Correction
19 Dec 2014: The PLOS ONE Staff (2014) Correction: Differentiation of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus safensis Using MALDI-TOF-MS. PLOS ONE 9(12): e116426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116426 View correction
Figures
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) despite being increasingly used as a method for microbial identification, still present limitations in which concerns the differentiation of closely related species. Bacillus pumillus and Bacillus safensis, are species of biotechnological and pharmaceutical significance, difficult to differentiate by conventional methodologies. In this study, using a well-characterized collection of B. pumillus and B. safensis isolates, we demonstrated the suitability of MALDI-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics to accurately and rapidly identify them. Moreover, characteristic species-specific ion masses were tentatively assigned, using UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL databases and primary literature. Delineation of B. pumilus (ions at m/z 5271 and 6122) and B. safensis (ions at m/z 5288, 5568 and 6413) species were supported by a congruent characteristic protein pattern. Moreover, using a chemometric approach, the score plot created by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA) of mass spectra demonstrated the presence of two individualized clusters, each one enclosing isolates belonging to a species-specific spectral group. The generated pool of species-specific proteins comprised mostly ribosomal and SASPs proteins. Therefore, in B. pumilus the specific ion at m/z 5271 was associated with a small acid-soluble spore protein (SASP O) or with 50S protein L35, whereas in B. safensis specific ions at m/z 5288 and 5568 were associated with SASP J and P, respectively, and an ion at m/z 6413 with 50S protein L32. Thus, the resulting unique protein profile combined with chemometric analysis, proved to be valuable tools for B. pumilus and B. safensis discrimination, allowing their reliable, reproducible and rapid identification.
Citation: Branquinho R, Sousa C, Lopes J, Pintado ME, Peixe LV, Osório H (2014) Differentiation of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus safensis Using MALDI-TOF-MS. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110127
Editor: Mickaël Desvaux, INRA Clermont-Ferrand Research Center, France
Received: April 17, 2014; Accepted: September 17, 2014; Published: October 14, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Branquinho et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Dr. Kasthuri Venkateswaran, Dr. Irène Ouoba, Dr. Joseph W. Kloepper, Dr. Cecilie From and Dr. Maria Morea are gratefully acknowledged for providing isolates FO-36bT, SAFN-027, SAFN-037, KL-052, 51-3C and 82-2C; Bs31; SE 49 (AP3) and SE 52 (AP7); FEL 55, UNG22 and MIL46, respectively. Raquel Branquinho was supported by a PhD fellowship (Ref. SFRH/BD/61410/2009) and Clara Sousa by a post-doctoral fellowship (Ref. SFRH/BPD/70548/2010), from FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal). Hugo Osório acknowledges the funding from QREN-FEDER through the Operational Program ON. 2 – O Novo Norte. IPATIMUP is an Associate Laboratory of the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and is partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus safensis represent one of the most significant and widespread terrestrial species within the Bacillus pumilus group [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. A wide range of biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications has been attributed to these species, including human and animal probiotics [6] or phytosanitary-based products [7]. Moreover, they are important contaminant agents found in industrial settings, namely in food and/or pharmaceutical facilities, posing a serious problem to the quality assurance of these industrial segments [2], [4]. More rarely, B. pumilus isolates have also been involved in foodborne poisoning [8], [9] and in human infections including anthrax-like cutaneous lesions [10], [11], [12], [13].
Studying a collection of previously identified B. pumilus isolates we have realized the difficulty to their differentiation from closely related species based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and on 16S rRNA gene sequences [4]. Sequencing housekeeping genes, such as gyrB (β-subunit of DNA gyrase) and rpoB (β-subunit of RNA polymerase) has proven to be useful for taxonomic resolution of closely related species, including Bacillus species. Nevertheless, are already recognized its implementation difficulties in the routine of microbiology laboratories [4], [5].
Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), is an accurate, fast, and affordable emerging technique that has been increasingly used for identification of bacteria at different taxonomical levels [14], [15]. As a proteomic approach, MALDI-TOF-MS relies on the reproducible detection of microbial protein patterns, which can be used for microbial identification by comparing experimental mass spectra with a library of known reference strains or by comparing identities of species-specific biomarkers [16], [17].
Using vegetative B. pumilus and B. safensis cells Farfour et al. [18] unsuccessfully attempted to discriminate these closely related species. Differentiation of these species using spore cells was proposed by Dickinson et al. [19], by MALDI-TOF-MS using a single ion at m/z 7620. Nevertheless, there is a need for further studies in order to assess the validity of this discriminatory tool. Moreover, Lash et al. [20], [21] suggested that bacterial vegetative cells when submitted to a protein enrichment process, could provide a more informative mass spectra pattern than that obtained with bacterial spores [20], [21].
In addition, the species-specific protein fingerprint constitutes a valuable approach for the assignment of species biomarkers, which usually comprise cell structure and housekeeping proteins [22]. In Bacillus spp., ribosomal proteins and small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASPs) have been reported as potential species-specific biomarkers [21]. Nevertheless and despite this successful characterization of Bacillus cereus group species [21], this was not applied to the members of the B. pumilus group.
In this work, through the implementation of a protocol that enhances proteins extraction [21] combined with chemometric tools, we assessed the potential of MALDI-TOF-MS fingerprinting to discriminate a comprehensive collection of B. safensis and B. pumilus isolates. Moreover, the tentative assignment of their species-specific protein biomarkers was also performed.
Materials and Methods
Isolates collection and identification
Five B. pumilus and twenty-two B. safensis isolates that were previously identified by phenotypic and genotypic (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB gene sequences) methods were studied [5], [23]. They comprised diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)-types and were recovered from different geographic terrestrial locations and sources, including food samples (Norway, Italy and Africa) (n = 4), plants (USA) (n = 2), gastropods (Portugal) (n = 3), health (n = 6) and cosmetic (n = 4) products (Portugal), and clean room environments from Mars Odyssey (USA) (n = 5). Additionally, type and reference strains, B. safensis FO-36bT, B. pumilus ATCC 7061T and ATCC 14884 were included (Table 1).
Sample preparation
For MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, soluble proteins were extracted from a pure single colony of Bacillus spp. grown on LB agar (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), which were subsequently cultured on the same medium, under aerobic conditions, for 24 h at 37°C. Bacterial cells were harvested by transferring three full loops (ca. 30 µl) from each agar plate into 20 µl of sterile water and were resuspended by vortexing. Bacterial inactivation was carried out applying the modified trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) inactivation protocol [20], with some modifications previously established by Lash et al. (2008) [20] to improve the accuracy of the mass spectra. Briefly, 80 µl of pure TFA was added to 20 µl of each bacterial suspension. After gentle shaking (100 rpm) for 5 min at room temperature, the solution was centrifuged for 20 min at 28960 g−1 at 4°C. Subsequently, the supernatant was 10-fold diluted with HPLC grade water (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA), filtered throughout a 0.22 µm pore size filter (Millipore) and stored at −20°C until further analysis.
Mass spectrometry methods
Snapshots of different protein composition were detected and acquired by a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (4800 Plus MALDI TOF/TOF Analyzer, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA), equipped with a 200-Hz frequency Nd:YAG laser, operating at a wavelength of 355 nm. Pulse ion extraction with a 1300 ns delay time was used for collecting spectra. Measurements were carried out in linear positive mode using an acceleration voltage of 19.4 kV (Grid 1), and a lens 1 voltage of 8 kV. Each spectrum was the accumulated sum of at least 2000 laser shots within the ion range at m/z 2000–12000, due to the good reproducibility of the spectral profile in this interval. All the spectra were externally calibrated using a commercial mixture of angiotensin I, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and insulin (AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA) and analyzed with the Data Explorer software (Version 4.6, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA).
For MALDI-TOF-MS experiments, 2 µl of the filtrated microbial dilution were mixed with 2 µl of a 12-mg/ml α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) solution, prepared in 100% ACN (Acetonitrile, Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.3% TFA. 1 µl of the mixture was spotted onto a 123×81 mm stainless steel MALDI sample plate (Opti-TOF 384- Well insert, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA) and allowed to dry at room temperature. For each isolate, two biological replicates (obtained from two different agar plates) were carried out, and the mean spectra were considered for the analysis. Mass spectra were analyzed with the Data Explorer software (v3.7, build 126, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA). Ion masses were extracted from the raw experimental mass spectra that included all the ion peaks with a relative signal to noise (S/N) ratio intensity above 2.
Chemometric methods
MALDI-TOF-MS spectra were mean-centred and analysed by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) [24]. The PLSDA model were developed and validated based on a cross-validation strategy leave-one-out [25] where 70% of the strains were randomly selected to calibrate the model and 30% to test the model (the procedure was repeated 100 times). The PLSDA scores were the source for hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The purpose of HCA was the generation of dendrograms highlighting the association between isolates. Dendrograms were performed directly on unprocessed PLSDA scores using the Euclidean distance and the Median’s algorithm [26]. All chemometric models were performed in Matlab version 6.5 release 13 (MathWorks, Natick, MA) and the PLS Toolbox version 3.5 for Matlab (Eigenvector Research, Manson, WA).
Biomarker identification
Intact protein masses derived from MS analysis were used to generate a pool of candidate’s proteins for the identification of specific markers. The selected distinct mass information was submitted to a web-based TagIdent software tool (http://web.expasy.org/tagident/) using 1% mass error for the taxonomic selections B. pumilus, B. safensis and B. subtilis. No restrictions on protein isoelectric point were used. This tool allowed the identification of proteins based on the experimental masses acquired by mass spectrometry using the information available at the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL protein sequence databases. Moreover, ribosomal proteins of genome-sequenced type strains, including B. pumilus ATCC 7061T available in the database developed by Hotta et al. [27] were also included for comparison. For ion peaks matching the theoretical molecular weights we took into consideration the “N-end rule” where N-terminal methionine is cleaved when the second amino acid residue had a small side-chain, according to the previous study [28].
Results and Discussion
One of the current challenges in bacterial taxonomy is to integrate timely and accurate typing methods for a meaningful identification of microorganisms [14], which is particularly problematic for closely related species such as B. pumilus and B. safensis [2], [5]. Moreover, because of the medical, industrial and biotechnological relevance of these species, reliable, easy and rapid methodologies for their correct differentiation are needed. Discrimination of B. pumilus and B. safensis by molecular markers sequencing (e.g. gyrB), a time demanding and expensive methodology, which is not readily available for routine laboratories, was recently demonstrated [4], [5]. In fact, there are no comprehensive studies assessing its potential on B. pumilus and B. safensis discrimination despite the importance of the MALDI-TOF-MS application in bacterial differentiation. Moreover, combining accurate MALDI-TOF mass ion signals with the information available at a protein sequence database, such as UniProt, species-specific candidate protein biomarkers can be tentatively assigned, supporting the interest of this methodology for species identification.
Sample preparation conditions
Bacterial species identification using MALDI-TOF-MS is based on mass profiles obtained from whole bacterial cell suspensions considering proteins with low mass weight (less than 20 kDa). Additionally, for MS applications it is imperative to define a standardized protocol, including the establishment of rigorous sample preparation and cultivation conditions, including culture medium, temperature and time. Therefore, an adequate number of ion masses should be obtained to allow the identification and discrimination of closely related bacterial species. Moreover, the definition of strict parameters for spectral data acquisition is also required.
The protein enrichment protocol, reported by Lash et al. [20], for B. cereus group members, using a combined TFA treatment, centrifugation and filtration steps, is of relevance in the case of Bacillus species, since it promoted an efficient extraction of soluble microbial proteins presented in the core spore and other morphological structures [20]. The described sample preparation procedure was successfully applied to B. pumilus and B. safensis isolates, clonally diverse and collected from different terrestrial origins [4], demonstrating its suitability to generate reproducible mass spectra data with a sufficient number of ion masses and reinforcing the potential for the successful application of the MS technique for their identification in routine laboratories.
Mass spectrometry analysis
The Figure 1 displayed the average mass spectra obtained from MALDI-TOF-MS analysis for the two Bacillus species under study: (a) B. pumilus (5 spectra) and (b) B. safensis (22 spectra), in the ion range at m/z 2000 to 12000. In fact, MALDI-TOF-MS profile analysis revealed the presence of species-specific ion signals. Table 2 compiled the characteristic ion masses for each spectral group and those presented in both species.
(a) B. pumilus (5 spectra) and (b) B. safensis (22 spectra) in the ion range at m/z 2000 to 12000. Spectra were obtained by averaging the respective experimental ion signals from all isolates.
As expected, similar fingerprints could be observed for isolates belonging to the same species, exhibiting several common ion peaks (Figure 1). For instance, the ions having m/z values at 3060, 3608.5, 5271 and 6122 were consistently observed in B. pumilus isolates, while the ions having the m/z values at 3396, 5288, 5568, 6094 and 6413 were related to B. safensis. Moreover, B. pumilus and B. safensis isolates demonstrated common ions at m/z 3692.5, 3821.5, 4305.5, 5948.5, 6704, 6793.5 and 7415 (Table 2), which could be considered characteristic ion peaks for both species. Therefore, the protein fingerprint similarities achieved among B. pumilus and B. safensis corroborated the closeness similarity previously verified among them [4], [5].
Interestingly, some spectral variability was observed within isolates belonging to the same spectral group, including the presence or absence of some ion peaks beyond those listed in table 2 (data not shown). This observation was not surprising, since we had previously demonstrated that both species comprised a clonally diverse population [4]. Therefore, the specific peptide profile probably reflects their evolution towards an adaptation to different niches [4].
Indeed, few studies have explored the potential of MALDI-TOF-MS to properly identify B. pumilus or B. safensis isolates [18], [19], [29], [30].
Farfour et al. attempted unsuccessfully to discriminate between B. pumilus and B. safensis vegetative cells by MALDI-TOF-MS using the Andromas database [18]. This discrepancy highlighted the need for the improvement and enlargement of this database and led eventually to the prior enrichment of the protein before MS analysis. Moreover, Böhme et al. [29], using B. pumilus type and reference strains (ATCC 7061T and 14884) that were subjected to an extraction procedure previously to the MS analysis, suggested the presence of a series of ions at m/z 3620, 5297, 6617 and 7237, which were specific for this species, when compared with other B. subtilis group members (B. subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis) and with members of Bacillus cereus group (B. cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus thuringiensis). In addition, the presence of this same series of ions at m/z 3620, 6617 and 7238 were also detected by Fernández-No et al. [30] in the same reference strains. Analysis of our MALDI-TOF-MS profiles did not reveal these ion peaks as B. pumilus species-specific discriminatory, when compared with B. safensis. Nevertheless, a closer inspection of the mass spectra of B. pumilus ATCC 7061T and 14884, revealed the presence of ions having m/z values at 3621, 5290 and 6624, although the ion at m/z 7238 was not present. Indeed, the differences found in these B. pumilus profiles could be justified by the distinct growth culture medium used and the sample preparation procedure employed.
Finally, in other work, Dickinson et al. [19] presented MALDI-TOF-MS as a useful taxonomic tool for differentiating spores of B. pumilus and B. safensis. Results revealed the presence of two groups of characteristic ion peaks, comprising B. pumilus (ions at m/z 6860, 7230 and 9606) and B. safensis (ions at m/z 6860, 7230, 7620 and 9606). The authors claimed the presence of the additional ion at m/z 7620 in the spectra profile of B. safensis as a species-specific biomarker, allowing the discrimination of these two species. Nonetheless, analysis of our B. safensis spectral data (n = 22) did not reveal the presence of this ion peak, probably because the obtained MALDI-TOF-MS profiles were from vegetative cells. Additionally, the spectral profile obtained from spores seems to be more laborious and insufficient to discriminate appropriately among these closely related species, since spectral data with few number of ion peaks were generated. For these reasons, it was not possible to compare our study with the existing ones as we have used different cultural conditions and sample preparation procedures.
On the other hand, the species identification is limited to the bacterial species spectrum presented in a specific MS database. Therefore, bacterial identification is only possible inside the frame of bacterial reference spectrum of the database used. Indeed, few well-characterized B. pumilus isolates are available in public databases, as the SpectraBank (http://www.spectrabank.org), namely the type strain ATCC 7061T and the reference strain ATCC 14884, and no B. safensis was yet included, which constrains its identification.
Chemometric analysis
B. pumilus and B. safensis were clearly discriminated by a combined MALDI-TOF-MS and chemometric approach. The score plot generated by PLSDA of mass spectra of all isolates tested exhibited two individualized clusters, each one enclosing isolates belonging to a particular spectral group, which included reference and type strains (Fig. 2) of (a) B. pumilus and (b) B. safensis. The PLSDA scores were also presented as a dendrogram corroborating the species discrimination into two distinct clusters (Fig. 2). Moreover, this approach allowed the discrimination of the two Bacillus species with 100% of sensitivity and specificity.
Score plot of the PLSDA regression model (a) and respective dendrogram (b), of B. pumilus and B. safensis isolates. Legend: • B. pumilus isolates and ▾ B. safensis isolates. Unfilled symbols correspond to the type strains of both species.
Despite the recognized proficiency of chemometric tools for the analysis and identification of bacteria based on their fingerprint, in the case of Bacillus spp., this characterization was only previously applied in B. cereus group species [21]. Therefore, this is the first successful application of this approach considering members of B. pumilus group, stressing its relevance for discrimination among close related species.
Candidate molecular biomarkers assignment
The possibility of biomarkers identification is one of the most valuable aspects of the mass spectrometric-based identification techniques, being this approach successfully applied to different bacterial species [21], [31], [32].
The assignment of 17 mass signals diagnostic ions formed in the MALDI-TOF-MS of B. pumilus and B. safensis represented the first consistent evidence of the relation between these ion m/z signals and the specific candidate protein sequences, which were presented in Table 3. Direct bacterial discrimination by means of MALDI-TOF-MS was hampered by the absence of consistent databases supported on sufficient identified biomarkers. Indeed, only two B. pumilus genomes with numerous proteins defined as unknown were available in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL (B. pumilus SAFR-032 and ATCC 7061T) and no B. safensis were deposited, which hindered the candidate biomarkers identification. Therefore, this type of assignments can only be tentatively used to establish potential connections between protein sequences and ion m/z signals, and thus, should be prudently interpreted, although previously successfully applied in B. cereus group members [21].
We found evidences of B. pumilus and B. safensis specific biomarkers, associated with a series of ions at m/z 4305.5, 5948.5, 6793.5 and 7415, which was attributed to the 50S ribosomal subunits proteins, respectively, L36, L33, L28 and L35 of B. pumilus SAFR-032 (correspondent amino acidic sequences were also presented in Table 3). Moreover, the remaining ion detected at m/z of 3821.5 was not assigned, and two showed correspondences with membrane proteins of B. subtilis subsp. subtilis str 168, the YczN and YjzG at m/z of 3692.5 and 6704, respectively.
The tentative assignment of B. pumilus specific biomarkers revealed the possible correspondence of the diagnostic ion at m/z 5271 with the 50S ribosomal subunit protein L34 or with the SASP O. In addition, the characteristic ion at m/z 6122 was diagnostic for either the uncharacterized membrane protein (YyzG) and/or the transcriptional regulator – SlrA of B. subtilis subsp. subtilis str 168. Additionally, the characteristic ions at m/z 3060 and 3608.5 were not possible to assign.
Concerning B. safensis specific ions at m/z 5288, 5568 and 6413, potentially corresponding with two specific SASPs (SASP J and SASP P) and a 50S ribosomal subunit protein L32 were also found in B. pumilus SAFR-032. The remaining ion m/z peaks detected were not possible to designate. Therefore, the proposed characteristic biomarkers, which could be used to differentiate between B. pumilus and B. safensis are summarized in Table 4. Moreover, these differentiating series of ions were shown in Figure 3, which outlined the representative MALDI-TOF-MS biomarkers established for B. pumilus and B. safensis.
a) B. pumilus (average of 5 spectra) and b) B. safensis (average of 22 spectra). In brackets were named candidate species-specific ion peaks.
In fact, ribosomal proteins and small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASPs) have been suggested to be responsible for many ion masses detected by MALDI-TOF-MS profiles [21]. Since up to 21% of the overall cellular protein content is ribosomal and because ribosomal proteins are part of the cellular translational machinery constitutively expressed in vegetative cells, they constitute a stable ensemble of protein biomarkers suitable for use by fingerprinting techniques [33]. Moreover SASPs, a group of species-specific proteins present in large amounts in the core region of Bacillus endospores, have been also proposed as biomarkers for rapid differentiation and identification of Bacillus spp. using mass spectrometry approaches [34], [35], [36].
Our results also suggested that ribosomal and spore proteins constituted most of the B. pumilus and B. safensis biomarkers. A more detailed analysis could be carried out with MS/MS peptide fragmentation of the specific proteins assigned and subsequent comparison in protein databases or even with MS/MS peptide de novo sequencing. Nevertheless, within the context of the present work, which aimed to establish a MALDI-TOF-MS fingerprint classification for B. pumilus and B. safensis, these results may be beneficial and improve further accuracy of MS-based detection methods in identifying these species.
Conclusion
MALDI-TOF-MS profiles combined with chemometric analysis (PLSDA) proved to be valuable tools for discrimination of B. pumilus and B. safensis, allowing its rapid identification. These high throughput approaches should be promptly considered for Bacillus species identification due to the inaccuracy of conventional techniques in the identification of closely related species of this genus. In this sense, it is imperative to standardize a sample preparation protocol, which should include a protein extraction and enrichment step, to provide informative and reproducible mass spectra. Moreover, tentative assignment of B. pumilus and B. safensis protein biomarkers suggested that most of them are ribosomal and spore proteins.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: RB CS JL LP HO. Performed the experiments: RB CS HO. Analyzed the data: RB JL CS MP LP HO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CS JL MP LP HO. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: RB CS LP HO.
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