Figures
Abstract
Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important food borne pathogens. However, the presence of competitive microbiota makes the isolation of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis from naturally contaminated foods difficult. We attempted to evaluate the performance of a modified Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar in the differentiation of Y. enterocolitica from non-Yersinia species, particularly the natural intestinal microbiota. The modified CIN enabled the growth of Y. enterocolitica colonies with the same efficiency as CIN and Luria-Bertani agar. The detection limits of the modified CIN for Y. enterocolitica in culture medium (10 cfu/ml) and in artificially contaminated pork (104 cfu/ml) were also comparable to those of CIN. However, the modified CIN provided a better discrimination of Yersinia colonies from other bacteria exhibiting Yersinia-like colonies on CIN (H2S-producing Citrobacter freundii, C. braakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Providencia rettgeri, and Morganella morganii). The modified CIN exhibited a higher recovery rate of Y. enterocolitica from artificially prepared bacterial cultures and naturally contaminated samples compared with CIN. Our results thus demonstrated that the use of modified CIN may be a valuable means to increase the recovery rate of food borne Yersinia from natural samples, which are usually contaminated by multiple types of bacteria.
Citation: Tan LK, Ooi PT, Carniel E, Thong KL (2014) Evaluation of a Modified Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin Agar for Isolation of Yersinia spp. PLoS ONE 9(8): e106329. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106329
Editor: Mikael Skurnik, University of Helsinki, Finland
Received: February 20, 2014; Accepted: August 1, 2014; Published: August 29, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Tan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was financially supported by the University of Malaya High-Impact Research Grant (reference UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/02), University of Malaya Postgraduate Research Fund (PS316/2010B), MOSTI (GA013-2013), and partly by the ‘Institut de Veille Sanitaire’ (InVS) of France. LKT was supported by a fellowship from University of Malaya. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Yersinia are Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobactericeae. Among many species of Yersinia, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are food borne pathogens and are a frequent cause of human yersiniosis [1]. Y. enterocolitica is one of the ten most important food borne enteric pathogens in Europe and the United States [1], [2]. Y. enterocolitica infections usually results from the consumption of contaminated food or water, and the disease tends to affect young children [1], [3]. The symptoms of yersiniosis include acute gastroenteritis with fever, bloody diarrhoea, and pseudo-appendicitis, which frequently leads to unnecessary laparotomy [4]. Y. pseudotuberculosis infections are less frequent than Y. enterocolitica infections. They are more common in adults and typically cause lower right abdominal pain that resembles appendicitis and, less frequently, diarrhea [1].
The isolation of Yersinia is laborious and difficult because the bacteria are easily outgrown by other microorganisms [5]. Selective enrichment [6]–[8], post-enrichment alkaline treatment [7], [9], [10], and selective agar isolation [6], [8] are the conventional methods for Yersinia isolation. The confirmation of the cultures is often accompanied by a series of biochemical tests, biotyping, serotyping, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and DNA sequencing of housekeeping genes [6], [8], [11]. However, the lack of a reliable and effective isolation method masks and underestimates the actual incidence of yersiniosis. The recovery of food borne Yersinia depends on several factors, such as (i) the amount of background microbiota present in the sample, (ii) the amount of microbiota that survives through selective enrichment and plating [5], and (iii) the amount of Yersinia present in the sample [12].
Several selective media have been developed for Yersinia isolation. The most frequently used medium is Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) [13]. CIN has been shown to be more specific than other conventional selective agars, such as Salmonella-Shigella (SS), MacConkey (MAC), Cellobiose-Arginine-Lysine (CAL), pectin agars, and other lactose-containing media, for the differentiation of Yersinia spp. from contaminating bacteria [14]. However, one of the weaknesses of CIN is that it fails to distinguish Yersinia spp. from several other mannitol-fermenting bacterial species, such as Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter agglomerans, Aeromonas spp., Citrobacter spp., Providencia spp. Acinetobacter johnsonii, Achromobacter xylosoxidans because all appear as a red “bull's eye” on CIN plates [14], [15]. Additional biochemical tests, such as esculin, phenylalanine deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, hydrogen sulphide, urease, and lysine decarboxylase, are needed to further differentiate Yersinia spp. from other Yersinia-like bacterial species [16]. These post-isolation steps are laborious, time consuming, and costly.
Some researchers have modified the existing selective agars to improve the isolation of virulent Y. enterocolitica. Fukushima modified CIN agar by the addition of 0.1% esculin and 0.05% ferric citrate [17]. This modified medium, which is named Virulent Yersinia enterocolitica (VYE) agar, allows the differentiation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica colonies that do not hydrolyse esculin from non-pathogenic esculin-positive colonies. However, esculin hydrolysis produces a dark-brown diffusible pigment on VYE agar that can mask esculin-negative colonies, including virulent Y. enterocolitica [18], [19]. Furthermore, other mannitol-fermenting non-esculin-hydrolysing species cannot be distinguished from virulent Y. enterocolitica. Differentiation based on the size of the colonies of different bacteria on both CIN and VYE agars is also ineffective because Y. enterocolitica tends to grow more slowly and its colonies are smaller when in competition for space and nutrients.
Some researchers prefer to use the Statens Serum Institut (SSI) enteric medium for the detection of Yersinia spp. from highly contaminated samples, such as faeces, because it allows the identification of a range of enteric pathogens [20], [21]. However, SSI is reported to have a lower selective effect compared with CIN agar and requires at least 3×106 Yersinia cfu/g of faeces for successful recovery [21]. This indicates that the SSI medium may provide false-negative results if the naturally occurring Yersinia is below the detection limit.
Chromogenic-based media have become increasingly popular in recent years for the isolation of enterobacteria. To date, three chromogenic media have been developed for the specific detection of virulent Y. enterocolitica: the Y. enterocolitica chromogenic medium (YeCM), [19] Y. enterocolitica agar (YECA) [18], and CHROMagar Yersinia (CAY) [15]. All three media allow the differentiation of virulent Y. enterocolitica from non-virulent strains and from other enterobacteria. However, YeCM and YECA are non-marketed media and require laborious and laboratory-made preparation. Moreover, all three media are relatively expensive, which seriously limits their routine usage. In addition, false-positive results from the chromogenic medium have been reported due to wrong colour interpretation by the user [22]. The purple, light denim blue, and light pink colours are frequently miss-interpreted as mauve and cannot be ruled out as possible presumptive colonies [22]. Furthermore, even if the chromogenic media are useful for differentiating the virulent from the non-virulent biotypes, the use of CIN is still required for the isolation step prior to plating on chromogenic media [23].
Thus, a medium that is less expensive than chromogenic media and improves the differentiation of Yersinia spp. from contaminating bacteria would thus be of value for routine use in microbiology laboratories. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of modified CIN agar for the differentiation of Yersinia spp. from other natural microbiota, such as H2S-producing C. freundii, C. braakii, E. cloacae, A. hydrophila, and P. rettgeri. The plating efficiencies, detection limits, and recovery strengths of CIN and modified CIN in pure culture, artificial contaminated raw pork meat, artificially prepared bacterial mixtures, and natural contaminated samples were evaluated and compared.
Materials and Methods
Modification of CIN agar
The modified CIN agar was prepared by the addition of 1% L-arginine (Sigma, Germany), 0.8 g/L ferric ammonium citrate (BDH Prolabo, UK), 6.8 g/L sodium thiosulphate (BDH Prolabo), and 2.0 g/L DL-phenylalanine (Sigma) at pH 7.4±0.02 to the CIN Agar Base (Oxoid, UK).
Plating efficiency of CIN and modified CIN
The plating efficiencies of CIN and modified CIN agar were evaluated using the 50 bacterial strains listed in Table 1. These include Yersinia spp., other Enterobacteriaceae, selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
The bacterial strains retrieved from the −20°C glycerol stocks were grown on Brain Heart Infusion agar (BD, USA). Yersinia strains were incubated at 25°C for 24–48 h, whereas other bacteria were incubated overnight at 37°C. Using needle inoculators, fresh bacterial cultures were dotted or streaked on CIN or modified CIN agar and incubated under aerobic or microaerophilic conditions at 25°C for 24–48 h. Microaerophilic conditions were created by placing the inoculated agar plates in candle jars to facilitate the visualization of H2S-producing bacteria [24]. The plating efficiencies on CIN and modified CIN agar were determined by screening for the presence of colonies with the expected Yersinia morphology [red centre with colourless translucent rim (red bull's eye)].
Limit of detections (LODs) of CIN and modified CIN for Y. enterocolitica strains
The LOD was determined using the method recommended by the Microbiological Methods Committee [25]. Y. enterocolitica was chosen as representing strain. Overnight Y. enterocolitica cultures were serially diluted from 108 to 101 colony forming units (cfu)/ml and spread onto CIN and modified CIN agar. The plating efficiencies were determined six times using independent cell suspension. The plates were incubated under aerobic conditions at 25°C for 24–48 h. In addition, one set of samples on modified CIN agar was incubated under microaerophilic conditions at 25°C for 24–48 h. The LOD was defined as the lowest concentration of Y. enterocolitica with culturable bacteria detectable in at least 50% of the replicates (as low as one colony detectable in each replicate, and at least three out of six positive replicates).
Quantification of Y. enterocolitica growth on CIN and modified CIN compared with that on LBA
The growth of Y. enterocolitica on CIN and modified CIN was compared to that on Luria-Bertani Agar (LBA)(Oxoid, USA). Y. enterocolitica suspension was adjusted to approximately 103 cfu/ml and plated on LBA, CIN, and modified CIN. The mean cfu (six replicates) of Y. enterocolitica on LBA, CIN, and modified CIN was calculated after incubation at 25°C for 48 h. The results were expressed as the percentages of mean cfu on CIN/LBA and on modified CIN/LBA for each incubation condition [21].
LOD and recovery rate of Y. enterocolitica in artificially contaminated raw pork meat on CIN and modified CIN
The effect of the natural microbiota on the recovery of Y. enterocolitica from a food matrix (with or without stress treatment, kept at −20°C for three weeks after bacterial spiking) was studied [25]. An artificially contaminated raw pork meat was used because yersiniosis is frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated pork products. For food matrix without stress treatment, approximately 1.5 kg of freshly purchased minced pork meat was processed immediately following spiking. Cell suspensions of Y. enterocolitica were serially diluted as previously described and 250 µL of each suspension was mixed with 25 g of minced meat homogenised in 24.75 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Sigma) to obtain final concentrations ranging from 101 to 108 cfu/ml. The meat suspensions were homogenised manually for 30 s and incubated at 25°C for 30 min. An aliquot of each homogenate was then plated on CIN and modified CIN agar, and the cultures were incubated under aerobic conditions at 25°C for 24–48 h. The same procedures were repeated for a set of samples on modified CIN agar incubated under microaerophilic conditions at 25°C for 24–48 h. Six replicates were performed for each bacterial concentration. The mean cfu/ml of the background microbiota in the un-inoculated pork meat (25 g of pork homogenised in 25 mL of PBS, six replicates) was determined after plating on LBA.
The LOD of Y. enterocolitica in the artificially contaminated pork meat was defined as the lowest concentration of culturable Y. enterocolitica detectable in at least 50% of the replicates (as low as one colony detectable on each replicate, and at least three out of six positive replicates) [25]. The ratio of the mean cfu of Y. enterocolitica to the background microbiota was also determined.
The same spiked minced meat was subjected to stress treatment by keeping the spiked food samples at −20°C for two weeks after bacterial spiking (to mimic food storage conditions) [25]. The same plating procedures were then performed. The percentage of Y. enterocolitica colonies recovered from the food (with and without stress treatment) was determined by the selection of representative colonies from each plate that were identified through the PCR targeting of the Y. enterocolitica-specific 16S rRNA and ail genes, as described previously [11]. The primer pairs used were Y1 (5′-AATACCGCATAACGTCTTCG-3′) and Y2 (5′-CTTCTTCTGCGAGTAACGTC-3′) for the Y. enterocolitica-specific 16S rRNA gene and A1 (5′ –TTAATGTGTACGCTGCGAGTG-3′ and A2 (5′-GGAGTATTCATATGAAGCGTC-3′) for the ail gene. The PCR amplicons were purified using the MEGA-spin Agarose Gel Extraction Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Korea) and confirmed by DNA sequencing.
Determination of the recovery of Y. enterocolitica from artificial bacterial mixtures
Overnight cultures of Y. enterocolitica IP135 and bacteria exhibiting Yersinia-like colonies on CIN agar (H2S-producing C. freundii, C. braakii, A. hydrophila, P. rettgeri, and E. cloacae) were adjusted to a concentration of 104 cfu/ml and mixed together. Six independent pooled bacterial suspensions were prepared, and spread on CIN and modified CIN agar, and incubated aerobically at 25°C for 24–48 h. Presumptive Y. enterocolitica colonies were isolated from each replicate and subjected to PCR confirmation [11] to determine the percentage of Y. enterocolitica on both media.
Determination of the recovery rate of Y. enterocolitica in naturally contaminated samples
A total of 52 rectal swabs from swine were tested for the presence of Y. enterocolitica using different enrichment procedures and plating on CIN and modified CIN agars (Table 2, methods 1 to 6). Briefly, all of the swab specimens were (i) directly streaked onto the selective medium (methods 1 and 2), (ii) subjected to cold enrichment (incubation at 4°C for three weeks in PBS) before being plated on CIN and modified CIN (methods 3 and 4) [8], and (iii) subjected to cold enrichment and then alkaline treatment before being plated onto the two selective media (methods 5 and 6) [7], [8], [9], [10]. Presumptive Y. enterocolitica colonies were isolated and subjected to PCR confirmation [11]. In parallel to the isolation procedures, PCR detection of Y. enterocolitica was carried out directly on the boiled cell lysates (99°C for 5 min) of the 52 rectal swabs samples following post-cold enrichment. The isolated Y. enterocolitica isolates was biotyped by using biochemical tests as described by Wauters et al. [26] and serotyped by using the O-Antisera “SEIKEN” set purchased (DENKA SEIKEN Co., Ltd, Japan).
Statistical analysis
The statistical significance was calculated by the Student's t-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's test (when appropriate) using the R software (version 2.12.2). The difference was considered significantly if p<0.05.
Ethics Statement
All of the rectal swab samples from swine were collected with supervision from the institution veterinarian during routine farm visits. No animal was sacrificed or injured during the sampling procedure. The sampling complied with the current guidelines for the care and use of animals and was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC, AUP number: T006/2013), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Results
Growth characteristics and colony morphology on CIN and modified CIN agar
The capability of bacteria to grow on CIN and modified CIN agar and the colony morphology of 50 bacterial strains were determined. Both CIN and modified CIN allowed the growth of all Yersinia strains tested with the exception of the non-pathogenic strain IP102 (Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 1A/O:6,30), which was inhibited on both media. Furthermore, all Yersinia colonies displayed the same characteristic red bull's eye feature (Table 1 and Figure 1, Nb 2–17). Therefore, the CIN modification did not alter the growth and colony shape of Yersinia strains. The Y. enterocolitica colonies on modified CIN were tiny (≤0.5 mm) and only exhibited the characteristic red bull's eye morphology after 30 h of incubation, whereas this typical shape was visible after 24 h on CIN. This observation indicates that the modified CIN plates should not be read before 30 h.
1, Y. enterocolitica 1A/O:6,30 (IP102); 2, Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8 (IP11105); 3, Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 (IP383); 4, Y. enterocolitica 3/O:1,2,3 (IP135); 5, Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 (IP134); 6, Y. enterocolitica 5/O:2,3 (IP178); 7, Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8 (ATCC 9610); 8, Y. enterocolitica 3/O:3 (PC-M1-K1); 9, Y. enterocolitica 1A/O:5 (PC-M16-2); 10, Y. aldovae (IP6005); 11, Y. bercovieri (IP3443); 12, Y. frederiksenii (IP3842); 13, Y. intermedia (IP955); 14, Y. kristensenii (IP105); 15, Y. mollaretii (IP33766); 16, Y. pseudotuberculosis (IP34476); 17, Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8 (YE036c-CY); 18, C. freundii, H2S-producing; 19, 20, C. freundii, nonxH2S-producing; 21, C. braakii; 22, C. koseri; 23, A. hydrophila; 24, 25, 26, E. cloacae; 27, 28, 29, P. rettgeri; 30, M. morganii; 31, Pantoae spp.; 32, S. odorifera; 33, S. marcescens.
The CIN and modified CIN exhibited the same growth inhibitory effect on various species of Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Listeria, and Staphylococcus (Table 1). The two media allowed the growth of non-H2S-producing C. freundii, C. koseri, S. odorifera, S. marcescens, and Pantoea spp., which produced colonies with the red bull's eye morphology (Figure 1 and Table 1). Hence, the modification of CIN did not improve the differentiation of these bacteria from Yersinia spp.
In contrast, the modified CIN but not CIN allowed the differentiation of Yersinia spp. from several other Enterobacteriaceae and A. hydrophila. On the modified CIN, the colonies of C. braakii and H2S-producing C. freundii exhibited a black centre (Figure 1, Nb 18 and 21), the P. rettgeri colonies were surrounded by a brown diffusible pigment (Figure 1, Nb 27–29), the E. cloacae colonies were light pink (Figure 1, Nb 24–26), A. hydrophila appeared as pink colonies surrounded by a brown pigment (Figure 1, Nb 23), and M. morganii formed tiny colourless colonies surrounded by a brown pigment (Figure 1, Nb 30). The modified CIN is thus more efficient than CIN for the discrimination of Yersinia spp. from these Yersinia-like bacterial species.
Changing the incubation conditions for the modified CIN had no effect on the colony morphology of the various species tested (Table 1). However, the formation of a black centre in H2S-producing colonies could be observed under microaerophilic conditions even when their size was ≤1 mm, whereas the black centre appeared when the colonies were larger under aerobic conditions. Therefore, microaerophilic conditions improved the visualization of H2S-producing bacteria.
LOD of CIN and modified CIN agar for Y. enterocolitica detection
The capacities of four Y. enterocolitica strains, which represented non-pathogenic (PC-M16-2), moderate pathogenic (IP383 and IP135), and highly pathogenic (ATCC 9610) strains, to grow on CIN and modified CIN agar were evaluated. Various cell suspensions (from 101 to 108 cfu/ml) were spread onto CIN and modified CIN agar, incubated for 24–48 h at 25°C, and then observed. In addition, one set of samples plated on modified CIN agar was incubated under microaerophilic conditions at 25°C for 24–48 h.
The LOD for all four Y. enterocolitica strains was 10 cfu/ml on both CIN and modified CIN under aerobic conditions (Table S1). Although the LOD for strain ATCC 9610 was slightly higher on the modified CIN under microaerophilic (102 cfu/ml) compared with aerobic conditions (101 cfu/ml), the difference in sensitivity for all four strains tested under these different conditions was not significant (Student t-test, p>0.05). Therefore, the use of microaerophilic conditions did not alter the growth of Y. enterocolitica on modified CIN.
Quantification of Y. enterocolitica growth on CIN and modified CIN compared with that on LBA
The ability of CIN and modified CIN to support the growth of Y. enterocolitica, compared with that of LBA was evaluated. The growth of four Y. enterocolitica strains (IP383, IP135, ATCC 9610, and PC-M16-2) on LBA, CIN, and modified CIN was quantified and is presented as percentages of the mean cfu on CIN or modified CIN versus that on LBA. Values between 80% and 120% were considered to indicate growth efficiency on CIN or modified CIN similar to that on LBA (100%) [21].
As shown in Table 3, the numbers of Y. enterocolitica colonies recovered on CIN, modified CIN, and LBA were similar, regardless of whether the bacteria were grown under aerobic or microaerophilic conditions (the percentages of mean colony count on CIN or modified CIN versus LBA were between 80% and 120%). Therefore, the different media and conditions allowed the growth of Y. enterocolitica colonies with the same efficiency.
LOD of Y. enterocolitica from artificially contaminated raw pork meat
The ability of CIN and modified CIN to recover Y. enterocolitica from a food matrix was determined using raw pork meat (with or without stress treatment, kept at −20°C, three weeks after bacterial spiking [25]) mixed with various concentrations (from 101 to 108 cfu/ml) of Y. enterocolitica IP135. The IP138 strain was chosen because it is of biotype 3 and this particular biotype has been frequently reported in food and animal from Asia and Southeat Asia countries with warm climate (Southern China, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand) [30], [31], [32], [33]. The ratio of LOD to background microbiota was calculated by dividing the mean cfu of the LOD to the mean cfu of the un-inoculated pork meat.
The LOD of strain IP135 in both raw pork meat with and without stress treatment was 104 cfu/ml on both media incubated under aerobic conditions (Table S2), indicating that the modification of CIN did not impair its capability to recover Y. enterocolitica from the studied food matrix. The finding that this LOD was 100-fold higher than that of the bacteria grown in pure culture (Table S1, 10 cfu/ml) confirms the impact of the presence of background microbiota on the recovery of Y. enterocolitica. At the LOD value of 104 cfu/ml, the food homogenates contained a ratio of Y. enterocolitica to microbiota of 1∶412 (Table S2), indicating that Y. enterocolitica colonies cannot be successfully identified in the meat sample if it is below this ratio.
For the food matrix with stress treatment (kept at −20°C for three weeks after bacterial spiking) and incubated under microaerophilic conditions, the LOD decreased to 103 cfu/ml on modified CIN (Table S2), which suggests that this incubation condition may slightly increase the recovery rate of Y. enterocolitica in food since visualization of H2S-producing bacteria was improved.
Differentiation of Y. enterocolitica colonies from enterobacteria exhibiting Yersinia-like morphology on CIN
Suspensions containing similar concentrations (104 cfu/ml) of Y. enterocolitica (IP135) and other enterobacterial species exhibiting Yersinia-like colonies on CIN agar, such as H2S-producing C. freundii, C. braakii, E. cloacae, P. rettgeri, and A. hydrophila, were plated on CIN and modified CIN to compare the number of true Y. enterocolitica recovered on each medium. Presumptive colonies of Y. enterocolitica (red bull's eye morphology) were picked and analysed by PCR for confirmation.
Only the modified CIN but not CIN allowed the differentiation of Y. enterocolitica (IP135) from H2S-producing C. freundii, C. braakii, E. cloacae, P. rettgeri, and A. hydrophila. The percentages of true Y. enterocolitica (IP135) recovered from the bacterial mixtures were 33.3% on CIN and 60.0% on modified CIN (Table 4), and the difference was significant (Chi-square test, p<0.05). Therefore, the use of modified CIN agar enhanced the differentiation of Yersinia colonies from those of Yersinia-like species.
In artificially contaminated raw pork, the percentage of true Y. enterocolitica (IP135) colonies also increased from 62.3% on CIN to 72.5% on modified CIN (Table 4), however this difference was not statistically significant (Chi-square test, p>0.05).
Determination of the recovery of Y. enterocolitica from naturally contaminated samples
The efficiency of CIN and modified CIN agars for the recovery of Y. enterocolitica from the 52 naturally contaminated samples (rectal swabs from swine) was evaluated and compared in three ways: (i) after direct plating on the agars (methods 1 and 2); (ii) after cold enrichment followed by plating on the agars (methods 3 and 4); (iii) after cold enrichment, alkaline treatment, and plating on the agars (methods 5 and 6) (Table 2). The detection of Y. enterocolitica by PCR in post-PBS enrichment broths was 2/52 (3.8%). Both modified CIN and CIN did not recover any Y. enterocolitica from the samples using the direct plating method (methods 1 and 2). After cold enrichment (methods 3 and 4), the modified CIN allowed the recovery of Y. enterocolitica from all PCR-positive samples (2/52, 3.8%), while no Y. enterocolitica was identified on CIN (Table 2). Cold enrichment and alkaline treatment followed by plating on modified CIN (methods 5 and 6) also allowed the isolation of Y. enterocolitica from all PCR-positive samples (2/52, 3.8%), while no Y. enterocolitica was detected on CIN (Table 2). The results showed that modified CIN resulted in the detection of a larger number of positive samples than CIN for the recovery of Y. enterocolitica from naturally contaminated samples. The results of biotyping and serotyping indicated that all the Y. enterocolitica isolated were of bioserotype 3/O:3 variant (VP negative).
Discussion
Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important food borne pathogens that cause human yersiniosis worldwide, and the incidence of yersiniosis is vastly underestimated. This underestimation may occur because the infection is self-limiting in most cases. The lack of a good isolation medium makes the recovery of Yersinia difficult. In the search for a medium that would allow a better discrimination of Yersinia colonies from other bacterial spp. while maintaining the selective properties of CIN, various chemical components have been added to this medium to detect three biochemical activities: phenylalanine deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, and H2S production. According to Bergey et al. [27], C. braakii, H2S-producing C. freundii, E. cloacae, P. rettgeri, and A. hydrophila can be differentiated from Yersinia based on their biochemical utilisation of these components.
Ferric ammonium citrate and sodium thiosulphate are substrates for H2S production, which results in the formation of a black centre on bacterial colonies. Phenylalanine deaminase converts DL-phenylalanine in phenylpyruvate, which in the presence of iron (III) ions and citrate, forms a brown, diffusible pigment in agar around the bacterial colonies. The dihydrolysis of L-arginine produces an alkaline substrate that gives a yellow colour to bacterial colonies. The addition of these substrates did not alter the formation of the red bull's eye feature of Yersinia colonies, although the formation of Y. enterocolitica characteristic morphology was slightly delayed on modified CIN compared with CIN. Nevertheless, the plates could be read within 48 h (optimal incubation time for Y. enterocolitica) in the normal isolation step for Yersinia spp.
The differentiation of Yersinia from other mannitol-fermenting bacteria that exhibit Yersinia-like colonies CIN (H2S-producing C. freundii, C. braakii, E. cloacae, A. hydrophila, and P. rettgeri) was markedly easier on modified CIN compared with CIN. These bacterial species are naturally present in feces, raw food, and other environmental samples [27]. Because H2S-producing C. freundii and C. braakii ferment mannitol and produce H2S, these appeared as red bull's eye colonies with a black centre on modified CIN. The capacity of E. cloacae and A. hydrophila to ferment mannitol and dihydrolyse arginine resulted in the formation of pink colonies. Furthermore, A. hydrophila produces phenylalanine deaminase, which generates a diffusible brown pigment around the pink colonies. Similarly, P. rettgeri produces a phenylalanine deaminase and therefore appeared as red bull's eye colonies with a diffusible brown pigment. The diffusible brown pigment produced will not mask the appearance of non-phenylalanine deaminase-producing bacteria because this brown pigment has a light colour that is less intense than the dark-brown pigment produced in the VYE agar [17]. Van Damme et al. [28] reported that Y. enterocolitica forms small white colonies and not typical red bull's eyes colonies on CIN agar in the presence of an abundant background flora [28]. Similar results were observed in this study when the colony size of Y. enterocolitica was ≤0.5 mm on CIN. The tiny white/colourless Y. enterocolitica colonies obtained in this case resembled M. morganii on CIN, causing false-negative results during colony selection. A bonus benefit obtained with the modification of CIN was that M. morganii appeared as colourless colonies with a diffusible brown pigment on modified CIN due to their capacity to produce phenylalanine deaminase. Based on these differential metabolic properties, it was possible to eliminate a large number of bacterial colonies prior further biochemical testing. The addition of these chemicals in the modified CIN thus reduced the workload and additional costs associated with biochemical testing by decreasing the number of colonies to be tested and enhanced the detection rate by lowering the risk of selecting non-Yersinia colonies.
However, the modified CIN still has the limitation of not differentiating pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from non-pathogenic Yersinia species and from non-H2S-producing C. freundii, C. koseri, Pantoea spp., S. odorifera, and S. marcescens. Nevertheless, the combination usage of modified CIN with a chromogenic media, such as CHROMagar Yersinia [15] and YECA [18], and YeCM [19], may help eliminate non-pathogenic Yersinia without the need to conduct additional biochemical tests [23]. This combination usage may also reduce the false-positive results caused by wrong colour interpretations by the user [22].
A better formation of a black centre by H2S-producing C. freundii and C. braakii colonies was observed when these were incubated under microaerophilic conditions. The reduction of sulphide to H2S gas is an anaerobic respiration and normally occurs in the middle of bacterial colonies [29]. Tiny colonies may not provide good anaerobic conditions for the production of H2S gas, and this phenomenon was observed in our samples (Zone A, Figure 2). The formation of a black centre could not be detected when the colonies were small and clumped together. Therefore, a longer incubation time (30 h to 48 h instead of 24 h) was required when the plates were incubated under normal (aerobic) conditions because bacteria grew bigger and fulfilled the anaerobic respiration requirement. Moreover, we observed that the formation of the brown diffusible pigment due to the phenylalanine deaminase reaction was hardly observable when the bacteria grew in clumps (Zone A) because the brown pigment diffused around the colony. Bacterial clumping may thus be a limitation of modified CIN for the visualisation of these bacteria. However, the clumped bacteria can be re-streaked on modified CIN for further identification.
1, Y. enterocolitica 3/O:1,2,3 (IP135); 2, C. braakii; 3, H2S-producing C. freundii; 4, A. hydrophila; 5, P. rettgeri; 6, E. cloacae. Zone A shows a region of bacterial clumping in which the formation of a black centre due to H2S production and of a brown diffusible pigment produced by a phenylalanine deaminase reaction could not be detected or could hardly be observed.
The addition of chemicals did not inhibit the growth of the Yersinia strains tested, indicating that modified CIN has the same capacity as CIN to allow the growth of this species. It has been previously reported that CIN inhibits the growth of Y. bercovieri (formerly known as Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 3B/O:3) and some strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis due to the presence of cefsulodin in the medium [13], [15], [21], [34]. Because the amount of cefsulodin was not changed in the modified CIN, we expect similar results on this medium.
In evaluating the limit of detection (LOD) and influence of background microbiota of both CIN and modified CIN media, Y. enterocolitica was chosen as the representating bacterium. The LOD of the modified CIN for the detection of Y. enterocolitica (in pure cultures or in artificially contaminated raw pork meat) was comparable to that obtained on CIN. For pure Y. enterocolitica cultures, the LOD was 10 cfu/ml (for all four strains tested; IP383, IP135, ATCC 9610 and PC-M16-2). For artificially contaminated raw pork meat, Y. enterocolitica IP135 was chosen instead of a more common biotype 4 (e.g. IP134). This is because the biotype 3 has been frequently reported in food and animals (pigs and etc.) originated/imported from Asia and Southeat Asia countries with warm climate (Southern China, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand) [30], [31], [32], [33]. Whereas strains of biotype 4 are more commonly associated with humans infections in Europe and United States which is rarely reported in Southeast Asia [1], [2], [3], [6]. Based on the results in Table 1, all pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains had similar growth characteristics and colony morphology on CIN and modified CIN agar, and strains of different biotypes also had similar LODs (Table S1). Hence only one representative strain (IP135, biotype 3) was used in the spiking experiments. The biotyping and serotyping results indicated that all Y. enterocolitica isolates were of bioserotype 3/O:3 variant (VP negative). This supports our speculation that this particular biotype is more common and supports the choice of Y. enterocolitica IP135 for our medium evaluation. The LOD of IP135 for artificially contaminated pork meat increased to 104 cfu/ml because the presence of natural microbiota interfered with the recovery of Y. enterocolitica. Bacteria such as C. freundii, C. amalonaticus, C. diversus, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. agglomerans, P. rettgeri, and environmental Yersinia species that are naturally present in food may indeed have an inhibitory effect on the growth of Y. enterocolitica [34]. In a recent study conducted by Savin et al. [21], CIN was reported to be more efficient (LOD = 3×103 cfu/g of faeces) as compared to SSI medium (LOD = 3×106 cfu/g faeces) in isolating Y. enterocolitica. Therefore, we anticipate the modified CIN would be a useful medium in differentiating Y. enterocolitica from contaminated samples such as faeces.
Our investigation on the influence of background microbiota was done by three tests: (i) pool of bacterial mixture, (ii) artificially contaminated pork and (iii) naturally contaminated rectal swabs from swine. We observed that the Y. enterocolitica colonies were easily distinguished on modified CIN even when surrounded by Yersinia-like bacteria and background microbiota, but on CIN, it was much more difficult. The percentage of false-positive Y. enterocolitica recovered on CIN (66.7%) from an artificially prepared bacterial mixture can decrease to 40.0% on modified CIN, and the corresponding percentage from artificially contaminated raw pork meat can decrease from 37.7% on CIN to 27.5% on modified CIN (Table 4). At the same time, the true positive Y. enterocolitica isolates increased by nearly 27% and 10% on modified CIN compared to CIN in artificially prepared bacterial mixture and artificially contaminated pork, respectively (Table 4). The capability of modified CIN in reducing the number of false positive Y. enterocolitica isolates, especially in eliminating H2S-producing Citrobacter spp., M. morganii, P. rettgeri, A. hydrophila, E. cloacae can shorten the processing time and reduce the workload and costs associated with biochemical assays that were reported in many studies [13], [14], [15], [16], [23], [32]. Higher recovery rates from the modified CIN compared with that of CIN was further demonstrated using naturally contaminated samples (rectal swabs from swine, Table 2), indicating the modified CIN improved the recovery of Y. enterocolitica even on actual samples. The reason for the failure of CIN in isolating Y. enterocolitica from rectal specimens may due to the presence of high amount of Yersinia-like bacteria on CIN that caused the visualisation of the Yersinia difficult during plate analysis. In this study, the naturally contaminated samples were only enriched in one enrichment medium, PBS and our results indicated that a cold enrichment could help in recovering a larger number of positive samples than direct streaking method. A post-enrichment alkaline treatment showed no difference for the recovery rates of Y. enterocolitica (Table 2). The modification made on CIN enhanced the differentiating power of CIN while retaining the sensitivity (see results of LOD test) in isolating Yersinia. Hence, the modified CIN could also increase the recovery rates compared to CIN when it is used in combination with any other enrichment or isolating media that are reported to be useful in previous studies. For examples the irgarsan-ticarcillin-cholate (ITC)-CIN method [23], followed by streaking on YeCM and enrichment in peptone-sorbitol-bile (PSB) broth for 2 days [28] that are reported to be useful in isolation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica.
Therefore, the use of modified CIN may significantly reduce the percentage of false-positive Yersinia recovered from a contaminated sample. The higher discriminatory power of the modified CIN compared with that of CIN was further demonstrated in artificially prepared bacteria mixture and naturally contaminated samples. Our results thus demonstrated that the use of modified CIN may be a valuable means to increase the recovery rate of Yersinia spp. from natural samples, which are usually contaminated by multiple types of bacteria.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Growth efficiency and limit of detection of CIN and modified CIN for pure cultures of Y. enterocolitica. aYE, Yersinia enterocolitica; bCIN, Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin; cae, aerobic; dmCIN, modified CIN; emic, microaerophilic; fLOD, limit of detection. The underlined numbers correspond to the LOD scores for each Y. enterocolitica strain. The LOD is defined as the lowest cfu/ml of culturable Y. enterocolitica detectable in at least 50% of the replicates seeded with Y. enterocolitica.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106329.s001
(DOCX)
Table S2.
Growth efficiency and limit of detection of CIN and modified CIN for raw pork meat spiked with Y. enterocolitica IP135. aMM, microbiota in the meat sample; bCIN, Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin; cae, aerobic; dmCIN, modified CIN; emic, microaerophilic; fLOD, limit of detection. The underlined numbers correspond to the LOD scores for each medium. The LOD is defined as the lowest cfu/ml of culturable Y. enterocolitica detectable in at least 50% of the replicates.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106329.s002
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We thank the University of Malaya for the facilities. The authors would like to extend special thanks to Dr. Aziah from Makmal Kesihatan Awam Veterinar, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, Sepang, Malaysia for providing Y. enterocolitica ATCC 9610 as a positive control strain. Funding sources: This work was financially supported by the University of Malaya High-Impact Research Grant (reference UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/02), University of Malaya Postgraduate Research Fund (PS316/2010B), MOSTI (GA013-2013), and partly by the ‘Institut de Veille Sanitaire’ (InVS) of France. LKT was supported by a fellowship from the University of Malaya. The funders have no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LKT KLT. Performed the experiments: LKT. Analyzed the data: LKT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LKT KLT PTO EC. Wrote the paper: LKT KLT PTO EC.
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