Figures
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three genes (IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) in Behcet's disease (BD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome in a Chinese Han population.
Methods
A total of 806 BD cases, 820 VKH patients, and 1600 healthy controls were involved in this study. The first investigation included 400 BD patients, 400 VKH cases, and 600 healthy individuals. A second confirmatory study included a separate set of 406 BD patients, 420 VKH cases and another 1000 normal controls. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and results were validated by using direct sequencing. The χ2 test was performed to compare the allele and genotype frequencies between cases and healthy controls.
Results
This study comprised two phases. In the first phase study, a significantly increased frequency of the rs3212227/IL-12B genotype CC and C allele was found in BD patients as compared to controls (Bonferroni corrected p value (pc) = 0.009, OR 1.8; pc = 0.024, OR 1.3, respectively). Moreover, the frequency of the C allele of rs3212227/IL-12B was also significantly increased in VKH patients (pc = 0.012, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6). No associations were found for the other seven tested SNPs either in BD or VKH disease. The second study as well as the combined data confirmed the significant association of rs3212227/IL-12B with BD (CC genotype: combined pc = 6.3×10−7, OR = 1.8; C allele: combined pc = 2.0×10−5, OR = 1.3, respectively) and the C allele frequency of rs3212227/IL-12B as the risk factor to VKH patients (combined pc = 2.5×10−5, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5).
Citation: Li X, Bai L, Fang J, Hou S, Zhou Q, Yu H, et al. (2014) Genetic Variations of IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2 in Behcet's Disease and VKH Syndrome. PLoS ONE 9(5): e98373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098373
Editor: Yong-Gang Yao, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Received: March 3, 2014; Accepted: May 1, 2014; Published: May 23, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project (81320108009), Key Project of Natural Science Foundation (81130019), National Natural Science Foundation Project (31370893), Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20115503110002), Clinic Key Project of Ministry of Health, Basic Research program of Chongqing (cstc2013jcyjC10001), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology (CSTC, 2008CA5003), Key Project of Health Bureau of Chongqing (2012-1-003) and Fund for PAR-EU Scholars Program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Behcet's disease (BD) is considered to be a long-term, complex inflammatory disorder which is characterized by vasculitis involving multiple organs [1]. The clinical traits for BD comprise relapsing ulcerations in the oral cavity and genitals, erythema nodosum, ulcer of the colon and recurrent iritis [2], [3], [4]. Previous reports suggest that T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of BD and an increased number of T cells is related with disease activity [5]. It has been shown that both Th1 and Th17 cells are crucial to the development of BD [6], [7].
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome is a multisystem disease which can often result in blindness. It is featured by a bilateral granulomatous panuveitis and concomitant extraocular symptoms, including vitiligo, alopecia, poliosis, impaired auditory sense and central nervous system lesions [8], [9]. An autoimmune reaction against melanocytes which may be triggered by infection or other factors, is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of VKH disease [8]. We have shown that CD4 T cells and several inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the progress of the disorder [10]. Although the definite pathogenesis of the two diseases has not been determined, recent studies have shown an important role for an immunogenetic predisposition to both diseases. Various studies have demonstrated that several genes such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51, IL-23R, DHCR7, and TLR-2 are associated with BD [11], [12], [13], [14]. Furthermore, HLA-DR4, IL-17, STAT4 have been identified as predisposing factors for VKH syndrome [15], [16], [17].
Interleukins are types of cytokine signaling molecules in the immune system and play important roles in regulating the activities of lymphocytes that are responsible for immunity. Interleukin-12B (IL-12B) encodes the key subunit IL-12p40 which is the common component of IL-12 and IL-23. The bioactive subunit is generated mainly by activated macrophages and dendritic cells in response to pathogenic or inflammatory factors [18], [19]. IL-12p40 deficiency leads to decreased migration of dendritic cells and diminished ability to activate naive T cells [20]. It also has considerable roles in the function of the Th1 and Th17 cells [21], [22], the two significant kinds of T-helper subsets involved in many important immunological processes. Morahan et al [23] have revealed that differences in the degree of IL-12p40 production may have significant impact on T cell reactivity which plays an essential role in immune-related diseases. Recent studies indicated that a genetic aberration of the IL-12B gene is associated with several autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriasis [24], [25]. Interleukin-12-receptor-β1 (IL-12Rβ1) is a receptor chain which is shared by IL-12 and IL-23. IL-12Rβ1 is critical for the function and development of memory CD4 T cells [26]. The IL-12Rβ1-dependent pathway is essential for the differentiation and proliferation of human Th17 cell subsets [27]. IL-12Rβ1 knockout mice have been shown to be resistant to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) [28]. Mutations in the IL-12Rβ1 gene have been shown to be associated with immune disorders [29]. IL-12Rβ2 is the other subunit of the IL-12 receptors. IL-12Rβ2 is essential in Th1 development and is also associated with IL-17 expression [30], [31]. Furthermore, IL-12Rβ2 deficiency can lead to a diminished recruitment of activated T cells and an abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines [32].
Given the fact that these related genes (IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) play an important role in Th1 and Th17 related immune responses, we wanted to verify the potential evidence of an association of polymorphisms in these genes with uveitis. We chose BD and VKH as representative examples of uveitis in view of the fact that a sufficiently large sample size could be obtained. Eight SNPs of the three genes (IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) were selected for our study, whereby the choice was dictated by previous studies showing a definite association with other autoimmune diseases.
Materials and Methods
Study Population
This case control study was composed of two phases. In the first phase we tested 400 BD patients, 400 VKH syndrome patients and 600 healthy controls. In the second stage, which was separate from the first one, another set of 406 BD patients, 420 VKH cases and another 1000 healthy subjects were included. All the individuals had visited the uveitis clinic at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China and Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China, between April 2005 and December 2013. The healthy controls were geographically and ethnically matched with the patients. All the subjects involved in this study were Han Chinese. The diagnostic criteria for BD and VKH syndrome were precisely followed as described by the International Study Group for BD [33] and First International Workshop for VKH [34]. The clinical features of the BD and VKH disease patients included in our study are presented in table 1.
The ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University approved the study protocol (Permit Number: 2009-201008) and all procedures followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All the participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. We recorded all the participant consents in the book which kept the whole consents in it. The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. The registration number is ChiCTR-CCC-12002184.
SNP selection and genotyping
According to previous reported associations of the three IL-12 related genes (IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) polymorphisms with autoimmune disorders, five SNPs of IL-12B (rs3212227, rs6887695, rs3212217, rs10045431, rs2082412), one SNP of IL-12Rβ1 (rs438421) and two SNPs for IL-12Rβ2 (rs3790565, rs3790567) were chosen for our study to detect the potential relevance of these genes with our two uveitis entities. The selected SNPs and a sketch of the gene structure are shown in Figure 1. Genomic DNA of the subjects was extracted with the QIA amp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). After this, the extracted DNA samples were stored at -20°C.
The appropriate primers used to amplify the corresponding target DNA sequence by PCR and corresponding restriction enzymes are shown in Table 2. Five percent agarose gels were used to separate the digestion products and stained with GoldView TM (SBS Genetech, Beijing, China). To ensure the validity of the method for our study, 20% of all samples were stochastically selected for direct sequencing by Sangon Biotech Company (Shanghai, China).
Statistical analysis
The χ2 test was applied for the evaluation of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Direct counting was used to assess the genotype frequencies. The χ2 test using SPSS (version 13.0) was used for the comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between patients and healthy controls. Bonferroni correction was carried out for the correction of multiple comparisons by multiplying p values with the number of analyses performed. A statistical significant difference was considered when the pc<0.05.
Results
Clinical features of BD/VKH
The clinical characteristics of the enrolled BD patients and VKH cases are shown in Table 1. BD and VKH disease usually appear in the young and middle aged population. The features for BD comprise relapsing ulcerations in the oral cavity and genital region, skin lesions and arthritis. Extraocular symptoms of VKH syndrome include vitiligo, alopecia, poliosis, impaired auditory sense and central nervous system lesions. Details of the enrolled controls are also shown in Table 1.
Associations of the IL-12B gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to BD
In the first part of this case-control study, eight SNPs of the three IL-12 related genes (IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) were genotyped successfully in 400 BD patients and 600 healthy controls. The obtained data of healthy subjects were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Frequencies of the rs3212227/IL-12B genotype CC and C allele were significantly higher in the BD patients (pc = 0.009, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.4; pc = 0.024, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6, respectively) compared with the normal controls. To confirm the result, a second set of patients was used to replicate the associated SNP rs3212227/IL-12B using another 406 BD samples and another set of 1000 healthy controls. In the second stage, the frequencies of the rs3212227/IL-12B genotype CC and C allele were also significantly higher in BD cases (pc = 3.5×10−4, OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.4; pc = 0.002, OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.6, respectively) than that observed in the control group. Subsequently, we analyzed the combined data of the two studies, which showed a consistent association of the CC genotype and C allele of rs3212227/IL-12B with BD (pc comb = 6.3×10−7, OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.2; pc comb = 2.0×10−5, OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5, respectively). There was no significant association between BD and the other tested SNPs (four of IL-12B, one of IL-12Rβ1 and two of IL-12Rβ2 (Table 3). Since several organs may be affected by BD, a further study was undertaken to explore the association of these SNPs with the clinical manifestations in the BD cases. No associations between tested gene polymorphisms with the separate features of BD could be detected (data not shown).
IL-12B gene confers susceptibility to VKH syndrome
In the first study we included 400 VKH patients and 600 normal controls. The samples of patients and controls were genotyped for the eight SNPs mentioned above. We found that the C allele frequency of rs3212227/IL-12B was significantly increased in VKH patients (pc = 0.012, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6). Based on this result, we performed a confirmatory study with another set of 420 VKH cases and 1000 healthy individuals. Consistent with the result in the first study, the C allele frequency of rs3212227/IL-12B was markedly increased in VKH patients as compared to normal subjects (pc = 0.046, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6). Subsequently, we analyzed the combined data of all the cases and controls. The data confirmed the C allele frequency of rs3212227/IL-12B as the risk factor for VKH (pc = 2.5×10−5, OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5). No statistically significant association was found between VKH and the other seven SNPs tested (Table 4). In addition, no associations could be detected between the separate VKH disease characteristics and the investigated SNPs (data not shown).
We analyzed the data of five SNPs of IL-12B for LD (Linkage Disequilibrium), and found that there was no linkage between these loci (Figure 2). In addition, we performed a comparison between BD and VKH, and between patients (BD and VKH) and controls. The data were in agreement with the present results both in BD and VKH group (Table 5 and Table 6, respectively).
Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) block was estimated for IL-12B gene locus using our data. The pair-wise D' Values are shown in blocks.
Discussion
This study shows that IL-12B gene polymorphisms are associated with two uveitis entities known as BD and VKH syndrome. The C allele of rs3212227/IL-12B confers risk to both BD and VKH. On the other hand, we failed to find a significant association between a set of seven other tested SNPs which belong to a group of three IL-12 related genes (IL-12B, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) and either BD or VKH syndrome.
The data confirm previous associations between IL-12B gene polymorphisms and several autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis [24], [25]. There is abundant evidence that immune response pathways in which IL-12 p40 (encoded by IL-12B) is involved may play an important role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Previous reports have demonstrated that both Th1 and Th17 responses are augmented in Behcet's patients [35], [36]. The expression of IL-12p40 was shown to be higher in serum of BD patients [7]. Previous studies have also suggested that differences in the degree of IL-12p40 production may have an important impact on T cells reactivity [23]. As mentioned above, IL-12B polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with several immune disorders [24], [25]. In these studies an association was found for the SNP rs3212227 with AS and psoriasis.
Our data are not in agreement with preceding studies in BD from other ethnic populations. A small study with Turkish BD patients reported that the AC genotype and A allele frequency of rs3212227 were significantly higher in BD patients (BD cases: control = 80∶105, p = 0.015) [37]. Another small Japanese study did not find an association between rs3212227 and BD (BD cases: control = 55∶65) [38]. The difference between these studies and ours is that they were performed in BD patients with a different ethnic background and that the sample size was much lower.
Both the CC genotype and C allele of rs3212227/IL-12B were significantly increased in BD, whereas in VKH only the frequency of the C allele was significantly increased compared to the healthy controls. Statistical analysis did not show a significant association for the CC genotype as observed in the BD patients. Our findings add to the growing list of immune response gene mutations that are involved in the pathogenesis of both VKH and BD. Immune response genes such as HLA-DR4, IL-17 and STAT4 have been reported to be associated with VKH [15], [16], [17]. In BD gene mutations have been shown to be involved in disease susceptibility including human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51, IL-23R, DHCR7, and TLR-2 [11], [12], [13], [14].
Regarding the different genotypes of rs3212227 that confer susceptibility to various diseases in different ethnic groups, it has been reported that the A allele is a risk allele [39], [40]. On the other hand, there are other studies which describe the C allele as the risk allele [24], [41]. Differences between these results may due to the distinct nature of diseases in patients with a different ethnic background.
The effect of rs3212227 genotypes on the production of IL-12p40 by cultured cells is controversial. It has been reported that the rs3212227 CC/AC genotypes are associated with significantly decreased serum IL-12p40 levels [42]. However, there are other studies showing that different genotypes of rs3212227 do not mediate functional changes in IL-12p40 production [43], [44].
The exact mode of action of IL-12B rs3212227 gene polymorphisms and disease therefore remains unclear. Further functional studies are needed to clarify this issue.
We did not find significant associations with IL-12Rβ1 or IL-12Rβ2 and the two uveitis entities we studied. These two important receptors for IL-12, which have been reported to be associated with several autoimmune diseases [45], [46], play important roles in the immune response. It is possible that other SNPs in these three IL-12 related genes may play a role in uveitis. Further studies should be performed to address this issue.
There are a number of limitations in this study. We detected an association of rs3212227/IL-12B with BD and VKH patients in a Chinese Han population and our data cannot yet be extrapolated to other ethnic groups. BD and VKH syndrome are accompanied by various extraocular symptoms. Our patients were recruited by a department of ophthalmology and it is possible that our patients represent a subpopulation of these diseases. Analysis of patients from other medical departments should be carried out to rule out patient subgroup bias. Our data were confined to uveitis patients with BD and VKH and further studies should be carried out to investigate whether IL-12B is also involved in the pathogenesis of other uveitis entities. As mentioned above there might be differences in disease association in other ethnic patient populations and confirmation in other ethnic groups is necessary to solve this limitation.
In conclusion, this study shows an association between rs3212227/IL-12B polymorphisms with BD and VKH syndrome in a Chinese Han population, which supports a role for IL-12B in the development of intraocular inflammation in both BD and VKH syndrome.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: PY XL. Performed the experiments: XL LB. Analyzed the data: XL LB JF SH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XL LB JF SH QZ HY. Wrote the paper: XL SH AK PY. Design and conduct of the study: PY XL. Collection management analysis and interpretation of data: XL LB JF SH QZ HY. Preparation, review, or approval of manuscript XL SH AK PY.
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