Figures
Abstract
Kidney tubule plays a critical role in recovering or secreting solutes, but the detailed morphogenesis remains unclear. Our previous studies have found that grouper tshβ (gtshβ) is also expressed in kidney, however, the distribution significance is still unknown. To understand the gtshβ role and kidney tubule morphogenesis, here, we have generated a transgenic zebrafish line Tg(gtshβ:GFP) with green fluorescent protein driven by the gtshβ promoter. Similar to the endogenous tshβ in zebrafish or in grouper, the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP is expressed in pituitary and kidney, and the developing details of proximal kidney tubule are marked in the transgenic zebrafish line. The gfp initially transcribes at 16 hours post fertilization (hpf) above the dorsal mesentery, and partially co-localizes with pronephric tubular markers slc20a1a and cdh17. Significantly, the GFP specifically localizes in proximal pronephric segments during embryogenesis and resides at kidney duct epithelium in adult fish. To test whether the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP may serve as a readout signal of the tubular development, we have treated the embryos with retinoic acid signaing (RA) reagents, in which exogenous RA addition results in a distal extension of the proximal segments, while RA inhibition induces a weakness and shortness of the proximal segments. Therefore, this transgenic line provides a useful tool for genetic or chemical analysis of kidney tubule.
Citation: Wang Y, Sun Z-H, Zhou L, Li Z, Gui J-F (2014) Grouper tshβ Promoter-Driven Transgenic Zebrafish Marks Proximal Kidney Tubule Development. PLoS ONE 9(6): e97806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097806
Editor: Christoph Englert, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Germany
Received: November 27, 2013; Accepted: April 24, 2014; Published: June 6, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Wang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the National Major Basic Research Program (2010CB126301), the National 863 High Technology Research Program (Grants No 2012AA092201-3), the Ministry of Agriculture of China within the special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (200903045), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30971414). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Kidney is an organ that removes metabolic waste from the blood, and regulates the homeostasis of electrolytes and metabolite concentrations in a physiological range for supporting the functions of all other organs [1], [2]. In higher vertebrates, kidney is a complicated and highly branched system containing thousands of nephrons, the basic structural and functional unit of kidney, while in zebrafish, the simper kidney only has a bilaterally pair of nephrons [3]. Although there are some differences among various vertebrate kidneys, their cellular composition and molecular regulation are similar [4].
In zebrafish, pronephric tubule is also segmented into many regions similar to the segments in mammals. They include neck, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), proximal straight tubule (PST), distal early (DE), corpuscle of Stannius (CS), and distal late (DL) [5]. Moreover, some factors influencing kidney segmentation have been identified in zebrafish [6]. For example, retinoic acid (RA) signaling has been revealed to play a principal role in proximal-distal segment determination of the pronephric tubule [5], [7], [8], [9], in which RA inhibits the distal segments and enables development of the proximal segments in a concentration-dependent manner [5]. In addition, canonical Wnt signaling and zinc finger transcription factor osr1 have been found to be required for the formation of proximal pronephric tubule [10], [11], [12], [13], and noncanonical Wnt pathway has been demonstrated to regulate morphogenesis of the proximal and intermediate pronephros [14]. Recently, transcription factor Hnf1b is also confirmed to play a key role in nephron proximo-distal segmentation [15]. However, how these specific tubule segments are regionalized has remained unclear in zebrafish pronephros [3], [16].
Cell fate tracing and tissue-specific transgene technique provide powerful tools to study tissue development and organ formation [17], [18], [19]. In zebrafish, several transgenic lines with green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been constructed to visualize morphogenesis of the kidney organ. For example, the podocyte-specific transgenic zebrafish lines have been generated, in which GFP expression is driven by wt1b gene promoter [20] or podocin gene promoter [21]. In transgenic line Tg(dβh:EGFP), the dopamine-β-hydroxylase (dβh) promoter-driven EGFP is expressed in interrenal gland [22]. In Na, K-ATPase alpha1A4:GFP transgenic line, GFP is highly expressed in pronephric epithelia that power the ion-transport activities [23]. In ret1:GFP zebrafish line, the ret loci-driven GFP expression appears in the most distal pronephric duct [24]. Furthermore, the ET33-D10 zebrafish line with GFP expression marks the proximal movement of the pronephric tubule, but it displays relative high background and a wide GFP distribution [25]. So far, the specific transgenic line that clearly marks proximal pronephric tubule remains absent.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein secreted by anterior pituitary [26]. Until recently, it has been thought solely to mediate thyroid development and production of thyroid hormones that are important for metabolism, growth and development [27], [28]. TSH consists of two subunits, the alpha and the beta subunit. The alpha subunit is nearly identical to all glycoprotein hormones, while the beta subunit is specific to each one. However, TSH receptors are expressed more ubiquitously, suggested by radio-ligand binding and mRNA analysis [29], [30]. Significantly, our previous studies in sex reversal groupers [31] have found that grouper tshβ (gtshβ) is also expressed in kidney in addition to its expression in pituitary [32]. These findings imply that some potential physiological functions of the hormone remain unknown. To explore these functions and thereby to understand kidney tubule morphogenesis, we have cloned the promoter of gtshβ and preliminarily analyzed its activity [33], but the marking values and potentials have been not investigated. In this study, we have generated a stable transgenic zebrafish line Tg(gtshβ:GFP) driven by the gtshβ promoter, revealed its marking ability to understand kidney tubule morphogenesis, and exploited its potentials for signaling regulation or chemical analysis of kidney tubule development.
Materials and Methods
Fish Maintenance
Zebrafish were maintained in the aquarium of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Laboratory. Spawning, fertilization and embryo development were raised at 28.5°C as described previously [34]. The animal treatments for this research were approved by the Institute of Hydrobiology Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Approval ID: keshuizhuan 0829).
Genome Walking
Genomic DNA was extracted from fin clips of groupers by a standard phenol-chloroform method, and the genomic walking PCR programs were referred to the manual proposal as described previously [35], [36]. The conserved synteny analysis was performed as described [37].
Whole-mount in situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence Staining
In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining were carried out as previously described [18], [38]. Riboprobes were made by using DIG RNA labeling kit (Roche) for the following genes, including gfp, slc20a1a, wt1a, cdh17, vasa, mhc, pax2a, hnf1ba and hnf1bb [20], [39], [40], [41], [42]. The WISH embryos were embedded using OCT (Sakura), and were sectioned for direct observation. Vasa antibody was used at 1∶200 as described [43].
Confocal Microscopy and Fluorophotometry
For analyzing GFP expression, embryos were treated in PTU (sigma) from 16 hpf. At the indicated time, embryos were anesthetized with 30 mg/ml MS-222 (Sigma) for imaging using Leica sp2 confocal microscope or Leica MZ16FA stereomicroscope as described [44].
30 embryos were dechorionated and lysed using passive lysis buffer (promega). The supernatants were then collected for fluorophotometric scan (TECAN).
Morpholino Oligonucleotides, Constructs and mRNA Injections
Morpholino oligonucleotides of dead-end (dnd) [45], pax2a [46] and hnf1ba [47] were obtained from Gene Tools. The RFP-CVLS chimera mRNA [48] was synthesized by cloning the PCR amplified fragment into the pCS2+ vector and by using Message Machine-Kit (Ambion). The microinjections were performed as described previously [49], [50].
Results
Evolutionary Conservation of tshβ and the Neighbor Genes
Two neighborhood genes of grouper tshβ were firstly screened by genome walking. As shown in Figure 1A, the grouper tshβ localizes between slc5a8l (solute carrier family 5 (iodide transporter), member 8-like) and slc25a22 (mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1), and both of them belong to the family of solute carrier. Subsequently, we compared the detailed genome regions around tshβ in vertebrates including zebrafish (Danio rerio), tetraodon (Tetraodon nigroviridis), stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus), medaka (Oryzias latipes), fugu (Takifugu rubripes), cod (Gadus morhua), human (Homo sapiens) and mouse (Mus musculus). Interestingly, the tshβ localization in genomes and the neighbor genes are almost identical in fish (Figure 1B), and a highly conserved synteny of sycp1-slc5a8l-tshβ-slc25a22-tspan2 gene cluster (Figure 1C) exists in all of these fish. In mammals including human and mouse, tshβ also localizes in a sycp1-tshβ-tspan2 cluster that is similar to that in fish on a large scale (Figure 1B).
(A) The neighbor genes of tshβ in grouper. (B) Schematic diagram of genomic regions around tshβ in vertebrates. Ze: zebrafish, Te: tetraodon, St: stickleback, Pl: platyfish, Me: medaka Fu: fugu, Co: cod, Hu: human and Mo: mouse. (C) A representative diagram of the conserved genomic structure around tshβ in fish. (D) Putative pituitary and kidney-specific regulatory elements identified in the 1828 bp of proximal 5′ flanking regulation region in the grouper tshβ promoter.
Characterization of gtshβ Promoter
Moreover, we analyzed potential regulatory DNA sequences in the upstream sequence of gtshβ start codon using PROMO program as described [51]. Some putative transcription factor binding elements important for mammalian pituitary development were found in this sequence. They include twelve consensus motifs for Pit-1 (at −1654, −1596, −1128, −1015, −942, −811, −780, −322, −307, −219, −142, and −113) [52], one for FOXP3 (at −1505) [53], one for T3R-alpha (at −529) [54], and one for GATA-2 (at −85) [55] respectively (Figure 1D). Interestingly, there are also many putative response elements critical for kidney morphogenesis in this region (Figure 1D). They include Pax2a responsive site (−645) [56], Pax8 responsive site (−587) [57], vHnf1 (also named as Hnf1b) responsive site (−520) [58], and GATA-3 responsive site (−60) [59], [60]. Therefore, the upstream region of gtshβ contains some significant information for directing its expression in vivo.
Generation of Transgenic Zebrafish Line Tg(gtshβ:GFP)
A series of gtshβ 5′-flanking fragments with different length were cloned into the Tol2 vector [33]. These constructs were respectively injected into one-cell zebrafish embryos, and their activities were analyzed as described previously [17], [61]. Thereby, a proximal 1.8-kb DNA fragment was used to generate transgenic line. A total of 33 larvae (11%) with specific GFP signal were screened and raised to adulthood from the injected 300 embryos. By mating to wild type zebrafish, only 1 female F1 founder (3%) through germline transmission was identified from the 33 adults, and 25 F2 offspring with positive GFP signal were obtained from the 310 fertilized eggs between the female founder and wild type male due to the mosaicism of transgene in germline cells. As the positive F2 females were mated with the positive F2 males, about 25% embryos appeared strongly green fluorescence, and thereby, a stable and homozygous gtshβ promoter-driven transgenic zebrafish line was established in F3. When the homozygous transgenic zebrafish line was out-crossed to wild type, about 50% of the offspring showed specific GFP expression, suggesting that only one single integration site might exist in the transgenic line. We nominated the homozygous gtshβ promoter-driven transgenic zebrafish line as Tg(gtshβ:GFP) for all subsequent works.
Dynamic GFP Expression Pattern during Embryogenesis in Tg(gtshβ:GFP)
As judged by confocal microscopy, the GFP fluorescence signal is initially detectable from 18 hpf above the dorsal mesentery and persists throughout the subsequent embryogenesis in Tg(gtshβ:GFP) (Figure 2). The initial GFP signal localizes above the anterior region of the yolk extension, and extends from the adjacent fifth somite to the eighth somite (Figure 2A and 2B), where is the occurrence region of pronephros and gonad, although it is difficult to distinguish them at the early stages. As embryos develop, the GFP fluorescence becomes stronger and extends above the yolk sac, manifesting a bilateral tube-like structure (Figure 2C–2H). At 48 hpf, it displays a slight curve, which is likely the pronephric neck and tubule (Figure 2H). Therefore, the specific GFP expression driven by gtshβ promoter would be an excellent marker for pronephric tubule morphogenesis. In this paper, we only focused on the GFP expression in this region, although it can be detected in pituitary (data not shown).
(A, B, C, E, F and G) show the lateral view of Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos at the indicated stages. A dorsal view of 48 hpf embryo is shown in H. The arrows show the expressed GFP in A and B. The boxed area in C was shown with a higher magnification in D.
The gtshβ Promoter-driven GFP is Expressed in Pronephric Tubules
To reveal the exact localization of GFP driven by gtshβ promoter, we used double whole mount in situ hybridization (dWISH) to compare the transcript distribution between vasa (purple), a specific PGC marker, and gfp (red) in Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos. Similarly to the description reported previously [62], two clusters of the vasa-labeled PGCs were observed at the trunk border from somitogenesis beginning at 10 hpf (Figure 3A). At 18 hpf and 24 hpf, PGCs migrated and concentrated to the dorsal mesentery at the level of the yolk ball and yolk tube boundary (Figure 3B and 3C). At the corresponding stages, the red gfp transcript signal was found to localize on the bilateral strips in adjacent to and separated from the purple vasa signal (Figure 3A–3C). To confirm the above finding, the PGC-deleted embryos were produced via knocking down the dnd gene [45]. If gfp is transcribed in PGC, it would be hindered by PGC deletion. As shown in Figure 3D–3F, the red gfp transcript signal is still localized on the bilateral strips while the vasa expression is missing, indicating that the PGC deletion does not influence the expression of gfp message. We also applied RFP-nos 3′UTR to visualize PGCs by injecting the synthesized mRNA at one-cell stage as described [20], [63]. Similar to the results in dWISH assays (Figure 3A–3C), GFP was not co-localized with RFP in protein level and they were neighboring (Figure 3G–3I). Therefore, these data indicate that gtshβ promoter-driven GFP is not expressed in PGCs.
(A–C) dWISH of gfp (red) and vasa (purple) in Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos injecting control (A–C) and dnd-morpholino (dnd-MO) (D–F). (G–I) Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos injected with RFP-nos 3′UTR mRNA (red) were observed using confocal microscopy at the indicated stages. Bar = 10 um.
To determine whether the GFP strips adjoining to PGCs belong to pronephros, we used pronephric markers to pursue the co-localization with gfp by dWISH. Wilms tumor gene wt1a is a transcription factor essential for the formation of glomerular structures [20]. Zebrafish cdh17 is exclusively expressed in all pronephric tubules and ducts [40]. Therefore, the two markers combination could show the whole pronephros in zebrafish embryos (Figure 4A–4D) [64]. As shown in Figure 4, the wt1a and cdh17 transcripts are partially covered by the gfp transcript at 19 hpf and 24 hpf (Figure 4C and 4D). Therefore, the overlapping region is likely the PCT segment that follows the Bowman’s capsule and neck segment. To test the deduction, a PCT segment marker slc20a1a was further applied to dWISH assay. Indeed, slc20a1a is co-localized with gfp in PCT segment from 18 hpf to 24 hpf (Figure 4E–4H). Interestingly, they are not totally overlapped, and the slc20a1a transcript resides in the anterior and middle parts of the gfp domain. Since Nuance multispectral imaging system could characterize all the spectral components in a sample [65], we further used it to clearly show the partial co-localization relationship between slc20a1a and gfp in pronephric tubule (Figure 4I). All together, these data indicate that the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP is mainly expressed in proximal pronephric tubules, and its distribution is more extended than PCT segment.
(A–D) dWISH analyses of gfp (red), wt1a1 (purple) and cdh17 (purple) in Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos at the somitogenic stages from 10 hpf to 24 hpf. (E–H) dWISH analyses of gfp (red) and slc20a1a (purple) in Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos at the somitogenic stages from 18 hpf to 24 hpf. (I) Nuance multispectral imaging of gfp-slc20a1a-double-stained Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos at 24 hpf. The podocytes stained with wt1a1 are indicated by arrows. The blue or red lines are drawn according to the expression patterns of the kidney tubule markers.
Pax2a and Hnf1b Involve the gtshβ Promoter-driven Expression
Some putative binding elements for Pax2a and Hnf1b, the known transcription factors for kidney development, were also identified in the gtshβ promoter region (Figure 1D). To test whether Pax2a and Hnf1b are required for the GFP expression in pronephric tubules, we firstly examined and compared their expression patterns with the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP in the Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos. As shown in Figure 5, the pax2a transcript expresses in the entire pronephros at 19 hpf, and co-localizes with gfp in the proximal tubules (Figure 5A). At 26 hpf, however, the pax2a transcript disappears in most of the gfp territory except a small part of posterior region (Figure 5B). In zebrafish, there are two paralogues of hnf1b (hnf1ba and hnf1bb), and both of them co-localize with gfp at 19 hpf and 26 hpf (Figure 5C–5F). The hnf1ba transcript is distributed in entire pronephric tubules (Figure 5C and 5D), whereas the hnf1bb distribution is shorter at the caudal area than that of hnf1ba (Figure 5E and 5F). Moreover, we analyzed the GFP expression in the Pax2a and Hnf1b knockdown Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos by using confocal imaging and fluorophotometry. As shown in Figure 5G–5J, the GFP expression level is significantly impaired by the Pax2a knockdown or Hnf1b knockdown. These results indicate that Pax2a and Hnf1b, the known transcription factors for kidney development, mediate the gtshβ promoter-driven expression.
(A–F) dWISH analyses of gfp (red) and kidney transcription factors (purple) as indicated in Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos at 19 hpf and 26 hpf. (G–I) show the lateral view of Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos injected with morpholinos as indicated at 24 hpf. (J) Fluorophotometric measurement of GFP in the embryos in G–I. The podocyte is indicated by arrow. The blue or red lines are drawn according to the expression patterns of the transcription factors and gfp, respectively. Error bars represent mean ± s.d., *P<0.001 one way AVOVA with Holm-Sidak method.
Onset Expression of gtshβ Promoter-driven gfp Transcript Occurs as the Formation of Pronephric Tubules
To clarify the onset expression of gfp driven by gtshβ promoter, we examined gfp transcription in Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos at the early somitogenesis by using alkaline phosphatase-NBT/BCIP color system. The gfp mRNA is initially detected at 16 hpf when the embryos develop to 14-somite stage (Figure 6A). It is clear that the gfp transcription is earlier than the GFP protein translation at 18 hpf observed by using confocal microscopy (Figure 2). Furthermore, the gfp expressed cells form a clustered clump structure lateral to the both sides of somites (Figure 6B and 6C, black dash lines), and locate on the position where intermediate mesoderm (IM) develops to pronephros [66]. At 17 hpf (about 17-somite stage), the gfp signal becomes stronger (Figure 6A), and the cell clusters are more tightly organized than that at 16 hpf (Figure 6B and 6C, black dash lines). The data suggest that they might be undergoing reorganization events to form cylinder-type tubules structure during the stages.
(A) WISH analysis of gfp (arrowheads) in 15, 16 and 17 hpf embryos, dorsal-lateral view. (B) Transverse sections of the embryos in A. (C) Higher magnification of boxed regions of B. (D) Cell boundary staining by the RFP-CVLS chimera protein on transverse sections of Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos. The gfp-positive cells are outlined by black dash lines. The tubular structures are outlined by white dash lines. Arrows indicate the lumen. nc: neural cord; n: notochord; pt: pronephric tubule. Bar = 10 µm.
To confirm the suggestion, we injected the RFP-CVLS chimera mRNA into 1-cell Tg(gtshβ:GFP) embryos to express a RFP that targets to the plasma membrane and thereby to visualize the tubular formation. As shown in Figure 6D, the limits of tubular structures begin to form at 16 hpf, and the cell boundaries indicated by the RFP-CVLS chimera protein obviously outline a characteristic circular shape at the 16-somite stage of 17 hpf. This implies that the cells in IM undergo structure organization to form a tubular tissue, and a small lumen can be observed in its middle (Figure 6D, arrows). Therefore, the onset expression of tshβ promoter-driven gfp occurs as the formation of pronephric tubules.
The gtshβ Promoter-driven GFP Marks Pronephric Tubule Morphogenesis
Subsequently, we examined pronephric tubule morphogenesis by pursuing the GFP expression pattern in the transgenic line from larvae to adults. As shown in Figure 7, GFP expressed in the hatched larvae appears in bilateral tubes of pronephros and persists into adults. The GFP expression domain moves forward and twists as the kidney develops (Figure 7A–7I). At 30 days after hatching, the cells expressing GFP clearly reside in a tubular structure (Figure 7J). They are squamous with cuboidal or columnar cell morphology and arrange very well (Figure 7K). Likely, these cells tightly contact to each other and form the epithelium tissue, which constitutes the nephric tubules [67], [68]. Therefore, the dynamic progression of nephron tubule morphogenesis throughout kidney development is marked by gtshβ promoter-driven GFP.
(A–I) show the lateral view (A, B, C, D and H) and the dorsal view (E–G, I) of Tg(gtshβ::GFP) larvae and adults from 3 dfp to 30 dfp. (J) The Tg(gtshβ::GFP) adult kidney section stained with DAPI (red). Bar = 100 µm (K) The higher magnification in the boxed area of J. Bar = 10 µm.
The gtshβ Promoter-driven GFP Expression is Regulated by Retinoic Acid
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling had been demonstrated to play a key function in controlling proximo-distal segmentation of the zebrafish pronephros [5]. Therefore, we used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the ligand of RA signaling, and 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), an effective inhibitor for the de novo RA synthesis to treat the Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos at bud stage, and thereby explored whether gfp expression is influenced by RA signaling. Moreover, to better define the changes of segment pattern, we mapped the expression domain of gfp relative to the somites with myosin heavy chain (mhc) [5]. As shown in Figure 8, the exogenous RA treatment results in distal expansion of the proximal segment, in which the gfp-positive strips are extended and fused at the prospective sites of cloaca (Figure 8A and 8B). In contrast, DEAB treatment attenuates and shortens the gfp expression pattern (Figure 8A and 8B). Interestingly, the front-end edge of gfp signal in DEAB-treated embryos moves posteriorly to the site of somite 5, compared with the somite 4 in DMSO controls (arrows in Figure 8). In the ATRA-treatment embryos, inversely, the leading edge of gfp expression shifts anteriorly to the somite 3 (arrows in Figure 8). These are similar to the previous report about the effects of RA on proximal tubule segmentation [5]. Therefore, the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP expression pattern in pronephros is regulated by retinoic acid, and RA signaling is required for the pronephric tubule residence and segment.
The Tg(gtshβ::GFP) embryos at bud stage were treated with DMSO (as control), ATRA or DEAB, and fixed at 22 hpf to perform double whole-mount in situ hybridization with gfp (purple) and mhc (red) probes. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Lateral view. Cloacas are indicated by arrowheads. The most anterior positions of gfp expression are indicated by arrows. The blue lines are drawn to mark the gfp expression patterns.
Discussion
TSH is a glycoprotein hormone expressed and secreted from pituitary in mammals. It stimulates the production of thyroxine and then thiiodothyronine from thyroid to regulate the metabolism of almost every tissue. Besides a generally robust expression in pituitary, TSHβ mRNA was also found in gonads and kidney both in grouper [32] and zebrafish (data not shown). Genomic synteny analysis indicates that tshβ is localized with conserved genomic neighborhoods in many fish species (Figure 1A), suggesting the regulating elements may be similar in promoter region. Furthermore, our transgenic fish demonstrates that the promoter of grouper tshβ can direct the pituitary and kidney-specific expression of GFP in zebrafish, similar to the endogenous (Figure 1D). Therefore, the tissue distribution pattern of tshβ might be conserved in teleost fish. Although the significance of these expressions is unknown, the ubiquitous distribution of TSHR may suggest a divergent endocrine or paracrine TSH system in non-pituitary tissues [69], [70], [71].
Kidney tubule morphogenesis and segmentation are important for kidney function [72], but most of the process is unknown. In proximal tubule, phosphate, glucose, amino acid and bicarbonate are reabsorbed and transported. Only one transgenic fish line that marks the proximal tubule development was reported in zebrafish [25]. However, this transgenic fish line ET33-D10 displayed relative high background and a wide GFP distribution in various tissues, such as forebrain, hindbrain, spinal cord and ionocytes (http://plover.imcb.a-star.edu.sg/webpages/ET33-D10.html). In this case, the transgenic zebrafish line Tg(gtshβ::GFP) specifically expresses GFP in pronephric proximal tubule, besides in pituitary as previous report [73]. GFP is partially co-localized with proximal PCT segment marker slc20a1a, and the distribution pattern of GFP in pronephric tubule is a little extended than slc20a1a at the distal portion (Figure 4), which belongs to PST segment. When treated with RA, GFP signal elongates distally and almost connects at cloaca (Figure 8A), similar with the expression of the PST segment marker trpm7 in response to RA [5]. Therefore, gtshβ promoter-driven GFP is specifically expressed in the proximal pronephric tubule, and is a valuable marker for PCT and PST segments.
Pax2a is one of the earliest acting transcription factors throughout the IM, and has been identified to control the mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition (MET) of nephron progenitors [74], [75]. Furthermore, Pax2a and the closely related Pax8 act upstream of hnf1b genes, which initiate the gene expression programs specific to pronephric segmentation [15], [76], [77], [78]. However, the epithelialization of IM is still unaffected in Hnf1b-deficient embryos, indicating that pronephric epithelialization and segmentation are separate and the early epithelialization is Hnf1b-independent [15]. The results suggest that both Pax2a and Hnf1b regulate the transcription of gfp through acing on gtshβ promoter (Figure 1D and 5). Consistently, gfp message is initially detected at 16 hpf, just as the formation of pronephric tubular lumen (Figure 6). It is the time that the EMT is undergoing and the segmentation is initialing. Therefore, GPF driven by the gtshβ promoter gives us a good marker to visualize the initial processes of pronephric development.
Through tracing the GFP signal, the gtshβ promoter-driven Tg(gtshβ::GFP) can be easily utilized to observe the convolution of the proximal tubules and the dynamic progression of nephron morphogenesis during the whole lifetime (Figure 2 and 7). Additionally, the expressed GFP can be used as a readout signal of the tubular development to detect the RA signaling alteration in response RA reagent treatment. Therefore, the transgenic line Tg(gtshβ::GFP) provides a potential tool for understanding morphogenesis and segmentation of pronephric tubules and for genetic or chemical analysis of kidney pathology [79].
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YW JFG. Performed the experiments: YW ZHS LZ ZL. Analyzed the data: YW ZHS JFG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YW JFG. Wrote the paper: YW JFG.
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