 1, faint blue in a part or the whole cytoplasm without or with single deep blue granules; 2, medium color intensity throughout the cytoplasm without or with deep blue granules in minor (<50%) portions of the cytoplasm; 3, deep blue granules in major (>50%) portions of the cytoplasm; and 4, deep blue granules throughout the cell (Fig. 1). The total score was extrapolated to an average of 100 cells.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and frequencies for categorical variables. The Golde score was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way analysis of variance, the Spearman's coefficient of correlation was used to assess inter-observer variation in the analysis of the Golde score. Clinical data was analyzed by the χ2 test for categorical and by the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way analysis for continuous data. The level of significance was defined as a two-tailed P value <0.05. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics 19.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc. 2010).
Results
Patient's characteristics
36 subjects were included in the present study: IPAH (n = 11), CTEPH (n = 9), SAPH (n = 10), and PVOD (n = 6). A detailed overview of the patient's characteristics is summarized in table 1. Briefly, there was a non-significant trend towards higher age in the PVODs (70±6 years in PVOD versus 55±20 years for IPAH, 63±16 years for CTEPH, and 67±10 years for SAPH, respectively; P = NS), while there was a female predominance in the SAPH group as compared to the others (100% female in SAPH versus 36.4% for IPAH, 44.4% for CTEPH, and 20.0% for PVOD; P<0.05). Dyspnea was the main symptom in all patients with the majority suffering from New York Heart association functional class III-IV. The 6-minute walking distance (6-MWD) as well as the mean pulmonary artery pressure and the cardiac index did not differ significantly between the groups.
In table 2, the clinical features of the 6 patients with suspected PVOD are shown. All of them demonstrated at least 4 findings characteristically associated with PVOD from data of the literature, including at least 2 of the radiologic criteria.
Amount of haemosiderin-laden macrophages is higher in PVOD as compared to the other forms of precapillary PH
All slides were examined for haemosiderin-laden macrophages by two blinded physicians unaware of the clinical data. The method to calculate the Golde score is summarized in Fig. 1. The mean of the evaluable sputum macrophages was 267 (median 263; range 240–315). An interobserver variation between the two investigators with respect to the number of identifiable sputum cells as well as to the Golde score could be excluded according to the Spearman's coefficient of correlation (r>0.9). There was no difference in the content of haemosiderin-laden macrophages between IPAH, CTEPH and SPAH (P = NS; Fig. 2). However, there were statistically significant more haemosiderin-laden macrophages in the sputum of patients suffering from PVOD demonstrated by a Golde score>200 as compared to the other groups (P<0.05; Fig. 2). All PVOD patients with evaluable cells in their sputum had a Golde score >200. Assuming a cut-off value for the Golde score of 200, the sensitivity for the diagnosis of clinical PVOD was 100% and the specificity 97%, respectively.
For comparison with BAL, we could retrieve only one sample from patient 1 (which was obtained one year before the sputum). The Golde score at that time point was 312, i.e. comparable to the count of 264 found in the sputum. Since all patients except one did not qualify for lung transplantation, we could only assess one histological specimen. Interestingly, this patient also showed features of capillary hemangiomatosis (Fig. 3). The Golde score calculated from the tissue was 304 and hence comparable to the count of 252 found in the sputum.
Intimal thickening and fibrous obstruction of septal veins and preseptal venules (asterixis) as well as features of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis with proliferation of dilated and congested capillaries as well as dilated lymphatic (left upper and right lower part of the figure; arrowhead). Alveoli with haemosiderin-laden macrophages of Golde score 3–4 (arrow) are clearly visible. Haemosiderin-negativ macrophages are difficult to be identified. Golde score from the tissue was 304, as compared to 252 in the sputum.
Discussion
The present analysis demonstrates for the first time that the content of haemosiderin-laden macrophages in the sputum is significantly higher in patients suffering from PVOD as compared to other forms of PH. The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of clinical PVOD was 100% and 97%, respectively. Hence, sputum examination for haemosiderin-laden macrophages may be considered as an additional non-invasive diagnostic piece of puzzle in the work-up of this serious disease. In addition, our study confirms the previous finding of Rabiller and colleagues, who could demonstrate comparable findings by examining alveolar macrophages from BAL [10].
PVOD is a rare cause of PAH accounting for less than 5–10% of all PAH cases [18]. According to the recent guidelines, PVOD is considered as a subgroup of PAH [3]. On one side, the clinical presentation resembles that of PAH including the presence of similar risk factors such as HIV infection. In contrast, the main pathophysiological difference is the fibrous remodeling of post-capillary septal veins and praeseptal venules which is not present in other forms of PAH except to some extent in SPAH [19], [20]. Importantly, the involvement of post-capillary vessels allows a histological differentiation between the different entities of PH and also has important implications regarding the therapeutic options. Particularly the use of intravenous as well as oral vasodilators, which are commonly used in the treatment of PAH, may be dangerous due to the risk for development of pulmonary oedema in these patients suffering from PVOD [8], [20]–[23]. Therefore, to establish the correct diagnosis is crucial to offer optimal treatment for these patients.
Since lung biopsy is usually not possible in PVOD subjects because it is considered a high-risk procedure in severe PH, one has to rely on clinical features and non-invasive examinations outlined in the algorithm for PVOD management of the French Reference Center for Pulmonary Hypertension[8]. In this respect, sputum analysis for haemosiderin-laden macrophages might represent an asset in the diagnostic puzzle. Using a crude Bayesian approach without consideration of dependency of the variables, the likelihood ratios (LHR) of the single parameters can be calculated. For instance, according to the data of Montani and colleagues, the presence of septal lines in a chest computed tomography has a positive (LHR+) and a negative LHR (LHR-) of 4.3 and 0.41, respectively. Due to our data, the LHR+ and LHR- with respect to the presence of a Golde score >200 are 30.00 and 0.00, respectively. Hence, if both parameters would turn to be positive, by multiplying the ratios, the post-test detection rate for a PVOD would be around 129∶1. Hence, this study clearly shows that collection of sputum for the analysis of haemosiderin-laden macrophages could be used as an important tool in the diagnostic work-up of PVOD.
Of course, the current case series has its limitations. First, due to the fact that PVOD is a very rare variant of an orphan disease with a prevalence of only 15 patients per one million habitants [18], the number of included patients is low (n = 6). Nevertheless, this has to been put into the context that up to the year 2006, only about 200 cases of PVOD have been reported in the literature. Secondly, a histological confirmation was not obtained from all PVOD patients because lung biopsy is not recommended in these patients [20]. Notwithstanding, one patient of the current series underwent lung transplantation, and the Golde score in the tissue was comparable to that found in the sputum. In an other cased, the Golde score from the sputum was comparable to that of the BAL. Thirdly, even due to the fact that sensitivity of the sputum examination for haemosiderin-laden macrophages was statistically 100%, we would like to point out that the diagnostic work-up can further be increased by a proper and repeated sputum collection.
In summary, the present study on patients suffering from PVOD indicates that the collection of non-induced sputum for the analysis of haemosiderin-laden macrophages could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the work-up of PVOD.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HL BM RS UT HS JG SU SFS AB. Performed the experiments: HL BM. Analyzed the data: HL BM RS UT HS JG SU SFS AB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HL BM UT. Wrote the paper: HL BM RS UT HS JG SU SFS AB.
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