Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Several treatment guidelines for Parkinson’s disease (PD) had been proposed in recent decades. The aim of current study was to investigate the initial medication utilized in newly diagnosed PD subjects in Taiwan during an eleven-year period.
Methods
A total of 7,550 patients with newly diagnosed Parkinsonism were retrospectively enrolled from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 2000 to 2010. After excluding patients at risk of secondary or atypical Parkinsonism, those never receiving medication or having incomplete data, 1,645 subjects were included. The participants were then divided into four treating regimen groups, namely levodopa (LD) only group, dopamine agonist (DA) only group, LD+DA group, and No-LD, No-DA group. The demographic data and medication retention rate were compared across the four treatment groups.
Results
LD only and No-LD, No-DA regimens were the main initial choice of PD treatment in Taiwan. LD containing drugs were more often prescribed to the elderly population than the other two treatment regimens, while No-LD, No-DA medication was the major initial choice for younger patients. DA only regimen occupied only 3–4% of the initial PD prescriptions and was given predominantly by neurologists. Over the eleven-year period, there is a trend for the middle-aged population to receive medication containing LD as initial treatment. The one year retention rate of anti-Parkinsonism medication was around 30–50% in our population. Age, polypharmacy, change of one-year daily levodopa equivalent dosage and newly onset of dementia, stroke and psychiatric diseases all affect drug compliance in PD patients.
Citation: Guo Y-J, Liao Y-C, Lin C-H, Chang M-H (2014) Initial Medication in Patients of Newly Diagnosed Parkinson’s Disease in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107465
Editor: Alfonso Fasano, University of Toronto, Canada
Received: April 29, 2014; Accepted: August 10, 2014; Published: September 15, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Guo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Full financial support for all authors came from the Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH-1033404C). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with the cardinal motor features of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability [1]. The incidence and prevalence of PD increase with age. In the United States, the estimated annual incidence and prevalence of PD are 12.3 per 100,000 and 106.9 per 100,000 [2], [3].
Current therapies for PD patients include levodopa (LD), dopamine agonist (DA), monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (MAO-B inhibitor), catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor (COMT inhibitor), anticholinergic drugs and amantadine [4]–[6]. After 4–6 years of treatment with LD, 40% of the patients developed motor fluctuations and another 40% had dyskinesia [7]. The incidence of motor complications was even higher in the younger PD population receiving LD treatment [7], [8]. In one series, more than 90% of young PD patients receiving therapies containing LD developed motor complications within 5 years [9]. As compared to LD, DAs had a lower risk of motor complications but more neuropsychiatric and systemic adverse effects. Therefore, the usage of DAs as an initial therapeutic choice was limited in the elderly patients [10]–[12]. There were many guidelines proposed for the management of PD over the past two decades [5], [6], [13]–. Several of them suggested using a MAO-B inhibitor in patients with mild disability, DAs in younger patients with moderate to severe disability and LD in elderly patients with prominent functional impairment [5], [15], [16], [18]. The annual total net ingredient cost for anti-Parkinsonism medication increased gradually from £37 million in 1998 to £130 million in 2010 in England since the introduction of non-ergot DAs and MAO-B inhibitors [19]. However, there have only been a limited number of studies discussing the trend of initial therapeutic choice for PD patients in the real world [20], [21].
The National Health Insurance (NHI) program was implemented in Taiwan since March 1995. It offers a comprehensive, unified and universal health insurance program to all citizens [22]. The aim of current study is to explore the initial choice of pharmacotherapies in newly diagnosed PD patients from 2000 to 2010 by using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).
Methods
Data source
Data was obtained from Taiwan’s NHIRD, which is maintained by the National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) and overseen by the state-run Bureau of NHI (BNHI) for research purposes. The NHI program in Taiwan started in 1995 and covered over 99.5% of the population by the end of 2009 [23].
All research had been approved by Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital (CE13262). No informed consents from participants were obtained because the data were analyzed anonymously. We used data from 2000 to 2010 for the current study. According to the NHIRD, random sampling of the cohort is achieved by using the linear congruential random number generation function of the Sun WorkShop Compiler C 5.0. The distributions of the random samples were representative of the Taiwanese population [22].
Study population
Patients were defined as having Parkinsonism if they received an ICD-9-CM code of 332.x more than three times in the outpatient services or more than once during hospitalization between January 2000 and December 2010. Patients were excluded if (1) they were exposed to medication with a high risk of drug-induced Parkinsonism for more than three months before PD diagnosis (Table S1 in File S1) [24], (2) they had diseases potentially causing secondary or atypical Parkinsonism (Table S2 in File S1) [25], (3) they had never received any anti-Parkinsonism medication, or (4) if their data was incomplete. The remaining patients were included in the present study.
Initial pharmacotherapy
The study participants were divided into four different treatment groups according to the initial medication used within the first year of PD diagnosis. The definitions of the four treatment groups were: (1) LD only group - Patients that received LD only or LD plus other anti-Parkinsonism medication other than DAs; (2) DA only group - Patients who took DAs only or DAs plus other anti-Parkinsonism drugs other than LD; (3) LD+DA group - Subjects who received a combination of LD and DAs regardless with or without other anti-Parkinsonism drugs; and (4) No-LD, No-DA group - Individuals who were given MAO-B inhibitors, anticholinergic drugs or amantadine as initial treatments (Fig. 1). Levodopa containing medication includes LD only and LD+DA drugs. All the anti-Parkinsonism drugs available in Taiwan are listed in Table S3 in File S1.
Variables investigated
Data including age, gender, medical institution, year and doctors’ specialty of initial prescriptions, interval between PD diagnosis and prescription, initial and one-year daily levodopa equivalent dosage (LDED), initial drug cost and one year retention rate of anti-Parkinsonism medication were analyzed. Factors affecting the drug compliance of PD patients were also explored. One-year retention rate was defined as patients received medications confined to each treatment group for more than 6 months divided by the total number of patients in the same medication group. Any subject taking extra medication belonging to another treatment regimen group for more than three times was defined as a non-retention patient. For example, a subject in the LD only group was considered to be “non-retention patient” if DAs were prescribed for more than 3 times in subsequent follow-ups.
The definition of medication possession ratio (MPR) was the number of days with medication supply divided by 365 days (i.e. the follow-up period in this study). Having an MPR of more than 80% was classified as good compliance [26].
Statistical analysis
Data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Categorical variables were compared by chi-squared test and continuous variables were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For analyses with significant p value in ANOVA, Scheffe’s test was performed for post-hoc analysis to evaluate the difference between groups. For categorical variables, chi-squared test was used for pairwise comparison between either two of the four treatment groups. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). A p value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
A total of 7,550 subjects were diagnosed as having Parkinsonism in the NHIRD, and 1,645 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of newly diagnosed PD in the present study. They were assigned into four different regimen groups, including 821 patients in LD only group, 65 persons in DA only group, 58 persons in LD+DA group and 701 persons in No-LD, No-DA group (Fig. 1). The demographic data of the participants is shown in Table 1.
Age as a major determinant of initial drug choice
Patients receiving No-LD, No-DA and DA only drugs as initial treatment were significantly younger in comparison to those taking LD only medication (56.7±18.8 y/o in No-LD, No-DA group, 65.0±13.3 y/o in DA only group, and 70.2±11.0 y/o in LD only group, Table 1). The trend was more obvious when the proportion of No-LD, No-DA patients were compared across different age groups (≦40, 41–64, and ≧65 y/o). For subjects younger than 40 y/o, up to 90.6% of PD patients received No-LD, No-DA drugs as initial treatment (Table 2). For the other two age groups, the percentage of No-LD, No-DA users dropped to 49.9% in middle age group and 30.9% in elderly age group respectively (all p values <0.0001).
Medical institutions and doctors’ specialty affected initial prescription
Most patients (51.4%) received their first anti-PD medication in regional hospitals (Table 1). Physicians in medical centers and regional hospitals had similar treating philosophy for PD (p = 0.219, df = 2). Majority of the DA only regimen was prescribed by doctors in the medical centers (43.1%) and in regional hospitals (50.7%), while only 6.2% of DA only regimen was prescribed by doctors in the clinics. 48.1% of PD patients received their initial prescription from neurologists. DAs only and DA+LD groups were mainly prescribed by neurologists than by other physicians (81.5% vs. 18.5% for DAs only group, and 79.3% vs.20.7% for DA+LD group respectively). The initial drugs choices for newly diagnosed PD were similar between neurologist in medical centers and those in regional hospitals (p = 0.805, df = 6, Table 3).
Time trend of initial prescription and interval between PD diagnosis and medical intervention
Patterns of initial pharmacotherapy choice changed between 2000–2005 and 2006–2010 (Table 1, p = 0.007). There was a trend for decreasing the proportion of No-LD, No-DA usage in passing decades (59.8% and 40.2% in 2000–2005 and 2006–2010 respectively). There were no significant differences between the percentage of drug choices before and after 2005 in other three treatment groups. In middle aged patients (41–64 y/o), the percentage of using LD only as initial medication increased from 37.3% to 49.5% before and after 2005. Besides, the percentage of No-LD, No-DA drugs decreased from 55.1% to 42.2% in the passing decade (p = 0.042, Fig. 2). The patterns of initial drug choice did not change between 2000–2005 and 2006–2010 for both neurologist and other physicians regardless what kind of medical institutions they worked for (Fig. S1).
(Compared by chi-squared test) (A1) ≤40 years-old, 2000–2005, (A2) ≤40 years-old, 2006–2010 (p = 0.643), (B1) 41–64 years-old, 2000–2005, (B2) 41–64 years-old, 2006–2010 (p = 0.042), (C1) ≥65 years-old, 2000–2005, (C2) ≥65 years-old, 2006–2010 (p = 0.099).
Most PD medication (81.3%) was prescribed immediately after the patients were diagnosed with PD (Table 1). Among the four treatment groups, LD only regimen was more frequently chosen (51.3%). For subjects receiving DA only regimen, up to one-third (32.3%) had more than one month delay between the PD diagnosis and initiation of medical therapy (Table 1).
Drug cost and dosage
Initial drug cost was significantly higher in DA only (605.2±778.1 NTD) and LD+DA groups (641.1±641.1 NTD) compared to LD only (248.3±270.5 NTD) and No-LD, No-DA groups (238.6±895.9 NTD) (p<0.05 in the post-hoc analysis). The initial daily LDED was statistically lower in DA only (24.9±21.5 mg/day) and No-LD, No-DA groups in comparison to the daily LDED in LD only (214.7±114.9 mg/day) and LD+DA groups (221.6±101.8 mg/day) (p<0.05 in the post-hoc analysis, Table 1) Similar trend was found in the one-year daily LDED analysis. (p<0.05 in the post-hoc analysis, Table 1).
Drug compliance by one-year retention rate
The one year retention rate was around 30–50% in four treatment groups and there were no statistical differences among them (p = 0.07, Table 1). We then analyzed the retention rate of each treatment group after six to twelve months of initial treatment (Table 4). The most common reason for non-retention was medication withdrawal, and it accounted for 66.5% of the non-retention patients. 244 patients (25.9%) in the non-retention group needed medication containing LD (LD only or LD+DA medication) during the follow-up period (25.0% in LD only group, 34.1% in DA only group, 24.1% in LD+DA group and 26.2% in No-LD, No-DA group). No patient in the DA only group shifted back to a DA only regimen once non-retained.
Determinants of one-year retention rate – age, doctors’ specialty, medical institutions, one-year drug dosage and neuropsychiatric comorbidities
Patients younger than 65 years-old had a significantly higher retention rate as compared to those older than 65 years-old (46.7% and 40.3% respectively, p<0.05, Table 5).
Using patients with MPR≥80% as a reference, more PD patients who received initial treatment from neurologists and medical centers would shift to other drugs during the one year follow-up period (p<0.05). The ratio of shifting medication was 23.0% in medical centers, 18.6% in regional hospitals and 19.1% in clinics. 27.3% of patients receiving initial medication from neurologists would shift medication during the study period while 11.6% of subjects with initial drugs from non-neurologists would change their drugs. Patients taking medication from multiple medical institutions had the highest ratio of no medication after one year of starting treatment in comparison to those receiving major treatment (≥50% of medication) from the same level of medical institutions (82.9% in multiple hospitals, 46.2% in clinics, 37.1% in regional hospitals and 28.6% in medical centers, p<0.05).
Pot-hoc analysis showed no significant differences of initial daily LDED in retention and non-retention patients. Patients in the groups of MPR<80% and shift-medication had a higher one-year daily LDED in comparison to subject with MPR≥80% and those without medication (318.7±356.8 mg/day in shift medication group, 269.7±352.7 mg/day in MPR<80% group, 169.9±256.0 mg/day in MPR≥80% group and 138.1±191.6 mg/day in no medication group, p<0.05).
Mortality and most systemic morbidities, such as CNS trauma, sepsis, congestive heart failure, liver decompensation, renal failure and neoplasms, didn’t affect drug compliance of PD patients. However, patients in the shift-medication group had a significantly higher percentage of newly onset of stroke (37.1%), dementia (22.9%) and psychiatric diseases (50.8%) when compared to those with MPR≥80%.
Discussion
This is the first long-term study to explore the initial pharmacotherapies in an Asian PD population. The differences with regards to treatment strategies for newly diagnosed PD patients were compared between Taiwan PD patients and the proposed guidelines for Western populations. Factors affecting initial drug choice and medical compliance were analyzed.
The initial drug choices preference for newly diagnosed young PD patients was different between Taiwan and Western countries. Doctors in Taiwan preferred to give No-LD, No-DA medication for younger patients (60.6%), and the ratio was significantly higher than the percentage in Western populations (7–33%) [20], [21]. About 15–20% of young PD patients (<65 y/o) in Western countries used DAs as their initial treatment and the percentage was much higher than that in the present study (4.2%). There are a number of possible explanations for this phenomenon. First, the BNHI has strict budget limitations for doctors which could predispose physicians to choose more cost-effective medications. Second, seeking medical service was more convenient and cheaper for Taiwanese patients when compared to patients in the United States. Patients would be more likely to change their doctors if their initial medication was less potent or caused more adverse effects. Third, the demographic features of study participants were different between current study and the related literature reports. The percentage of patients younger than 65 years-old (39.5%) was higher in the present research as compared to the studies of Kari Swarztrauber et al. and Daniel M. Huse et al. (15–20%) [20], [21]. The ratio of participants treated by neurologists in our study was more than 1.5 times when compared to the study by Kari Swarztrauber et al. Patterns of initial pharmacotherapies in PD patients changed in Taiwan during the passing eleven years. The major difference included decreasing usage of No-LD, No-DA regimen and increasing LD usage as initial PD regimen in patients of 41–64 years-old. Patients of this age group are the major economic support of their family. As a result, they might need more effective drugs for symptomatic control. To balance the patient needs and budget limitations, LD containing regimen is the preferred regimen for most doctors in Taiwan.
Compared to Western PD populations, the one year retention rate was lower (30–50%) in Taiwan. However, the determinants of medication compliance were similar between Western PD patients and subjects in Taiwan [26], [28]–[30]. In the related literature, the medication possession ratio in newly treated PD patients was around 50–75% during the first year [26], [28]. In the present study, only 32.5% of patients could maintain medication uninterrupted during their first year [26]. Subjects with older ages, initial prescribing year between 2006 and 2010, receiving their first drugs from non-neurologists, receiving drugs from institutions other than medical centers, polypharmacy, higher one-year daily LDED and neuropsychiatric comorbidities such as stroke, dementia and psychiatric disorders had suboptimal medical persistence. Gender, mortality rate and other systemic comorbidities didn’t influence medical possession condition of PD population in Taiwan. Participants who received medication from medical centers and neurologists more frequently changed their medication during follow-up. The better availability of different regimens in these medical institutions might be one of the explanations for this finding. 25.9% of non-retention patients changed their medication to a LD containing regimen. The percentage of early PD patients who needed to add LD in LD-naïve therapy within two years was 17.2% in the REAL-PET study and 53% in the CALM-PD study [10], [27]. The medication withdraw rate was up to 38.1% among all patients. Although we established a strict exclusion criteria, some patients with secondary or atypical Parkinsonism such as drug-related Parkinsonism or dementia with Lewy bodies might still be included in our analysis [24], [25]. Some doctors may use levodopa in the beginning to observe the clinical response for diagnostic purposes. These would also contribute to the low retention rate in this study.
There were a number of limitations that should be highlighted with regards to our studies. First, we could not obtain the medical charts from the NHIRD. Therefore, we could not completely exclude the possibility to include secondary Parkinsonism or atypical Parkinsonism in our study participants. We acknowledge this would affect the results of one-year retention rate because patients with dementia of Lewy bodies have a poorer drug response and higher risk of encountering neuropsychiatric adverse effects. However, doctors might still treat patients who had only Parkinsonism symptoms and didn’t show overt cognitive decline as PD patients in the beginning. Second, we were not sure about the functional status of Taiwanese PD patients who started seeking medical help which would influence initial medical choice and subsequent drug titration. We analyzed the medications of these subjects after one year of starting treatment which might reflect the truly clinical status and suitable medication for these patients. Third, we didn’t include all participants in NHIRD for analysis. However, a prior study showed that the distributions of the sampling results were representative of the Taiwanese population [22].
Conclusion
This is the first retrospective research to discuss the initial medication in newly diagnosed PD patients in an Asian population and the possible explanations for divergence of treatment of our patients from guidelines proposed by specialists. Although, further reports from other countries are needed to establish a clear picture about PD treatment in the real world, we hope to provide evidence to encourage the adjustment of government policies and public education of physicians and PD patients in the future.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Trends of initial pharmacotherapies with doctors’ specialty and medical institutions during the eleven years. (Compared by chi-squared test) (A1–2) Neurologists from centers (p = 0.127), (B1–2) Non-neurologists from centers (p = 0.637), (C1–2) Neurologists from regional hospitals (p = 0.319), (D1–2) Non-neurologists from regional hospitals (p = 0.963), (E1–2) Clinics (p = 0.182).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107465.s001
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File S1.
Table S1 in File S1. Drugs with high risk of extrapyramidal symptoms. Table S2 in File S1. Diseases with risk of of 2nd or atypical Parkinsonism. Table S3 in File S1. Available medication for treating Parkinson’s disease in Taiwan between 2000–2010.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107465.s002
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Acknowledgments
We thank everyone at the Department of Medical Education and Research, of the Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, for their technical assistance.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MHC. Performed the experiments: CHL. Analyzed the data: YJG YCL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CHL. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: YJG.
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