Figures
Abstract
Purpose
Systematic evaluation of the potential relationship between the common genetic variants of CYP21A2 and hormone levels.
Methods
The relationships of CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphisms and haplotypes with diverse baseline and stimulated blood hormone levels were studied in 106 subjects with non-functioning adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI). The rationale for using NFAI subjects is dual: i) their baseline hormone profiles do not differ from those of healthy subjects and ii) hormone levels after stimulation tests are available.
Results
The carriers (N = 27) of a well-defined CYP21A2 haplotype cluster (c5) had significantly elevated levels of cortisol (p = 0.0110), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (p = 0.0001) after ACTH stimulation, and 11-deoxycortisol after metyrapone administration (p = 0.0017), but the hormone values were in normal ranges. In addition, the carriers (N = 33) of the C allele of the rs6462 polymorphism had a higher baseline aldosterone level (p = 0.0006). The prevalence of these genetic variants of CYP21A2 did not differ between NFAI and healthy subjects.
Conclusions
The common CYP21A2 variants presumably exert the same effect on hormone levels in the healthy and disease-affected populations. Therefore, they may contribute to complex diseases such as some cardiovascular diseases, and may influence the genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) including the individual need for hormone substitution.
Citation: Doleschall M, Szabó JA, Pázmándi J, Szilágyi Á, Koncz K, Farkas H, et al. (2014) Common Genetic Variants of the Human Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Gene (CYP21A2) Are Related to Differences in Circulating Hormone Levels. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107244
Editor: Andrzej T. Slominski, University of Tennessee, United States of America
Received: April 14, 2014; Accepted: August 8, 2014; Published: September 11, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Doleschall et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA, PD100648 (AP)) Technology Innovation Fund, National Developmental Agency (KTIA-AIK-2012-12-1-0010). AP is the recipient of a “Lendület” grant from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Human steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme (cytochrome P450c21) is expressed uniquely in the adrenal cortex, catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) to 11-deoxycortisol in the biosynthesis of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol) [1], and is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene (OMIM: 613815) [2]. CYP21A2 is located together with the complement component 4A and 4B genes (C4A and C4B) in a multi-allelic, complex and tandem copy number variation (CNV), called RCCX CNV, and, in a wider sense, in the major histocompatibility complex of chromosome 6 [3], [4]. RCCX CNV also comprises the duplicated non-functional pseudogene of steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A1P). In addition to the single copy of CYP21A2, zero, one or two copies of CYP21A1P can reside in one chromosome, depending on the copy number of the repeated region in RCCX CNV [5]. Rarely, there is no CYP21A2, or there is more than one CYP21A2 copy on one chromosome, usually resulting in one or three gene copies in the diploid state [6], [7]. In the majority of cases, classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, OMIM: 201910) is caused by the complete lack of functional CYP21A2 (CAH is divided in two main forms; a classical one with severe symptoms and a non-classical one with milder symptoms) [8].
Adrenal incidentalomas have become a rather common finding in clinical practice since the widespread introduction of abdominal imaging procedures such as computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography for non-endocrinological reasons. The current prevalence of unsuspected adrenal tumors range between 1% and 6% [9]. Pheochromocytomas, adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenocortical hormone overproduction syndromes (including subclinical cortisol hypersecretion described as subclinical Cushing’s syndrome) are relatively rare, and the vast majority of adrenal tumors are benign non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) [10], [11]. NFAI confers a slightly elevated risk of malignancy, but the hormone profiles of subjects with NFAI do not differ from those in subjects without adrenal lesions [12]. There are numerous hypotheses about the development of NFAI including, among others, the contribution of CYP21A2. An elevated 17-OHP response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration, which is a characteristic of CAH, has been also observed in approximately half of the subjects with NFAI [13], [14]. Consistent with these data, the heterozygote carriers of loss-of-function mutations of CYP21A2 occurred more frequently in a study involving 50 NFAI subjects [15]. However, the role played by CYP21A2 in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of NFAI is controversial, and the potential mechanism is unexplored [16].
In spite of recent advances in the discovery of CNVs [17], the complex, multi-allelic CNVs and their gene contents such as RCCX CNV and CYP21A2 are underexplored due to technical difficulties [18]. While numerous studies have explored CYP21A2 in the context of CAH, little information is available on the genetic variants of CYP21A2 in correlation with circulating hormone levels in healthy or NFAI subjects. Variants of the full-length CYP21A2 haplotype have been recently determined largely by molecular haplotyping [4]. Furthermore, CYP21A2 intron 2 has been proven to be under positive selection in a healthy European population [19], implying that this subregion can exert an influence on steroid hormone levels. Moreover, the gene copy number of C4B (a genetic element of RCCX CNV) is associated with hormone levels in subjects with NFAI [20].
The primary aim of the current study is to reveal the putative relationship of common CYP21A2 haplotypes (and polymorphisms) with baseline and stimulated hormone levels (the direct and causal relationship between CYP21A2 and its metabolites is highly probable). We investigated the haplotypes of CYP21A2 intron 2 and the 5′-end of exon 3 as “complex genetic markers” [21], because they characterize well the full-length CYP21A2 haplotypes [19]. A population of subjects with NFAI was applied to this, because the baseline hormone profiles of NFAI subjects do not differ from those of healthy subjects, but the NFAI subjects had wider available hormone profiles including hormone levels after ACTH and metyrapone administrations (such administrations to healthy subjects conflict with medical ethics [22]). In addition, the genetic differences between the NFAI and healthy control subjects were also investigated (we did not examine the hormone levels of healthy subjects, therefore, there was no case-control approach from the viewpoint of hormone levels), with the secondary aim of evaluating the putative predisposing and protecting CYP21A2 variant(s) for NFAI using the allele frequencies of genetic variants.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
A total of 125 subjects with adrenal incidentaloma diagnosed by abdominal CT or ultrasonography were enrolled into this retrospective study at the 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary) (Table 1). All NFAI subjects had European origin, and were genetically unrelated. The presence of clinically overt hormone production, aldosterone-secreting and cortisol-producing tumors (including subclinical Cushing’s syndrome), pheochromocytoma and adrenal carcinoma, and adrenal surgery were exclusion criteria. In addition, 68 healthy control subjects (female: 65.2%, median age: 37.5, interquartile range of age: 31–43), without any clinical signs of hormone overproduction or metabolic disorders, were enrolled. The study protocol was approved by the Hungarian Health Science Council (84-358/2008-1018EKU) and by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Semmelweis University. All subjects gave written informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki [22].
Hormone measurements
Hormonal evaluation included morning (at 0800–0900 h) serum cortisol, corticosterone, 17-OHP, plasma ACTH, aldosterone and midnight (at 2400 h) cortisol. Serum cortisol, corticosterone, 17-OHP and plasma aldosterone concentrations were measured after ACTH administration (a single dose of Cortrosyn or Synacthen depot, 1 mg im), while serum cortisol level was also determined after a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test. Plasma ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol levels were measured after metyrapone administration (a single dose, 30 mg/kg bodyweight, orally). Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations were measured by electrochemoluminescent immunoassays (Elecsys, Cobas E411, Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Plasma aldosterone, serum corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), 11-deoxycortisol and 17-OHP levels were determined with radioimmunoassays [14], and polyclonal antibodies for these measurements were the generous gifts from professor Paul Vecsey (Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Germany). Plasma renin activity was determined under resting conditions using a commercially available kit (Rianen, DuPont, Boston, MA, USA).
Genetic analyses
The gene copy numbers of C4 and CYP21A2, and the haplotypes of intron 2 and the 5′-part of exon 3 of CYP21A2 (the region will be henceforth denoted as ‘CYP21A2 intron 2′) were determined as we have previously described [4], [19], [23]. Briefly, C4-type-specific quantitative PCRs (qPCR) [23], and CYP21-gene-specific qPCR [19] were applied to determine gene copy numbers. Haplotypic or genotypic nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of CYP21A2 were generated from the templates of allele-specific long-range PCRs [4], then CYP21A2 intron 2 was sequenced by SEQ_12F_v2 and SEQ_16R sequencing primers [19]. In addition to the CAH mutations detected by the aforementioned methods, the six commonly occurring CAH mutations (I172N, exon 6 cluster, p.V281L, p.L307insT, p.Q318* and p.R356W) were also determined [24]. Experimentally indeterminable haplotypic CYP21A2 intron 2 sequences were resolved by the PHASE software v2.1.1 [25], [26]. A phylogenetic tree of the CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotype variants and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were calculated by Arlequin v3.5 [27]. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was evaluated using DnaSP v5.10.01 [28], and was visualized by Haploview v4.2 [29].
Statistical analyses
To find the relationship between hormone levels and CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes, the haplotype tree of CYP21A2 intron 2 was scanned by TreeScan v1.0 [30]. Traditional statistical analyses were performed with G*Power v3.1.3 [31], SPSS v20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and STATISTICA v8 (Statsoft inc. Tulsa, OK, USA) software. Briefly, the outliers of hormone data were filtered based on a two-sided standard deviation, and the normal distributions of hormone datasets were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The datasets passing the normality test were analysed by unpaired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the datasets with non-normal distribution were examined by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The genetic associations adjusted for gender, age, tumor diameter and body mass index (BMI) and correlations between steroid hormone levels and adjusting variables were calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis with cutoff values obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. All tests were two-tailed.
Results
Genetic exclusions and the validity of genetic data
In 125 enrolled subjects with NFAI (Table 1), 12 subjects had CYP21A2 CAH mutations in a carrier state (7 of 12 subjects carried a p.V281L mutation, which causes non-classical CAH in homozygous form) and 7 subjects with more than two CYP21A2 gene copies were observed. These 19 subjects were excluded from further analyses of the current study in order to avoid the potential disturbing effect of these genetic variants on hormone levels. In 212 chromosomes of the remaining 106 subjects, 116 (54.7%) CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes were experimentally determined (by molecular haplotyping), and 88 (41.5%) haplotypes were resolved in silico. Eight (3.8%) haplotypes of four subjects fell below the confidence probability threshold of in silico reconstruction, and were unresolved. Because the combined molecular and inferred haplotyping approach ensures highly reliable results [4], all resolved haplotypes were regarded as valid, but the four subjects carrying unresolved haplotypes were excluded, and therefore 102 subjects were included in the haplotype-based analyses. The healthy control subjects went through the same genetic exclusion process, resulting in 54 studied subjects (7 subjects harbored CAH mutations in a carrier state, 6 subjects had more than two CYP21A2 gene copies, and CYP21A2 haplotypes were unresolved in 1 subject out of 68 enrolled healthy subjects. Six out of 7 subjects with CAH mutations carried the non-classical p.V281L mutation.). There were no significant differences in either the prevalence of CAH mutation carriers (Fisher’s exact test: p = 1.0000) or the prevalence of the individuals with more than two CYP21A2 gene copies (Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.5516) between the populations of NFAI and healthy control subjects. Overall, 26 kinds of CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotype were observed in NFAI subjects (Table S1), 4 kinds were unique for the NFAI subjects, and 8 kinds did not occur or were excluded in a previous exclusion step due to CAH mutations in the NFAI subjects, but were observed in recent studies [4], [19]. The 26 different CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotype variants adequately marked the full-length CYP21A2 haplotype variants (Table S1), and the haplotypes did not deviate from HWE in either population (NFAI: p = 0.0595 control: p = 0.2234). There were no significant differences in haplotype distributions (Chi2 test: p = 0.9471) and in the prevalence of alleles of CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphisms between the subjects with NFAI and the healthy control subjects (Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.3129–1.000, Chi2 test of site 605 (rs6451): p = 0.2505, the polymorphisms (sites) are numbered from the start of the CYP21A2 coding region in the sequence of NT_007592.15: 31945792-31949720).
Searching for the relationship between hormone levels and CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes
The CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes or the clusters of the haplotypes having different hormone levels than other haplotypes or clusters were searched by a tree scanning method in subjects with NFAI (N = 102). Briefly, this method splits the phylogenetic tree of CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes into two parts in all possible ways, and serially tests the differences of hormone levels of NFAI subjects between the two parts. Two clusters of evolutionary-related CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes (sharing highly similar allele compositions inside the clusters) showed multiple significances in the steroid hormone levels (Figure 1). The cluster of ih04, ih05, ih09 and ih34 haplotypes named c5 for the most prevalent haplotype of the cluster (ih05) significantly differed in ACTH-induced cortisol, ACTH-induced 17-OHP and metyrapone-blocked 11-deoxycortisol levels. The c5 haplotypes occurred with 14.2% prevalence in the CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes of subjects with NFAI, and this prevalence did not deviate (Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.4240) from the prevalence (18.5%) observed in the healthy population (N = 54). The cluster of ih07 and ih08 haplotypes termed c8 significantly differed in ACTH-induced cortisol and ACTH-induced aldosterone levels. The c8 haplotypes occurred with an 8.8% prevalence in subjects with NFAI, and it also did not significantly deviate (Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.8308) from that of the healthy population (7.4%).
Circles represent the CYP21A2 intron 2 and the 5′-part of exon 3 haplotypes, lines with or without small black circles indicate the allele differences (character-state changes) between haplotype variants and gray shapes encompass the haplotype clusters with multiple significances. The values without parentheses are uncorrected p-values, and the values with parentheses are the corrected step-down permutational p-value after enforcing monotonicity. ACTH – adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
Relationship between hormone levels and the CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotype clusters
To further investigate the relationship between hormone levels and the revealed haplotype clusters, the subjects with NFAI were divided into three genotype groups based on the results of tree scanning (Table 2); the carriers of c5 haplotypes (N = 27), the carriers of c8 haplotypes (N = 16) and the NFAI subjects carrying neither of these two haplotype clusters (N = 57). Only two NFAI subjects were carriers of both haplotype clusters, necessitating their exclusion from statistical analysis. The majority of the hormone values were far inside normal ranges; however, some of them were close to the boundaries of normal ranges [32]. The baseline morning levels of cortisol, 17-OHP, corticosterone, DHEA-S, ACTH and midnight level of cortisol did not differ significantly between the genotype groups. In contrast, significant differences were found in morning aldosterone, ACTH-induced cortisol, ACTH-induced 17-OHP, metyrapone-blocked 11-deoxycortisol, and metyrapone-blocked ACTH levels. However, the subsequent statistical power analyses (the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis [33]) of these tests supported reliable (above 0.8 power) differences only in the ACTH-induced cortisol, ACTH-induced 17-OHP and metyrapone-blocked 11-deoxycortisol levels (Table 2). There was an obvious tendency to differences in ACTH-induced steroid hormone levels between the genotype groups (Figure 2), and the multivariate ANOVA test of normalized ACTH-induced cortisol, ACTH-induced aldosterone and ACTH-induced corticosterone levels showed a significant difference (p = 0.0213, power = 0.8358).
c5/o and c8/o indicate the carriers (heterozygotes) of c5 and c8 haplotypes, respectively, and o/o abbreviates the genotypes of other haplotypes. Boxes indicate interquartile ranges, lines in boxes show the medians, whiskers represent the 5th–95th percentiles, asterisks above the boxes indicate the significant differences between the hormone levels of genotypes. One, two and three asterisks indicate p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively (t-test or Mann-Whitney test). A) Serum cortisol level after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. B) Serum aldosterone level after ACTH stimulation. C) Serum 17-OH-progesterone level after ACTH stimulation. D) Serum corticosterone level after ACTH stimulation. E) Serum 11-deoxycortisol level after metyrapone administration. F) Baseline ACTH level.
Relationships between hormone levels, haplotype clusters and discrete CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphisms
Because haplotypes consist of alleles of polymorphisms, we expected that there should be some relationships among hormone levels and the discrete polymorphisms of CYP21A2 intron 2. Moreover, the genotypes of the polymorphisms were devoid of the in silico haplotype reconstruction, and were completely determined by experiments. The relationships between the hormone levels and the genotypes of 10 CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphisms, which were not in complete LD with each other (Figure S1) and also had minor alleles occurring in more than four subjects, were investigated in the subjects with NFAI (N = 106). Only two polymorphisms, site 398 (g398, rs6462) and site 568 (g568, rs41315224) showed significant differences (p<0.05) and high power (power>0.8) simultaneously (Table S2). The prevalence of the genotypes of g398 and the prevalence of genotypes of g568 did not differ (Chi2 test of g398: p = 0.8736 and Chi2 test of g568: p = 0.0874) between the subjects with NFAI and the healthy control subjects (N = 55), and neither of polymorphisms deviated from HWE (g398: p = 0.7560 g568: p = 0.1101) in NFAI subjects. The deletion allele of g568 (g568del) was related to higher levels of ACTH-induced cortisol, ACTH-induced 17-OHP and metyrapone-blocked 11-deoxycortisol (Table S3). The occurrence of the alleles of g568 followed the c5 and c8 haplotype clusters; all c5 haplotypes carried only the g568del allele (LD between c5 haplotypes and g568del: r2 = 0.679), and all c8 haplotypes carried only the g568G allele (r2 = 0.396). In addition, the genotypes grouped by c5 and c8 haplotypes were strongly linked to the genotypes of g568 (Chi2 test, p<0.0001) indicating the c5 and c8 haplotypes and g568 alleles described the same genetic relationship. The g398C allele carriers were accompanied by higher morning aldosterone levels (Table S3), but neither c5 haplotypes nor c8 haplotypes harbored this allele (Table S1), and the genotypes grouped by c5 and c8 haplotypes were not related to the genotypes of g398 (Chi2 test p = 0.4828). Furthermore, the g398C allele occurred in many different haplotypes, and thus this genetic relationship could not be well described by CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes.
Relationships between the hormone levels, the haplotype clusters, the g398 polymorphism and other characteristics
We evaluated, using multiple logistic regression analysis, whether gender, age, diameter of adenomas and BMI besides c5 haplotypes, c8 haplotypes or g398C allele might influence steroid hormone levels proved to be significant (p<0.05) and reliable (power>0.8). The analyses did not reveal any significant relationship between steroid hormone levels and gender, age, diameter of adenomas or BMI except for the association between morning aldosterone level and age (Table 3); however, this negative correlation has already been desribed [34]. The relationships between c5 carriers and ACTH-induced cortisol, ACTH-induced 17-OHP and metyrapone-blocked 11-deoxycortisol levels, and the relationship between g398C carriers and morning aldosterone level all remained significant after adjustment for gender, age, diameter or BMI, but the relationship between c8 carriers and ACTH-induced cortisol level slightly exceeded the significance threshold (p = 0.0690).
Discussion
Two distinct CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotype clusters, named c5 and c8, were related to the circulating steroid hormone levels in subjects with NFAI, according to the tree scanning method. Both intron 2 haplotype clusters delineate two distinct, well-defined full-length CYP21A2 haplotype clusters [4]; five full-length haplotypes belong to c5, and three are assigned to c8 (Table S1). Therefore, the relationships between hormone levels and CYP21A2 intron 2 haplotypes apply to full-length CYP21A2 haplotypes.
The carriers of c5 haplotypes showed significantly increased cortisol, 17-OHP and 11-deoxycortisol responses to intrinsic (after metyrapone administration) or extrinsic (ACTH administration) elevation of ACTH levels in blood, compared to non-carriers, but hormone levels were still in the normal range. These significant findings were supported by high statistical power and significant odds ratios after adjusting for gender, age, diameter of adenomas and BMI. Moreover, the three hormonal data series were independent, further enhancing the validity of the enhanced ACTH response. We found in a previous study [14] that the NFAI patients have higher cortisol and 17-OHP responses to ACTH as healthy subjects have, but patients with subclinical Cushing’s syndrome are not excluded from this NFAI study population, and the ACTH-induced cortisol and 17-OHP levels are actually higher in the previous study than those in the current one. Cortisol and 11- deoxycortisol are downstream from the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme in adrenal steroidogenesis [1], and so any CYP21A2 haplotype-related differences in enzyme activity or the gene expression level of the enzyme could directly cause the different steroid product levels. However, there is no data on the potential underlying molecular mechanism(s) which can support the functional relationship between CYP21A2 allelic variants (haplotypes) and steroid levels. The surprising polymorphism pattern of CYP21A2 implies that the intron 2 may affect the steroid hormone levels through gene expression [19]. The third steroid, 17-OHP, having an elevated response to ACTH in the carriers of c5 haplotypes, is the substrate of the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme and the enzyme is functionally unidirectional [1], hence the direct effect of CYP21A2 haplotypes hardly explain the elevated 17-OHP response. We hypothesize that the paracrine regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis [35], either directly or indirectly activated by higher cortisol response may the mediate elevated 17-OHP response, and, in fact, an intraadrenal positive regulatory loop exerted by cortisol is observed in some cases [36].
In the c8 haplotype carriers, the significant differences in ACTH-induced cortisol level were not supported by high power and a significant adjusted odds ratio; hence we do not regard the relationship as a perfectly reliable one. In addition to this reservation, the observed subtle patterns in different hormone levels (for instance, metyrapone-blocked ACTH) might not equivocally reflect real differences in physiological conditions, but they could be derived from statistical reasons caused by the relatively low number of subjects. Aside from the exact extent of effects on different hormone levels, we consider the c5 haplotype cluster as a causal genetic variant for the enhanced ACTH response. A specific combination of some alleles harbored by c5 haplotypes is presumably responsible for the response rather than one of its alleles. To the best of our knowledge, there is no plausible explanation supporting the deviated effects of the same CYP21A2 haplotype on hormone levels (the causal relationship between the CYP21A2 haplotypes and steroid hormone levels is highly probable) between the NFAI and healthy populations (having no difference in hormone profile). Consequently, the elevated 17-OHP response to ACTH in some healthy subjects may render the diagnosis of non-classical CAH more difficult [37]. In addition, c5 haplotypes can potentially modify hormone levels in patients with CAH, therefore, the genotype-phenotype correlation, including the individual need for adequate hormone substitution, may be less reliably determined. The effect of c5 haplotypes on genotype-phenotype correlation may at least to some extent explain the reduced predictability of steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency [38].
We assessed the independent effects of each CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphism, and the g398 and g568 polymorphisms showed significant relationships with hormone levels in the blood, supported by high statistical power. The deletion allele of the g568 polymorphism included in the c5 haplotype showed the same multiple significant associations with enhanced ACTH response as c5 haplotypes and the g568 alleles correlated closely with the genotype groups by c5 and c8 haplotypes. Therefore, g568 is not considered as an independent genetic factor. The c5 haplotypes always harbor the g568del allele in healthy subjects as well, and the genotyping of the g568 polymorphism was devoid of the in silico reconstruction of haplotypes, confirming the credibility of results based on the combined molecular and inferred haplotyping approach in accordance with previous confirmations [4]. Furthermore, as the g568 polymorphism resides in intron 2, it does not affect the amino acid sequence and its direct causal effect is disputable. The carriers of the g398C allele showed significantly higher morning aldosterone levels, and the high statistical power and significant odds ratio adjusted for gender, age, diameter of adenomas and BMI supported this finding. The alleles of g398 were not related to the genotype groups by c5 and c8 haplotypes, and were not assigned to any unique haplotypes or haplotype clusters, implying that this or other strongly linked CYP21A2 polymorphism(s) in diverse CYP21A2 haplotype variants may be causal.
In contrast to a previous finding [15], the CAH mutations in subjects with NFAI were not more prevalent than those in the healthy population, and the c5 haplotype cluster and the g398C allele were not specifically related to NFAI. Although healthy control subjects were not age-matched, and the prevalence of subjects with low gene copy number of C4B decreases by age [39], it is highly improbable that a putative shift in the prevalence of the c5 haplotype or g398 between the subjects with NFAI and healthy subjects could be balanced and obscured by a putative shift related to age. The c5 haplotypes constituted the most prevalent cluster in both NFAI and healthy subjects indicating that, one fourth of healthy European people may have an elevated ACTH response. In the same way, about one third of healthy Europeans may have higher baseline aldosterone levels (but still within reference range for aldosterone measurements) because of g398C or other genetically linked allele(s). Therefore, the high prevalence of the c5 haplotypes and g398C allele in the healthy population goes far beyond the direct endocrine importance, and hence the related elevated ACTH response and higher baseline aldosterone level can potentially result in diverse pleiotropic effects on complex diseases. The effects of aldosterone level on resistant hypertension [40] and on congestive heart failure [41] are well-known. The low copy number of C4B is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality [42], as well as with the elevated ACTH-induced serum cortisol level, suggesting that some genetic variants of RCCX CNV, possibly c5 haplotypes, may directly influence the individual adaptation to stress [20]. Therefore, the causal effect of c5 haplotypes on CVD morbidity and mortality throughout the elevated ACTH and stress responses is quite plausible. While a full hormonal workup of healthy volunteers with ACTH stimulation and metyrapone tests would not be ethically acceptable [22], baseline hormone measurements need to be repeated in different study populations.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) map of dimorphic polymorphisms along the intron 2 and the 5′-end of exon 3 of the CYP21A2 gene in subjects with non-functional adrenal incidentaloma. The polymorphisms are numbered from the start of the CYP21A2 coding region in the sequence of NT_007592.15: 31945792–31949720, dbSNP ID are also represented. LD values are expressed in r2, and darker background color indicates higher LD. Polymorphism 605 (rs6451) is not represented because this visualization can handle only dimorphic polymorphisms. Some previously described polymorphisms were absent in the current dataset because their minor alleles are rare or occur only in the haplotypes which were excluded due to the harbored congenital adrenal hyperplasia mutations.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107244.s001
(TIF)
Table S1.
Haplotypes of CYP21A2 intron 2 and the 5′-end of exon 3. CYP21A2 - steroid 21-hydroxylase gene, NFAI - non-functional adrenal incidentaloma.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107244.s002
(DOC)
Table S2.
Statistical significances (p-values) between hormone levels of the genotypes of discrete CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphisms in subjects with non-functional adrenal incidentaloma. ACTH – adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Statistical significances of t-tests, Mann-Whitney tests, ANOVAs and Kruskal-Wallis tests were investigated in discrete CYP21A2 intron 2 polymorphisms which were not in complete linkage disequilibrium with each other, and had minor alleles occurring in more than four subjects. Genotype groups which did not exceed 4 individuals were also not taken into account. Significant p values are followed by the values of power. Statistical significances (p<0.05) and high power (power>0.8) are highlighted with bold characters.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107244.s003
(DOC)
Table S3.
Relationship between hormone levels and the frequent genotypes of site 398 and site 568 in subjects with non-functional adrenal incidentaloma. ACTH – adrenocorticotrophic hormone. CC genotype of site 398 (N = 4) and −/− genotype of site 568 (N = 1) did not exceed 4 group members, hence they were not taken into account. The normalities of hormone datasets were checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, and the datasets passing the normality test were investigated with the t-test, whereas the datasets not passing the K-S test were examined by the Mann-Whitney test. Median values are represented, interquartile ranges are shown in parentheses below the median values, ns; non-significant result, significant hormone levels (p<0.05) with high power (power>0.8) are highlighted with bold characters.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107244.s004
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Acknowledgments
One of our authors, Prof. George Fust, regrettably passed away in 2012. May he rest in peace. We are grateful to Mark Eyre for English proofreading, and we also would like to thank the staff of Biomi Kft, Dr. Adrienn Micsinai, Dr. Anita Mohr, Dr. Rita Sipos and Réka Szántó-Egész for help with the running of the sequencing reactions.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MD GF AP. Performed the experiments: MD JAS JP AS. Analyzed the data: MD JAS JP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MT PI EG KR AP. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: MD ÁS KK HF MT PI EG ZP MK KR GF AP.
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