Figures
Abstract
Mammary epithelial (ME) cells cultured under conventional conditions senesce after several passages. Here, we demonstrate that mouse ME cells isolated from normal mammary glands or from mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu–induced mammary tumors, can be cultured indefinitely as conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) on irradiated fibroblasts in the presence of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Cell surface progenitor-associated markers are rapidly induced in normal mouse ME-CRCs relative to ME cells. However, the expression of certain mammary progenitor subpopulations, such as CD49f+ ESA+ CD44+, drops significantly in later passages. Nevertheless, mouse ME-CRCs grown in a three-dimensional extracellular matrix gave rise to mammary acinar structures. ME-CRCs isolated from MMTV-Neu transgenic mouse mammary tumors express high levels of HER2/neu, as well as tumor-initiating cell markers, such as CD44+, CD49f+, and ESA+ (EpCam). These patterns of expression are sustained in later CRC passages. Early and late passage ME-CRCs from MMTV-Neu tumors that were implanted in the mammary fat pads of syngeneic or nude mice developed vascular tumors that metastasized within 6 weeks of transplantation. Importantly, the histopathology of these tumors was indistinguishable from that of the parental tumors that develop in the MMTV-Neu mice. Application of the CRC system to mouse mammary epithelial cells provides an attractive model system to study the genetics and phenotype of normal and transformed mouse epithelium in a defined culture environment and in vivo transplant studies.
Citation: Saenz FR, Ory V, AlOtaiby M, Rosenfield S, Furlong M, Cavalli LR, et al. (2014) Conditionally Reprogrammed Normal and Transformed Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells Display a Progenitor-Cell–Like Phenotype. PLoS ONE 9(5): e97666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666
Editor: Nanette H. Bishopric, University of Miami School of Medicine, United States of America
Received: March 12, 2014; Accepted: April 10, 2014; Published: May 15, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Saenz et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All data included within manuscript.
Funding: This work was funded in part by National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute grants CA113477 (ATR), Development Grant (ATR) under CCSG Number P30CA051008 from the National Cancer Institute, CA177466 (RS and AW), CA180524 (XL) and by the Cherry Blossom Breast Cancer Foundation Grant (XL). FS is supported by Susan G Komen Training Grant PBTDR12228366. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Georgetown University has a patent pending on the cell reprogramming technology (Immortalizing Epithelial Cells and Methods of Use, Application No. 13/885,078) and has licensed the technology to a new biotechnology company, Propagenix (www.propagenix.com). Georgetown University also has founding equity in Propagenix. RS and XL are Professors at Georgetown University who are consultants to Propagenix and RS has founding equity in the company. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
Studies utilizing primary normal and tumor epithelial cells are frequently hampered by the fact that cells can only be cultured for short periods of time before they cease proliferating and undergo senescence [1]. In addition, the cultured cells frequently do not retain lineage commitment or normal proliferation or differentiation potential. Various methods have been used to immortalize epithelial cells, such as introduction of viral oncogenes and the telomerase reverse transcriptase [2], although these interventions frequently disrupt normal differentiation. It has been recently demonstrated that human epithelial cells from a variety of sources (e.g., keratinocytes and human mammary epithelial cells) can be cultured indefinitely and can bypass senescence when cultured on irradiated fibroblast feeders in the presence of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 [3]. Cells passaged in this system are known as conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs). The CRC system has been applied to epithelial cells from human tumor tissues, where drug responsiveness in vivo can be predicted from the in vitro responses of the CRCs [4]. Thus, the CRC system has potential for studying normal and tumor cells from primary sources in culture without utilizing overexpression of oncogenes and cell cycle inhibitory factors. Further analysis of human CRCs revealed that induction of the CRC phenotype is rapid and involves reprogramming of most of the cell population [5]. However, the CRC phenotype in keratinocytes can be reversed by the removal of the Rho kinase inhibitor and cells can then differentiate normally, as demonstrated by the ability of tracheal epithelium to form a stratified epithelium in a three-dimensional culture system [5]. Of note is that human CRCs share many properties of adult stem cells but do not express markers of pluripotent progenitors [5]. Thus, human CRCs can be used for in vitro and in vivo studies of normal and tumor cells and may offer a system where drug therapies can be tested on cells expanded from individual patients.
In the current study, we wished to determine if mouse mammary epithelial (ME)-CRCs could be developed from normal or tumor sources, and if their properties mirrored those of human cells exposed to the CRC system. Although mouse epithelial cells undergo senescence with serial passage, the mechanisms of senescence differ from those of human cells [6]. In particular, telomere shortening does not play a major role in driving senescence of mouse cells [7], [8]. Interestingly, despite these differences, we report that both normal and tumor ME-CRCs from mice can be passaged indefinitely. Similar to human epithelial cells, normal mouse ME-CRCs expressed progenitor-associated markers, but not pluripotent stem cell markers. ME-CRCs were able to form mammary acinar structures when grown in a three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel matrix. However, unlike human cells, high expression levels of many progenitor cell markers were maintained after CRC withdrawal, suggesting that, in mouse cells, many of the effects of the CRC system are not rapidly reversible. ME-CRCs derived from mouse mammary tumors dissected from MMTV-Neu mice could also be passaged indefinitely, and a large portion of the cells expressed markers characteristic of tumor-initiating cells in vitro. Large tumors developed in the mammary fat pad after implantation of these cells. Thus, the CRC system can also be applied to normal and transformed mouse epithelial cells and presents opportunities to study properties of genetically manipulated cells in allograft models.
Materials and Methods
Cell culture
Normal and tumor mouse ME cells were isolated from mammary glands 3 and 4 of 6-week-old female FVB or FVB.Cg-Tg(ACTB-EGFP)B5Nagy/J mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, www.jax.org) and from mammary tumors of MMTV-Neu mice, respectively, as described previously [9]. ME-CRCs were maintained on irradiated 3T3-J2 fibroblasts as described previously [3] and passaged in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F12 containing 10 mM Y-27632 (Reagents Direct, Encinitas, CA, www.reagentsdirect.com). Co-culture flasks were trypsinized in two steps by using 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA. The initial 1–2 minutes trypsinization to remove feeders was followed by a wash using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and another 5 minutes to detached epithelial cells that were subsequently reseeded at a 1∶10 ratio in the CRC system and cultured for 5–6 days before passaging. Freshly isolated primary cells were defined as P0. Subsequent passages of the ME cells (CRCs or non-CRCs) were referred to as P1 and greater. ME-CRCs early passage was defined as P<10 and late passage as P≥10.
Array comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) analysis
Normal ME-CRCs (P5, P18, and P76) and MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs (P6, P38, and P73), as well as normal ME non-CRCs (P2) and MMTV-HER2/neu ME non-CRCs (P2) were analyzed for DNA copy number changes using the oligonucleotide-based 4×180K mouse array CGH platform (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, www.agilent.com). Genomic DNA from CRC and non-CRC cultures was isolated and enzymatically digested according to the manufacturer's protocol (Agilent Technologies). Normal mouse DNA, isolated from female mouse tail, was used as reference DNA. Equal amounts of CRC or non-CRC genomic DNA and reference DNA were directly labeled with Cy3 or Cy5, respectively, using the SureTag Labeling Kit (Agilent Technologies) and hybridized in the presence of mouse Cot1-DNA (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, www.lifetechnologies.com) to the arrays for 40 hours. The arrays were scanned using an Agilent array scanner and the data were analyzed using Feature Extraction (FE) software v10.10 and Genome Workbench version 7.0 software (Agilent Technologies). For each sample, FE gave a log10 ratio (log of tumor processed signal over reference processed signal for each gene) that was imported into Genome Workbench and transformed and viewed as a log2-based ratio. Outliers detected by FE were excluded from the analysis. The algorithm ADM-2 and a threshold value of 6.0 were applied with the appropriate filters to analyze the data. Gene amplifications and deletions were considered when the corresponding plotted oligonucleotide probes presented values of log2 >7/6 and <5/6, respectively.
Flow cytometry
CRCs were analyzed for expression of individual (monoparametric) or multiple (multiparametric) surface proteins using fluorescence-labeled primary antibodies. Sca1/FITC anti-mouse (Cat #553335), CD24/PE anti-mouse (Cat #553262), Rat IgG-FITC anti-mouse (Cat #553929), and Rat IgG-PE (Cat #553989) were all purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, www.bdbiosciences.com). Additionally, CD29/APC anti-mouse/rat (Cat #102215), ESA/FITC anti-mouse (Cat #118207), CD49f/APC anti-human/mouse (Cat # 313615) and CD44/PE anti-mouse (Cat #103007) antibodies were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, www.biolegend.com). In short, samples were washed once with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA), a second time with PBS and then incubated with a viability assay kit (Life Technologies Cat #L34955) according to manufacturer's instructions. The excess reagent was removed by washing with PBS, then incubated with labeled single antibody or antibody cocktail in PBS at 4° C for one hour. Excess antibody was removed by washing with PBS prior to analysis. Samples were analyzed using a BD FACS Aria Cell Sorter (BD Biosciences). Gating was used to restrict analysis to cells labeled for single or multiple markers, and graphs were plotted using FCS Express 4 software.
Brightfield and Confocal Microscopic Analysis of Cultures Growing in 3D Matrigel Matrices
ME-CRCs and MCF10A cultures were established in extracellular matrix as previously described [10], [11]. Briefly, 40 µL of cold Matrigel (BD Bioscience Cat #354230) was added to the surface of sterile pre-chilled, slide chambers (Lab-Tek II Chamber Slide Cat #154534) purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, www.fishersci.com). The slides were then incubated at 37°C for 15 minutes to allow polymerization of the substratum. Subsequently, 3×104 cells/mL were added to the slides and resuspended in assay media containing 2% FBS, 2% Matrigel, and 20 ng/mL EGF and incubated at 37°C until sphere formation. For confocal microscopy, immunostaining of the acinar structures was carried out as described [12].
Western blotting
Whole-cell extracts were prepared from ME-CRCs, and immunoblot analysis for proteins indicated was performed as described previously [13].
Allograft analysis
MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs were implanted in mammary fat pads of nude or syngeneic FVB mice (The Jackson Laboratory). Briefly, single-cell suspensions of early (P6) and late (P68) passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs were injected orthotopically, with Matrigel, into mammary gland 4 of 3-month-old MMTV-Neu female mice. Mice were euthanized and tumors were removed 6 weeks later or when the longest axis of the tumor reached 1 cm as described previously [14]. Lung and liver tissue was collected at the same time as the primary mammary tumor. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR) for β-casein expression in lung and liver tissues was performed as previously described [15].
Histological analysis
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses as indicated were performed on paraffin-embedded 5- µm sections of mammary gland, lung or liver using standard protocols described elsewhere [14].
Ethics statement
All procedures using animals were approved by the Georgetown University IACUC and were conducted according to the NIH guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals (Public Health Service: Assurance # A-3282-01). Isoflurane was used for all animals undergoing surgery.
Statistical and Image Analyses
Samples were compared using two-tailed Student's t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Phase contrast images of serially passaged CRCs, micrographs showing immunohistochemical staining of 3D mammosphere cultures, and images of western blots were adjusted for brightness/contrast using Adobe Photoshop CS5 software. All images were adjusted to the same level. ImageJ was used to quantify colony subtypes. Prism 5 for PC (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, www.graphpad.com) was used for all statistical analyses. Figures were assembled using Adobe Illustrator CS5 software.
Results
ME-CRCs Maintain a Phenotype Similar to the Parental ME Cells
We have reported that human epithelial cells can be propagated indefinitely when co- cultured with irradiated fibroblast feeder cells in the presence of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 [3]. To determine if mouse ME cells can be similarly re-programmed, we prepared ME cells from mammary glands of FVB mice. When grown on plastic, these cells senesce after 3–4 passages (Figure S1A). However, when grown on the irradiated fibroblasts in the presence of Y-27632 as described [3], [16], the mouse ME cells maintained a normal cobblestone-like morphology in the CRC system for >50 passages after one year in culture (Figure 1A and B). This was also demonstrated with a ME preparation from transgenic FVB mice that harbored a germ line insertion of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the actin promoter. This strain assumed similar morphology and could also be grown indefinitely in CRC culture (Figure 1A). To date we have maintained these cells in culture for up to 150 days. Array CGH analysis was carried out for ME-CRCs and ME-non CRCs to determine if the CRC system impacted the genomic profile of the cells. This analysis indicated no major changes in the normal genome copy number composition of the CRCs at P5 (Figure S2A and B). At later passages, despite the fact the morphology of the cells appeared normal (Figure 1B), there was an increased level of copy number alterations, with gains and losses on chromosomes 6, 11, and 18 at P18, and chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, and 18 at P76, respectively (Figure S2C and D). We next investigated whether the later passage mouse CRCs were able to maintain the differentiation properties of normal ME cells when grown in 3D Matrigel culture. In Matrigel, the ME-CRCs formed acinar structures with a well-defined cell/Matrigel interface and showed polarized synthesis of laminin around the periphery of the colony, similar to that observed with untransformed MCF10A human ME cells (Figure 1C). Despite the increase in aneuploidy, the number of spheres observed in Matrigel cultures in late vs. early passage ME-CRCs was unchanged (Figure 1D). Thus, with serial passage, the ME-CRCs maintain the ability to differentiate into a normal phenotype and regenerate mammary acinar structures similar to those formed by normal cells, in 3D Matrigel culture.
A) Continuous culture of ME-CRCs generated from mammary glands of FVB or FVB-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice. B) Phase contrast images of ME-CRCs and non-CRCs at indicated passages; magnification, 10×; bar, 100 µm. C) Phase contrast and immunofluorescence images of mammary acinar-like structures from P59 ME-CRCs and immortalized MCF10A cells stained for laminin and counterstained with DAPI. L, lumen; arrow, peripheral laminin. Magnification, 10× and 63×; bar, 100 µm and 50 µm for phase contrast and fluorescence, respectively. D) Average number of spheres per field of early and late ME-CRCs in four independent fields from four wells. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Values are mean±SEM; ns, not significant. A–D) All data were acquired after 5 days of culture. P, passage.
Conditionally Reprogramming ME Cells Restores Expression of Progenitor-Associated Cell Surface Markers
Human keratinocytes, when exposed to the CRC system, assume a stem-like state [5]. We investigated whether this was also true of mouse ME-CRCs. We assessed the individual and concomitant expression of the cell surface markers Sca1 (stem cell antigen), CD24 (luminal cell adhesion P-selectin), CD29 (β1 integrin), CD49f (α6 integrin), ESA (epithelial specific marker Epcam), and CD44 (hyaluronic acid receptor), which are differentially expressed in mouse mammary progenitor (CD49f, CD44, and Sca1) cells vs. differentiated luminal (CD24 and ESA) and myoepithelial (CD29 and CD49f) cells [17], [18]. To determine whether expression levels of these markers changed with conditional programming, we carried out FACS analysis of live cells (Figure S1B). The expression of each cell surface marker in freshly-isolated (non-CRC) ME cells was compared with that in P3–7 ME-CRCs (Figure 2A). As shown in Figure 2A, with exposure to the CRC system, there was an initial rapid rise in the number of cells individually expressing Sca1, CD24, CD29, or CD49f, with a less dramatic increase in cells expressing either ESA or CD44. For Sca1 and CD49f, there were also initial increases in overall protein expression per cell that were sustained in later passages (Figure S1D and E). Also at later passages (>P10) the expression of most cell surface markers remained elevated, with a large number of ME-CRCs expressing Sca1+, CD24+, CD29+, and CD49f+ (Figure 2B). Of note is that the major difference between early and late passage ME-CRCs is a greater than 50% decrease in the number of cells expressing ESA (Figure 2B), returning to levels seen in non-CRC ME cells. To analyze these subpopulations further, multiparametric FACS analysis was performed. The greatest change was in cells expressing ESA; e.g., the level of CD49f+/ESA+/CD44+ cells dropped from approximately 23% to 6% between early and late passage (Figure 2C). Consistent with this, we observed significant increases in the CD49f+/ESA−/CD44+ and CD44+/ESA−/CD49f+ subpopulations in late vs. early ME-CRCs (Figures 2C and S3H). We also noted that some ME-CRC cells that express Sca1, such as the Sca1+/CD24+/CD29+ or Sca1+/CD24+/CD49f+ subpopulations are equally expressed at a level greater than 80% at early and late passages (Figure S3A–F). The subsets of mouse mammary progenitor cells expressing CD29+/Sca1−/CD24+ or CD49f+/Sca1−/CD24+ were unchanged by serial passage (Figure S3C and F), but represented less than 1% of the population of ME-CRCs. These subsets are of interest because cells expressing similar patterns of markers can generate ductal outgrowths upon mammary fat pad transplantation [19], [20]. Overall, the results of FACS analysis suggest that serial passage does not affect some progenitor-like populations, while depleting others. In addition, a substantial number of differentiated cells are present in the ME-CRC population at early and late passage.
Monoparametric FACS analysis of expression of indicated markers in freshly isolated ME non-CRCs and early passage ME-CRCs A) and early and late passage ME-CRCs B). C) Three-marker profile identified by multiparametric FACS analysis in early and late passage cells. D and E) Representative western blots showing expression of the indicated markers in non-CRCs (−) and CRCs (+) at the indicated passages. Values are mean±SEM of three independent experiments; ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05.
ME-CRCs Do Not Undergo Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
EMT induction with TGFβ or overexpression of EMT factors Snail or Twist can increase the number of cells with a stem-like profile [21], [22]. To investigate whether the CRC system was inducing changes in progenitor characteristics through induction of EMT, we investigated the intracellular expression of various markers of differentiation and EMT [23]. Protein expression patterns were examined in whole cell extracts of early- and late-passage CRCs and compared to the expression patterns in P3 cells that had not been exposed to the CRC system. Despite the fact that Slug expression increased at later passages (Figure 2D and E), we found that E-cadherin levels also increased between early (P6) and late (P33 and 58) passage (Figure 2D and E), suggesting that EMT is not occurring. β-catenin expression has also been associated with mammary stem cells [17]. However, β-catenin expression level was not changed on exposure to the CRC system or upon serial CRC passage (Figure 2D and E) and N-cadherin and vimentin levels were below detection limits in normal ME-CRCs (data not shown). Consistent with results in human CRCs [5] we found no evidence of reversion of ME-CRCs to pluripotent progenitors, as demonstrated by the fact that markers, such as Nanog and Oct 4, were not detected by western blotting at any passage (data not shown). Overall, the results of western analysis of ME-CRC protein expression are consistent with the preliminary conclusions drawn from the morphological and FACS data (Figures 1, 2 and S3), indicating that, as the ME cells are passaged in the CRC system, they maintain their epithelial phenotype. However, there is enrichment of cells that exhibit progenitor expression patterns (Figures 1, 2 and S3). This cell-type distribution does not change dramatically with serial CRC passage, despite increases in aneuploidy in the mouse ME-CRCs. There are also clear changes in gene expression in the later-passage ME-CRCs, most notably in the cell surface luminal differentiation markers Sca1 and ESA.
Rho kinase inhibitor permanently reprogrammed mouse mammary cells
We next examined whether the effects of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on mouse ME cells were reversible by co-culturing early and late passage ME-CRCs with feeder cells in the absence of Y-27632 for two passages. Cells cultured in the absence of the inhibitor proliferated more slowly, but the overall cobblestone morphology was unaltered two weeks after withdrawal of Y-27632 (Figure 3A). Consistent with the minimal morphological change, expression levels of most ME-CRC cell surface markers in the absence of Y-27632 were unaltered or minimally changed at early or late passage (Figure 3B and C); however, CD44 levels were significantly increased in the absence of Y-27632 at late passage (Figure 3C). Conversely, Sca1 levels were reduced in the early passage cells after Y-27632 withdrawal (Figure 3B). Examination of cellular protein expression after Y-27632 withdrawal indicated that the cells continued to express E-cadherin, although Slug was decreased (Figure 3D). Our data indicate that many, but not all, cell surface hallmarks of a progenitor phenotype are maintained in the mouse ME cells with culture in the absence of Y-27632 for 2 weeks.
Early and late passage ME-CRCs were seeded on irradiated feeders with (+Y) or were cultured under CRC conditions (+Y), followed by the removal of Y-27632 and culture for two more passages (-Y). A) Phase contrast images of cells at indicated passages; magnification 10×; scale, 100 µm. B and C) Monoparametric FACS analysis of expression of the indicated markers in (B) early and (C) late passage cells. Values are mean±SEM of three independent experiments; ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05. D) Representative western blots of indicated markers expressed in P80 ME-CRCs under conditions of (+Y) and (-Y).
Conditional Reprogramming of Mouse Mammary Tumor Epithelial Cells
To determine if transformed mouse ME-CRCs could be generated, we isolated epithelial cells from mammary tumors of MMTV-Neu mice [14]. In this model, wild-type Neu is overexpressed in the mammary glands, resulting in an activating transmembrane mutation in the Neu transgene that promotes mammary tumorigenesis [15]. This model closely mimics the progression of human breast cancer driven by the amplification and overexpression of the human homologue of HER2/neu (ErbB2). At an average age of 9 months, MMTV-Neu mice develop highly vascular mammary adenocarcinomas [14]. Short-term epithelial cultures can be prepared from cells isolated from these tumors but, under our culture conditions, a large portion of the cells senesce after several passages (Figure S4A). In contrast, ME-CRCs generated from MMTV-Neu tumors were serially passaged in the CRC system for >50 passages and did not senesce (Figure 4A). Unlike the relatively stable morphology of normal mouse ME-CRCs, the morphology of the MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs changed with serial passage, with an increase in multilayer colony-like structures at later passages (Figure 4B and C). We found also that there were chromosomal gains (chromosomes 2 and 12) and losses (chromosome 4) in these cells after extended passage (P38–73) but no changes are observed in early non-CRC (P2) and CRC (P6) passages, as determined by array CGH profiling (Figure S5A–D). To further investigate the characteristics of the MMTV-Neu MEC cells at early and late CRC passage, we determined the proportions of progenitor and differentiated cells by FACS analysis of cell surface markers known to be expressed by tumor-initiating cells in mouse models of mammary cancer [24] or by more differentiated tumor cells [17], [25]. We used monoparametric and multiparametric FACS approaches that were used for analysis of normal ME-CRCs (Figure S4B and C). An initial increase in the number of cells expressing Sca1, CD24, ESA, and CD44 (Figure 5A), as well as increased expression of each of these proteins per cell (Figure S4D and E) compared to non-CRC MMTV-Neu MECs freshly isolated from tumors was observed. Elevated levels of cells expressing these surface markers were sustained in late-passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs, with the notable exception of Sca1, which decreased by greater than 50% (Fig. 5B). Multiparametric FACS analysis indicated that early passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs showed no change in the ESA/CD44/CD49f subpopulation (Figure S6A–C). However, a significant change was the decrease in the CD49f+/Sca1+/CD24+ subpopulation which constituted <17% of the late passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs (Figures 5C and S6G–H). This combination of cell surface markers has been described as defining a HER2+ tumor-initiating population in some studies [26]–[29]. Of note, also, is that a large portion of the Sca1+ MMTV-Neu CRCs were also positive for CD24 and CD29 (Figure S6D–F) and, despite the overall decrease in Sca1+ cells, the CD24+/CD29+/Sca1+ subpopulation still constitutes only approximately 9% of the cell population at later passages (Figure S6D–F). Western analysis of lysates of late-passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs showed that HER2/neu continued to be expressed (Figure 5D and E). Interestingly, despite the morphological changes in the MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs, there were no major changes in expression of EMT markers, such as E-cadherin and β-catenin, which continued to be expressed at similar levels at early and late passage. Similar to the normal ME-CRCs, there was no detectable expression of pluripotent progenitor markers at any of the passages examined (data not shown).
A) Culture of tumor epithelial cells from a spontaneous MMTV-Neu mouse mammary gland tumor in the CRC system. B) Phase contrast images of MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs and non-CRCs at indicated passages on day 5 of culture (10×; scale, 100 µm). C) Quantification of colony subtypes of early (P2) vs. late (P23) passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs. Values are mean±SEM of three independent fields. *P<0.05.
A) Monoparametric FACS analysis of expression of indicated markers in freshly isolated MMTV-Neu ME non-CRCs and early passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs and B) early and late passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs. C) Three-marker profile identified by multiparametric FACS analysis in early and late passage cells. D) & E) Representative western blots showing expression of the indicated markers in non-CRCs (−) and CRCs (+) at the indicated passages. Values are mean±SEM of three independent experiments; ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05.
Reprogramming of MMTV-Neu ME-crcs is Partially Reversed by Removal of Y-27632
We also determined if removal of the inhibitor Y-27632 from the MMTV-Neu ME-CRC cultures caused changes in the populations of cells at early or late passages. The proliferation of early-passage ME-CRCs was reduced by Y-27632 withdrawal, but the overall morphology of the cells did not change significantly (Figure 6A). FACS analysis of cell surface markers revealed that Y-27632 withdrawal from early- and late-passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs reduced the number of cells expressing Sca1, while significantly increasing the number of ESA+ and CD49f+ cells in early passage and the CD44+ and CD24+ cells in late passage (Figure 6B and C). Western analysis of cell lysates revealed that MMTV-Neu CRCs cultured in the presence or absence of Y-27632 maintained expression of HER2/neu, E-cadherin, and β-catenin (Figure 6D). Overall, these data suggest that there is some permanent reprogramming of the MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs with continued passage in the CRC system, although other changes in gene expression that are dependent on Y-27632 are reversible.
Early and late passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs were seeded on irradiated feeders with (+Y) or were cultured under CRC conditions (+Y), followed by the removal of Y-27632 and culture for two more passages (-Y). A) Phase contrast images of cells at indicated passages. A) Phase contrast images (10×; scale, 100 µm). B and C) Monoparametric FACS analysis of expression of the indicated markers in early (B) and late (C) passage cells. Values are mean±SEM of three independent experiments; ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05. D) Representative western blots of indicated markers expressed in P62 ME-CRCs under conditions of (+Y) and (-Y).
MMTV-Neu ME-crcs form Mammary Tumors in vivo
To determine their tumorigenic potential, we injected early- and late-passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs into the mammary fat pads of syngeneic mice. After approximately 6 weeks, large tumors had developed and the mice were sacrificed. The histopathology of the early and late passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRC allograft tumors was indistinguishable from previous descriptions of tumors that occur in the MMTV-Neu parental mice at approximately 7–9 months of age [14] (Figure 7A). These are highly vascular, largely cribriform adenocarcinomas, with necrotic areas and increased mitotic figures that stain uniformly for high expression of the oncogene Her2/neu and CK8 (Figure 7A). The transgenic MMTV-Neu mice also developed metastases at a later stage to the lung and liver [15]. We found that a similar metastatic pattern, with extensive lymphocyte infiltration, occurred in both lung and liver of the mice harboring the transplanted MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs (Figure 7B). The presence of ME cells in these metastatic lesions was confirmed by detection of mammary-specific β-casein mRNA by qRT-PCR (Figure 7C). Similar results were obtained with MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs implanted in nude mice (data not shown).
A) H&E and Immunohistochemical staining of CK8 and Her2 in early (P6) and late (P68) MMTV-Neu ME-CRC-derived tumors. (20×; scale, 50 µm). B) Metastasis-like lesions in H&E-stained lung and liver of mice with primary mammary tumors derived from early and late CRCs. Blood vessels and bronchi are outlined. (20×; scale, 200 µm). C) qRT PCR analysis of β-casein mRNA assessed in extracts of normal (FVB) lung or lungs of mice harboring tumors derived from early or late passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs.
Discussion
Here, we show that the CRC system [3] can be used for indefinite passage of normal and transformed mouse ME cells. There are similarities and notable differences between human and mouse CRCs. Both human and mouse epithelial CRCs seem to assume a progenitor-like phenotype, at least as assessed by changes in cell surface markers, such as the integrin family members CD29 and CD49f, and the cell adhesion molecules CD24 and CD44. Neither the human nor the mouse CRCs revert to pluripotent progenitor cells, nor do they undergo mesenchymal transition. Normal human conditionally reprogrammed keratinocytes maintain tissue-specific differentiation potential and have been shown to form a stratified epithelial layer in a 3D culture system [5]. Likewise, the normal ME-CRCs can assume a mammary acinar-like phenotype when grown in a 3D matrix of Matrigel. MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs are able to form tumors when transplanted into mice, and these tumors are histopathologically indistinguishable from the tumors, and the metastases, that evolve in the MMTV-Neu transgenic animals. Thus, there is significant overlap in the properties of mouse and human CRCs.
A notable difference between the mouse and human CRCs is the response to withdrawal of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. It has been shown that removal of this compound from human keratinocyte CRC cultures causes complete reversion to the non-CRC phenotype [5]. In contrast, withdrawal of Y-27632 did not alter the expression of many of the genes associated with mouse mammary progenitor cells. We conjecture that the reason for this may lie in fundamental differences in the regulation of the reprogramming phenomenon in mouse and human CRCs in vitro. Despite this, the lack of phenotypic reversion in the mouse CRCs does not appear to impede the cells from driving the correct differentiated phenotype in vivo. This suggests that the ME-CRCs, when exposed to components of the normal stromal environment, are capable of undergoing differentiation.
Differences in stem-like markers were observed, however, with increasing passage number in both normal and transformed ME-CRCs. In the normal ME- CRCs, frequency of expression of the cell surface marker ESA reverts to that of non-CRC cells as the cells are serially passaged; in particular, ESA+, CD44+ CD49f+ subpopulation is significantly decreased with progressive passage. Although the reduction in ESA+ cells does not impede formation of mammary acinar structures in Matrigel, it might impede other aspects of normal mammary outgrowth development in vivo. With serial passage of MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs, we observed loss of Sca1 expression by the cells. Loss of Sca1+ cells does not appear to impede tumor formation in vivo, because tumors formed efficiently with both late and early passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs. Sca1 has been described as an important marker of tumor-initiating cells in luminal breast cancer [30]. It may be that the HER2/neu-driven subtype of breast cancer is less dependent on Sca1+ tumor-initiating cells than other breast cancer subtypes. Overall, the properties of early and late passage MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs indicate that a population of tumor-initiating cells is maintained. Despite the gross phenotypic and morphological differences in the cells grown in the CRC system, MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs retain a subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells that are capable of tumor formation and metastasis indistinguishable from that seen in the parental MMTV-Neu mice.
With increasing passage, an increase in aneuploidy in both normal ME-CRCs and MMTV-Neu CRCs was observed. The phenomenon whereby tumor cells show increased chromosomal rearrangement and aneuploidy with passage in vitro has been described for many cancer cell lines. It is not possible to compare the aneuploidy of the same late-passage normal and transformed ME-CRCs with the respective non-CRC cultures, because the latter senesce. However, the aneuploidy observed could be the result of in vitro changes that occur with increasing passage of most cells in culture, and may not be specific to the CRC system. That said, clearly, the early and late passage CRCs are not populations of genetically identical cells and, for any phenotype or response obtained, it will be important to define the cell passage number at which it is observed.
A major question arising from this work is how both normal and transformed ME-CRCs bypass senescence check points. Previous studies have utilized Rho kinase inhibitors for immortalization of stem cells and suggested that this function is mediated, in part, through effects on integrin and adhesion signaling [31]. Rho kinase-dependent EMT has also been described previously in mouse mammary cancer cells [32]. However, mesenchymal differentiation does not occur in the normal mouse CRCs. Of note is that the conditional reprogramming does not occur in the ME cells unless both the irradiated fibroblasts and the Y compound are present (data not shown) and [5]. This suggests that the irradiated fibroblasts in the CRC system likely provide a secreted or adhesion factor that initiates or modifies the Rho kinase effect. Consistent with this, recent data indicates that conditioned medium from the irradiated fibroblasts can be used in the CRC system instead of the irradiated cells [33].
Conclusion
Overall, the ability to conditionally reprogram and indefinitely propagate human and mouse epithelial cells could be widely used in experimental systems. The ability to carry CRCs from valuable transgenic sources and use them as transplants in syngeneic animals increases experimental efficiency and allows interactions with the stromal environment to be examined in detail. The utility of normal mouse epithelial cells for development studies also holds great promise.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Expansion and flow cytometric analysis of normal mouse ME-CRCs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666.s001
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Figure S2.
Comparative genomic hybridization of ME-CRCs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666.s002
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Figure S3.
Multiparametric FACS analysis of cell surface markers expression in normal mouse ME-CRCs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666.s003
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Figure S4.
Expansion and FACS analysis of MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666.s004
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Figure S5.
Comparative genomic hybridization of MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666.s005
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Figure S6.
Multiparametric FACS analysis of cell surface markers expression in MMTV-Neu ME-CRCs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097666.s006
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Acknowledgments
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: AR XL RS AW. Performed the experiments: FS VO LC. Analyzed the data: MA SR MF LC MJ AR AW FS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MJ XL RS. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: FS VO MA SR MF LC MJ AR XL RS AW.
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