Figures
Abstract
Background
Several rehabilitation programmes aim at reducing the impact of fatigue in MS patients. Acute and chronic fatigue should require different management.
Objectives
To assess the effects of individually tailored, multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation (MDR) on chronic fatigue.
Methods
Forty-eight ambulatory MS patients with chronic fatigue were randomized to MDR or to MS–nurse consultation. Fatigue was assessed by the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20R). Secondary outcomes included the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Functional Independence Measure, Disability and Impact Profile (DIP), Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA).
Results
The primary outcome measure CIS-20R overall score showed no significant differences between groups at 12 weeks (P = 0.39) and 24 weeks follow-up (P = 0.14), nor for subscales (t = 12 and t = 24, 0.19≤P≤0.88). No significant within-group effects were found for both groups with respect to the primary (0.57≤p≤0.97) and secondary (0.11≤p≤0.92) outcome measures from baseline to 12 or 24 weeks.
Citation: Rietberg MB, van Wegen EEH, Eyssen ICJM, Kwakkel G, the MS study group (2014) Effects of Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation on Chronic Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107710
Editor: Tim Friede, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
Received: March 5, 2014; Accepted: August 11, 2014; Published: September 18, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Rietberg et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by the Dutch MS Research Foundation ‘Stichting (project number 04-553 MS) http://msresearch.nl/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Fatigue is a common and disabling symptom in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), and is considered to be one of the main causes of impaired daily activities and reduced quality of life [1]. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for fatigue, such as dysregulation of the immune system, impaired nerve conduction, and neuro-endocrine and neurotransmitter changes [1]–[3] have been suggested to explain fatigue in MS; however, the exact mechanism is still not well known. Despite, the poor understanding of the etiology, it is well accepted that fatigue is subjective and multidimensional in nature [4], [5]. Based on assumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, the construct of fatigue in MS is often classified either into central and peripheral [1] or into primary and secondary fatigue [2]. Although fatigue is considered to be a direct consequence of pathophysiological mechanisms of the MS disease process [1], factors secondary to MS, such as pain and muscle spasms, and concomitant conditions such as viral infections, urinary infections, pregnancy, alcohol or substance abuse and depression may contribute to feelings of fatigue [1], [2], [6], [7]. The Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines (MSCCPG) [6] distinguishes chronic persistent fatigue from acute fatigue. Chronic persistent fatigue is defined as “being present for any amount of time on 50 percent of the days, for more than 6 weeks”, whereas acute fatigue is defined as “new or significant increase in feelings of fatigue in the previous six weeks”. Both chronic and acute fatigue limit functional activities and quality of life, but may require different management strategies [6].
The pathophysiological basis of fatigue remains unclear and consequently effective treatment is limited. A number of clinical trials have tested a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for fatigue in MS. Several drugs such as amantadine, pemoline, modafinil, and aminopyridine have been advocated with respect to their effect on fatigue in MS. The evidence for effects of pharmacological treatment is not established, with exception of amantadine, which might be of benefit to some MS patients [8]–[13]. Several non-pharmacological treatment components, such as aerobic training [14]–[17], cognitive behaviour therapy [12] and energy management strategies [18], [19] aim at reducing the impact of fatigue on patients with MS. In view of the multidimensional character of fatigue in MS it seems obvious to manage this problem with a tailored, multidisciplinary approach [3], [7], [20]. However, only a few randomized clinical trials have evaluated the effect of a combination of these treatment components on chronic fatigue in MS as the main focus of intervention, using fatigue as the primary measure of outcome [21]. As a consequence, the optimal management strategy for treatment remains elusive [20].
According to the MSCCPG [6], chronic and acute fatigue require different management approaches. However, most studies performed on treatment of fatigue have used mixed samples without descriptive modifiers to discriminate between acute, intermitted fatigue and chronic persistent fatigue. The present study specifically focussed on optimising self management behaviour with regards to chronic fatigue as this highly impacts long term daily functioning and quality of life.
Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of an individually tailored, multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation programme as compared to monodisciplinary consultation by an MS nurse on chronic fatigue in MS.
Methods
Ethics statement
The RCT was approved by the medical ethics committee of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Registration number 2005/72.
Supporting information
The protocol for this trial and supporting CONSORT checklist are available as supporting information; see Checklist S1 and Protocol S1.
Trial design
A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted, with double baseline assessment at week -1 and week 0, followed by one post-intervention assessment at 12 weeks and a follow-up assessment at 24 weeks. In order- of admission, MS patients with chronic fatigue were randomly assigned to a multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation programme (MDR) or to outpatient MS-nurse consultation (NC). The randomization procedure was concealed and based on computer-generated block randomization with block sizes of 8. No stratification was applied. Implementation of the random allocation was done by means of sequentially numbered sealed opaque envelops. All patients gave written informed consent. The trial protocol has been registered after enrolment of participants, because trial registration was not required by the ethics committee at the time the trial started.
Participants
Patients were included from the outpatient clinic of the university medical center, if they were (1) older than 18 years; (2) diagnosed with MS according to the McDonald criteria [22]; (3) suffering from chronic fatigue according to the MSCCPG definition [6]; and (4) able to walk.
Patients were excluded in case of (1) current MS relapse, (2) pregnancy, (3) current infection (cystitis), (4) alcohol or substance abuse, (5) physical conditions like muscle spasm or pain contributing to sleep problems, (6) pharmacological treatment for fatigue that was started in the past 3 months, or (7) depressive symptomatology importantly contributing to fatigue according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [23]. A score of 8 or higher on the depression scale was classified as depression [24].
Procedure
Eligible patients were screened for the inclusion and exclusion criteria by a neurologist. Due to slow recruitment we were not able to keep our original time frame for inclusion of patients between 2005 and 2008. Recruitment started in January 2006 and the last follow-up assessment was performed in December 2009. Before patients were allocated to a treatment group, the neurologist completed a standardized fatigue screening questionnaire. It is a structured approach which starts with identification of the most important daily problems related to fatigue as perceived by the patient, such as dividing time between rest and activity, improving or maintaining physical condition and coping with MS symptoms. Moreover, patients were asked to indicate their preferences regarding the sequence in treatment for their individual identified problems. Subsequently, a multidisciplinary team, consisting of a neurologist, rehabilitation doctor, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, social worker, MS nurse and medical psychologist, discussed the results of the fatigue screening by the neurologist and a tailored pathway of referral was determined for each individual patient. Then, patients were randomly allocated to MDR or to NC. Patients to MDR were referred to one or more disciplines that were professionally linked to the fatigue management problems of interest to each patient.
A trained independent observer who was blinded to treatment allocation collected all demographic information, disease characteristics and outcome data, in individual meetings at the patient’s own home. Information concerning treatment content and contact time for both groups was kept in a patient diary by the therapist. Changes in medication intake were recorded by the therapist. The participants and the observer were instructed not to discuss the treatment procedure. At the end of the trial the independent observer was asked to guess the intervention allocated to each participant.
Interventions
Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation programme (MDR).
Patients assigned to MDR received an individually tailored programme that focussed on optimising self management behaviour in daily life activities on the domains of physical fitness, behaviours or cognitions that perpetuate fatigue, and energy conservation. For addressing this therapy goals participants received physical therapy (PT), or occupational therapy (OT), or social work (SW), or any combination of these treatments. For PT, the number of treatment sessions was predefined, whereas for the other intervention types, the number of sessions was on an as-needed basis, with a minimum of 2 sessions. In addition to the outpatient treatment sessions, the MS patients were given homework assignments. The participating disciplines treated MS-related fatigue according to specific treatment programmes, as described below.
Physical therapy (PT)
An individualized exercise training program was devised to address the ‘reconditioning’ factor, aimed at improving physical fitness. The 12-week training programme consisted of two 45-minute sessions a week of supervised aerobic training in circuit style, performed individually or in classes. Maximal aerobic capacity of each participant was estimated by means of a submaximal bicycle ergometer test. Moderate intensity was defined as 50–70% VO2-peak steady-state endurance training [25], [26]. Various fitness devices (e.g. bicycle ergometer, rowing ergometer, stair walker) were used in blocks of six minutes, in order to offer a total body work-out.
Occupational therapy (OT)
Patients were referred to occupational therapy to address the factors of ‘dividing time between rest and activity’, ‘work, education, leisure time and social contacts’, ‘sitting and walking’ and ‘personal care’. During a one-hour session, intervention goals were set, which were evaluated in follow-up consultations. Fatigue management skills were taught to help with the application of coping strategies, energy conservation [18], time management, efficient body mechanics and task performance [27].
Social work (SW)
Patients were referred to social work to address the factors of ‘support from the environment’, ‘conflicts at work or with social services’, and ‘coping with MS’. The social worker provided psychosocial support through counselling and practical assistance. Goals were set during a one-hour session, and subsequently evaluated in follow up consultations. The psychosocial support, used the techniques of skilled listening, encouragement to ventilate feelings, normalization of feelings and advice regarding coping strategies, coupled with practical help to enable both patient and family to cope with difficult circumstances identified.
MS-Nurse consultation (NC).
Patients allocated to the NC group received consultation according to the Nursing Intervention Classification [28]. Goals were set during a one-hour session, and subsequently evaluated in follow-up consultations every three weeks. The nurse discussed general principles of planning of activities, priority setting, energy conservation, accepting help from others with daily life activities or use of devices. Physical activity was recommended. Patients were advised on nutrition and alcohol and drug intake. In addition to the consultation sessions, the patients were given homework assignments.
Outcomes
Primary outcome measure.
Fatigue was assessed with the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20R). The CIS-20R [29] assesses fatigue during the past 2 weeks and consists of four domains: subjective experience of fatigue; reduced motivation; reduced activity and reduced concentration. The CIS-20R consists of twenty statements for which the participant has to indicate on a seven-point scale to what extent the particular statement applies to him or her, ranging from ‘Yes, that is true’ to ‘No, that is not true’. An overall score and sub-scores for the domains are calculated. The instrument has been validated for MS patients [30] and shows good test-retest reliability.
Secondary outcome measures.
Secondary outcomes included two other self-report questionnaires for fatigue viz. the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) [31], [32] and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) [33], as well as the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) [34], the Disability and Impact Profile (DIP) [35], [36], the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) [37] and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA) instrument [38]. In the original trial protocol we included the short-form health survey (SF-36) to measure health-related quality of life. The SF-36 was replaced by a disease specific outcome measure of the impact of multiple sclerosis, the MSIS-29 [37].
Statistical analysis
To control for learning effects by repeated assessments, the second baseline assessment at week 0 was used for analysis. Demographic variables, disease characteristics and primary and secondary outcomes at baseline were summarized using descriptive statistics. Baseline differences between MDR and NC were checked by using the independent samples t-test for continuous variables viz. age and number of years since diagnosis. Normality was checked based on visual plots. The chi-square test was used for the categorical variables MS type and gender, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for outcomes at ordinal scales.
Treatment effects were tested by calculating changes scores from baseline to 12 weeks and from 12 to 24 weeks. Subsequently, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to test differences in change scores between the MDR group and the NC group at 12 and 24 weeks. All analyses used a two-tailed significance level of 0.05. For conducting these statistical analyses SPSS, version 20.0 was used.
We expected a significant reduction of 14 points on the CIS-20R total score in favor of the MDR group. Sample size calculation using Gpower software (Kiel University, Germany) showed that minimally 24 patients were required per arm of the trial, assuming a drop-out of 10%, a statistical power of 80% (to prevent type II error) to reject the H0 hypothesis and two-tailed alpha of 0.05 (CIS-20R mean 85, sd 16) [39].
Results
Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the trial. Eighty-four patients with MS were assessed for eligibility. Forty-eight patients suffering from chronic fatigue were randomly assigned to MDR (N = 23) or NC (N = 25). Of the remaining patients, 22 did not meet the inclusion criteria (26.2%) and 14 patients (16.7%) were unable or unwilling to participate.
The number of drop-outs and reasons for dropping out were equally divided over the MDR and NC groups. Reasons for drop-out were withdrawal from participation because of lack of motivation (N = 2) and exacerbation of MS (N = 2).
No statistically significant baseline differences were found (Table 1). The results of the referral pathway with priority setting for the fatigue management factors of interest to the patients were comparable for the MDR and NC groups. Both groups gave priority to optimising the division of time between rest and activity, as well as to work, education, leisure and social contacts. Furthermore, both groups gave priority to ‘optimise coping with MS’. The only difference between the groups was that the multidisciplinary rehabilitation group also gave priority to ‘optimising physical condition’.
The average total treatment time per participant was 280 minutes (SD 187 min) for multidisciplinary rehabilitation and 163 minutes (SD 106 min) for nurse consultation. Sixty-seven percent of the patients in the MDR group were given homework assignments at 26 percent of the visits at the outpatient clinic, while the corresponding numbers for the NC group were 87% and 68%, respectively. The adherence rate for doing the homework was 96% in the MDR group and 89% in the NC group.
In the MDR group, only one patient was given homework by the PT, which included walking outside at a rapid pace. Homework set by the OT involved filling out an ‘activity list for fatigue’ or making a ‘weekly schedule’ to manage fatigue through efficient performance and better planning. The homework given by SW mostly involved asking patients to express their view on fatigue and record negative thoughts or thoughts about fatigue. The NC group had a broader spectrum regarding the type and content of homework given, mainly aimed at ‘planning the day - saving energy’, ‘getting help’ and ‘engaging in sports’.
Medications were changed for 39% of the participants of the NC group and 19% of those in the MDR group. In both arms of the trial, participants used urological medication (anticholinergics oxybutynin and tolterodine), Viagra (sildenafil citrate) and anti-allergy drugs (cetirizine, chromoglicine acid).
The observer correctly guessed 24 out of 44 allocations, resulting in a Cohen’s kappa of 0.09, suggesting that the procedures for keeping the observers blinded for treatment allocation were sufficient.
Outcomes
Upon visual plot, most outcomes, including the CIS-20R and subscales were non-normally distributed. Figure 2 presents the median scores and inter quartile ranges (IQR) for the CIS-20R at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks for both groups. Table 2 shows the median scores at 12 and 24 weeks, the mean changes scores from baseline to 12 weeks and from 12 to 24 weeks, and the effects between groups for fatigue outcomes. The primary measure of outcome, the total CIS-20R score, showed no statistically significant differences between MDR and NC at the post-intervention assessment (P = 0.39), nor at the follow-up assessment (P = 0.14). No significant group differences were found for the subscales of the CIS-20R (0.19≤P≤0.88) for either of the assessment moments. No significant group differences were found for the other secondary measures of outcome with respect to fatigue (FSS, and MFIS and subscales).
Table 3 shows the results for all other secondary outcomes. At 12–24 weeks, the DIP subscale ‘symptoms’ (P = 0.03), and the IPA problem experience subscale ‘mobility’ (P = 0.03) showed a significant difference in favour of the MDR group. No significant group differences were found for the other secondary measures of outcome.
No significant within-group effects were found for multidisciplinary rehabilitation or nurse consultation with respect to the primary (0.57≤p≤0.97) and secondary (0.11≤p≤0.92) outcome measures from baseline to 12 or 24 weeks.
Discussion
The present study focussed on the effects of a multidisciplinary outpatient programme as compared to nurse consultation on chronic fatigue for people with MS. Our hypothesis that multidisciplinary rehabilitation would be more effective in terms of reducing self-reported fatigue in MS patients with chronic fatigue cannot be confirmed. Our results show that fatigue was quite invariant from baseline onwards, irrespective of the type of therapy applied. In fact, no differences were found not only on the primary outcome, the CIS-20R, but also on two other self-report fatigue questionnaires, the FSS and the MFIS. Since different fatigue questionnaires measure different aspects or constructs of fatigue [30], [40], selecting another primary outcome would have resulted in similar conclusions. In line with patients’ self-reported fatigue, no differences between the groups were found on the secondary outcomes, i.e. level of disability (FIM), impact of MS (DIP and MSIS), or patients’ perceived participation (IPA). Exceptions were the differential effects on the DIP subscale ‘symptoms’, and the IPA problem experience subscale ‘mobility’ at 24 weeks follow-up. These statistically significant differences may easily explained by chance alone due to multiple testing. Therefore, the two significant secondary results do not provide convincing evidence of any real treatment effects.
The reasons for this negative trial remain unclear, but are in line with those of Kos and colleagues [41], who also failed to find a difference in effects between a multidisciplinary fatigue management programme and a placebo intervention programme. However, our results contrast with theirs with regard to within group-effects. We also measured fatigue with the MFIS [31], [32] and found no change over time in either the MDR or the NC group. In the study by Kos et al [41], both groups showed similar statistically significant changes over time on the MFIS. Interestingly, Kos et al. [41] did not distinguish between acute or chronic fatigue, but patients were selected largely based on the severity of impact of fatigue over the previous month as assessed with the Guy’s Neurological Disability scale. An explanation of the different finding might be that our inclusion procedure was aimed at a more demarcated study sample of MS patients suffering from chronic fatigue, whose chronic fatigue was hardly influenced by our rehabilitation intervention. This in turn may support the idea that acute and chronic fatigue should be managed differently, with an initial focus on identifying and treating all factors that can contribute to the acute feelings of fatigue, and subsequently addressing the chronic aspects [3]. Furthermore, our results challenge the use of interventions such as aerobic training (AT) [14], [26], behavioural approaches or energy conservation management (ECM) [18], [19] to treat chronic fatigue. The quite invariant profile of chronic fatigue in the present trial, irrespective of the type of therapy applied, suggests the need for new interventions.
The present study had some limitations. The number of MS patients included in this trial was small. Despite the low numbers recruited, however, we believe that the results of our negative trial do show a lack of any trends favouring the effectiveness of our multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach when compared to nurse consultation. In addition, we recruited only ambulatory MS patients with chronic fatigue older than 18 years of age. This restriction limits the generalisation of the presents findings to non-ambulatory MS patients.
For patients allocated to MDR, the referral pathway by the multidisciplinary team was an integral part of the intervention. Although all members of the team are experts in the treatment of MS, we are unable to confirm that this procedure led to an optimal deployment of disciplines. The majority of participants in the multidisciplinary group received a comprehensive treatment combining different aspects of the fatigue treatment. This kind of comprehensive advice, partly based on different principles, however, did retrospectively show a large overlap with the MS nurse consultation. The operationalization of the current design may have contributed to a lack of contrast between multidisciplinary rehabilitation and nurse consultation.
Trials focussing on reducing fatigue in patients with MS [12], [17]–[19], [41] have included participants based on the impact of fatigue as measured with self-report scales like the MFIS and FSS. One may question if this inclusion method leads to a clear definition of chronic fatigue and factors secondary to MS that may contribute to feelings of fatigue. When it comes to including participants in trials, a combination of using descriptive modifiers and screening for factors contributing to fatigue may help to discriminate acute, intermittent fatigue from chronic persistent fatigue. Proper demarcation may in turn help distinguish between treatable and untreatable causes of fatigue in MS.
Supporting Information
Protocol S1.
study protocol Efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107710.s001
(DOC)
Checklist S1.
CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107710.s002
(DOC)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MR EvW IE GK MS study group. Performed the experiments: MR. Analyzed the data: MR EvW IE GK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MR EvW IE GK. Wrote the paper: MR EvW IE GK. Reviewed the manuscript: MS study group.
Contributors
MS study group at VUmc.
Kim AA Bakker-Latour1, Emma H Collette2, Isaline CJM Eijssen3, Vincent de Groot3, Ruud G Hoogakker4, Brechtje Jelles5 (until 2008), Marc B Rietberg3 (for this project lead author of the group; @-mail: m.rietberg@vumc.nl).
1Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
2Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
3Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
4Department of Social Work, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
5Department of Neurology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Zutphen, The Netherlands.
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