Figures
Abstract
Background
Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding the relationship between p53 status and response to chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to expound the relationship between p53 status and response to chemotherapy.
Methods/Findings
Thirteen previously published eligible studies, including 564 cases, were identified and included in this meta-analysis. p53 positive status (high expression of p53 protein and/or a mutant p53 gene) was associated with improved response in gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy (good response: risk ratio [RR] = 0.704; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.550–0.903; P = 0.006). In further stratified analyses, association with a good response remained in the East Asian population (RR = 0.657; 95% CI = 0.488–0.884; P = 0.005), while in the European subgroup, patients with p53 positive status tended to have a good response to chemotherapy, although this did not reach statistical significance (RR = 0.828, 95% CI = 0.525–1.305; P = 0.417). As five studies used neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) and one used neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT), we also analyzed these data, and found that p53 positive status was associated with a good response in gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy-based neoadjuvant treatment (RR = 0.675, 95% CI = 0.463–0.985; P = 0.042).
Citation: Xu H-Y, Xu W-L, Wang L-Q, Chen M-B, Shen H-L (2014) Relationship between P53 Status and Response to Chemotherapy in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 9(4): e95371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095371
Editor: Klaus Roemer, University of Saarland Medical School, Germany
Received: January 8, 2014; Accepted: March 25, 2014; Published: April 16, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Xu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 81101677,81070423). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
It is estimated that gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world [1]. In 2013, an estimated 21,600 new cases will occur and 10,990 cases will eventually die of their disease in the United States [2]. Despite advances in surgical treatment and chemotherapy, prognosis remains poor, particularly as most tumors are diagnosed late and in locally advanced or advanced stages. Currently, due to the ability to shrink cancerous lesions to increase R0 resection rate, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended as the standard treatment for the management of locally advanced gastric cancer [3]. Chemotherapy can also improve the outcome of unresectable gastric cancer. However, some studies suggest that only those patients who respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with tolerable toxicity will potentially benefit from this approach, while a proportion of patients fail to respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or even progress during therapy [4]–[6]. Therefore, predictive markers to identify those patients who would benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy are being actively sought.
To date, p53, the most studied gene, may be the primary candidate biomarker for predicting the response of gastric cancer to chemotherapy [7]. The gene encoding p53 is located on chromosome 17p and consists of 11 exons and 10 introns. It has important cellular functions, including in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair [8], [9]. p53 is the gene most frequently mutated in human cancer, with alterations occurring in at least 50% of human malignancies, playing critical roles in their development [10]. Experimental evidence suggests that p53 status is associated with tumor response to genotoxic agents [11]–[13]. However, data regarding the use of p53 status as a biological marker to predict the response of gastric cancer to chemotherapy are inconclusive [14]–[19]. Some studies found that patients with p53 mutations or overexpression had higher response rates to chemotherapy than those with normal p53 status; however, other reports drew different conclusions. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the value of p53 status in predicting response to chemotherapy in gastric cancer.
Materials and Methods
Publication Search
Studies were identified by a computerized search of the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases (up to Jun 8, 2013) using the following search terms: ‘TP53’, ‘p53’, ‘p53 protein’, ‘p53 mutation’, ‘17p13 gene’, ‘chemotherapy’, ‘chemoradiotherapy’, and ‘gastric cancer’. All potentially eligible studies were retrieved and their references were carefully researched to identify other eligible studies. When multiple studies of the same patient population were identified, the published report with the largest sample size was included.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Studies selected in this meta-analysis fulfilled all of the following criteria: (a) studies evaluating p53 status for predicting the response to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer; (b) studies involving clinical or pathological therapeutic response; (c) retrospective or prospective cohort study; (d) studies including adequate data to allow the estimation of a risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI); and (e) studies in English or Chinese. Reviews, letters to the editor, and articles published in books were excluded.
Data Extraction and Definitions
Using the inclusion criteria listed above, the following information was extracted from each study: the first author's surname, the publication year, the country of origin, the number of patients analyzed, the treatment, the methods of detection, p53 positive (overexpression or mutation) rate, the type of therapeutic response, the response criteria, and the main outcomes. This information was entered in tables showing the clinical or pathological response to chemotherapy with respect to p53 status. Data was carefully extracted from all eligible publications by two investigators. Any disagreement between the investigators was resolved by discussion until a consensus was reached. If they failed to reach an agreement, a third investigator was consulted to resolve the discrepancies.
As previously reported [20], the definitions and standardizations for ‘p53’ and ‘response to therapy’ used in our study followed those of the study by Pakos et al. [21]. For consistency, we used ‘p53 status’ to refer to both gene and protein markers. p53 positive status indicates patients with high expression of p53 protein and/or mutations in the p53 gene. Good response was defined as complete response (CR) and partial response (PR), or grade 1b+2+3. Poor response was defined as stable disease (SD) and progress disease (PD), or grade 0+ 1a according to the guidelines for the clinical and pathologic studies on gastric carcinoma by the JRSGC (Japanese Research Society for Gastric Carcinoma), WHO (World Health Organization), or RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) criteria [22]–[25]. The response classification is detailed in Table 1.
Statistical Analysis
The software STATA version 12 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was used to perform the data analysis. We assessed and quantified statistical heterogeneity for each pooled estimate using the I2 statistic, and p>0.10 was defined as no heterogeneity. The pooled RR was calculated using a fixed-effects model (the Mantel–Haenszel method) or a random-effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method), according to the heterogeneity results. Pooled analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel model and reported as RR with 95% CIs. The significance of the pooled RR was determined by the z test and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. χ2 and z represented the test statistics of the I2 statistic for heterogeneity and z test for the significance of the pooled RR respectively. The Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test were employed to estimate potential publication bias. We also performed sensitivity analysis by omitting each study or specific studies to find potential outliers.
Results
Eligible Studies
Using different combinations of key terms, a total of 240 articles were retrieved by a literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. As indicated in the search flow diagram (Figure 1), 13 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis [15]–[19], [26]–[33]. The characteristics of the eligible studies are summarized in Table 2. Five used NCT, one used NCRT, and seven used CT (Table 2). The sample sizes in eligible studies ranged from 23–131 patients (median = 36, mean = 43, standard deviation [SD] = 28). Overall, the eligible studies included 564 patients. Five studies were conducted in European populations (167 patients) [15], [16], [27], [28], [31], whereas eight were in East Asian populations (397 patients) [17]–[19], [26], [29], [30], [32], [33].
Relationship between p53 Status and Response to Chemotherapy in Gastric Cancer
Among the studies of gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy, 13 (involving 564 patients) contributed data to the calculation of total OR (total OR = clinical OR + pathological OR). p53 positive status was significantly associated with improved total OR among patients treated with chemotherapy (RR = 0.704; 95% CI = 0.550–0.903; P = 0.006, Figure 2). With respect to studies reporting both clinical and pathological responses, the latter data was used, but the clinical response data was also examined with similar results (data not shown). p53 protein expression measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) does not directly correspond to p53 mutation detected by gene sequencing [15], [16]. As all studies included in this meta-analysis employed IHC-based protein detection, and only two employed both IHC and molecular genetic analysis, we adopted the data generated using IHC and also conducted statistical analysis for the molecular genetic data with similar results (RR = 0.720; 95% CI = 0.565–0.916; P = 0.008).
Subgroup Analysis
East Asian and European subgroups were also analyzed separately (Table 3). p53 positive status was associated with improved response in gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy in the East Asian subgroup (RR = 0.657, 95% CI = 0.488–0.884; P = 0.005; Figure 3). In the European subgroup, however, patients with p53 positive status tended to have high response rates to chemotherapy, but the results did not reach statistical significance (RR = 0.828, 95% CI = 0.525–1.305; P = 0.417).
As five studies used NCT and one used NCRT, we also analyzed these data, and found that p53 positive status was associated with improved response in gastric cancer patients who received chemotherapy-based neoadjuvant treatment (RR = 0.675, 95% CI = 0.463–0.985, P = 0.042; Figure 4).
Publication Bias and Sensitivity Analysis
The Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test were employed to estimate the publication bias of the literature included in this study. The shape of the funnel plot showed no obvious evidence of asymmetry (Figure 5), and the Egger's test indicated an absence of publication bias (P>0.05). In addition, sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the influence of individual studies on the summary effect. No individual study dominated this meta-analysis, and the removal of any single study had no significant effect on the overall results (data not shown).
Discussion
p53 status plays a key role in the response to many anticancer drugs. However, no consistent conclusion regarding the effect of p53 mutations on the sensitivity or resistance of gastric cancers to anticancer drugs has been reported. To date, the majority of available clinical reports involve small sample sizes, and were therefore unable to determine the value of p53 status for predicting the response to chemotherapy. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of 13 studies to systematically evaluate the association between p53 status and response to chemotherapy in a large population with gastric cancer.
Our results show that p53 positive status may predict response to chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. p53 positive status was associated with improved total OR. Stratification according to ethnicity showed that p53 positive status was significantly associated with increased OR in East Asian populations. In addition, with respect to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, our results showed that p53 positive status was associated with good response.
Although we did our utmost to perform a comprehensive analysis, some limitations remain in this study. Firstly, the meta-analysis may have been influenced by publication bias, as we limited the literature search to studies performed in English or Chinese, and we did not explore conference proceedings or abstract books. Although we attempted to identify all relevant data, some missing data are inevitable. However, using statistical methods, no publication bias was detected, suggesting that the pooled results are likely to be unbiased. Second, in this meta-analysis we used data derived from IHC-based detection of p53, which was performed in all included studies. However, the reported frequencies of positive p53 staining were variable, which may reflect the use of different antibodies, staining standards, criteria for positivity, and the inclusion of differently selected groups of gastric cancer patient groups. Third, the evaluation criterion of response to treatment among the studies was highly variable. Standardization is therefore of great importance for obtaining an accurate assessment of the clinical significance of p53 status. Despite our considerable efforts to standardize definitions, some variability among studies was inevitable. In addition, many other factors that could affect tumor sensitivity to treatment, such as tumor size, histological subtype, patient age, chemotherapy regimen, dose of chemotherapy or radiation, and courses of treatment, could not be obtained in sufficient detail for inclusion in statistical analyses. Fourth, as our analysis was observational in nature, we cannot exclude confounding as a potential explanation of the observed results.
Despite these limitations, this meta-analysis had several advantages. This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the usefulness of p53 status for predicting the response of gastric cancer patients to chemotherapy. Also, as mentioned above, no publication bias was detected. The results showed that p53 status might be a useful predictive biomarker for evaluating response to chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients, especially in East Asian populations. However, future prospective studies with larger sample sizes, better study designs, and accurate detection methods are required to confirm our findings.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HYX MBC HLS. Performed the experiments: HYX MBC HLS. Analyzed the data: HYX WLX LQW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MBC WLX. Wrote the paper: HYX MBC. Helped edit the manuscript: HLS WLX LQW.
References
- 1. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF (2006) Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 24: 2137–2150.
- 2. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A (2013) Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 63: 11–30.
- 3. Mezhir JJ, Tang LH, Coit DG (2010) Neoadjuvant therapy of locally advanced gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 101: 305–314.
- 4. Ott K, Sendler A, Becker K, Dittler HJ, Helmberger H, et al. (2003) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-FU, and leucovorin (PLF) in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective phase II study. Gastric Cancer 6: 159–167.
- 5. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, et al. (2006) Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 355: 11–20.
- 6. Nashimoto A, Yabusaki H, Tanaka O, Sasaki J, Akiyama N (1999) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer with non-curative factors: a Phase II study with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and cisplatin. Gastric Cancer 2: 57–63.
- 7. Fareed KR, Kaye P, Soomro IN, Ilyas M, Martin S, et al. (2009) Biomarkers of response to therapy in oesophago-gastric cancer. Gut 58: 127–143.
- 8. Lamb P, Crawford L (1986) Characterization of the human p53 gene. Mol Cell Biol 6: 1379–1385.
- 9. Vousden KH, Prives C (2009) Blinded by the Light: The Growing Complexity of p53. Cell 137: 413–431.
- 10. Tewari M, Krishnamurthy A, Shukla HS (2008) Predictive markers of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Surg Oncol 17: 301–311.
- 11. Lowe SW, Bodis S, McClatchey A, Remington L, Ruley HE, et al. (1994) p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 266: 807–810.
- 12. Lowe SW, Ruley HE, Jacks T, Housman DE (1993) p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74: 957–967.
- 13. Weller M (1998) Predicting response to cancer chemotherapy: the role of p53. Cell Tissue Res 292: 435–445.
- 14. Fareed KR, Al-Attar A, Soomro IN, Kaye PV, Patel J, et al. (2010) Tumour regression and ERCC1 nuclear protein expression predict clinical outcome in patients with gastro-oesophageal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 102: 1600–1607.
- 15. Ott K, Vogelsang H, Mueller J, Becker K, Muller M, et al. (2003) Chromosomal instability rather than p53 mutation is associated with response to neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 9: 2307–2315.
- 16. Bataille F, Rummele P, Dietmaier W, Gaag D, Klebl F, et al. (2003) Alterations in p53 predict response to preoperative high dose chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Mol Pathol 56: 286–292.
- 17. Boku N, Ohtsu A, Yoshida S, Shirao K, Shimada Y, et al. (2007) Significance of biological markers for predicting prognosis and selecting chemotherapy regimens of advanced gastric cancer patients between continuous infusion of 5-FU and a combination of 5-FU and cisplatin. Jpn J Clin Oncol 37: 275–281.
- 18. Nagashima F, Boku N, Ohtsu A, Yoshida S, Hasebe T, et al. (2005) Biological markers as a predictor for response and prognosis of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with irinotecan and cisplatin. Jpn J Clin Oncol 35: 714–719.
- 19. Yeh KH, Shun CT, Chen CL, Lin JT, Lee WJ, et al. (1999) Overexpression of p53 is not associated with drug resistance of gastric cancers to 5-fluorouracil-based systemic chemotherapy. Hepatogastroenterology 46: 610–615.
- 20. Chen MB, Zhu YQ, Xu JY, Wang LQ, Liu CY, et al. (2012) Value of TP53 status for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 7: e39655.
- 21. Pakos EE, Kyzas PA, Ioannidis JP (2004) Prognostic significance of TP53 tumor suppressor gene expression and mutations in human osteosarcoma: a meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res 10: 6208–6214.
- 22.
Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer. Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma - 1nd English Edition 1st English ed Tokyo: Kanehara 1995,
- 23.
Japanese Research Society of Gastric Cancer. Japanese classificatication of gastric carcinoma, 1st English ed, p 101–104 Tokyo: Kanehara Shuppan 1999,
- 24. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, et al. (2000) New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 205–216.
- 25.
WHO: WHO Handbook for Reporting Results of Cancer Treatment, WHO Offset Publication No 48, Geneva:WHO 1979.
- 26. Kamoshida S, Suzuki M, Shimomura R, Sakurai Y, Komori Y, et al. (2007) Immunostaining of thymidylate synthase and p53 for predicting chemoresistance to S-1/cisplatin in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 96: 277–283.
- 27. Sirak I, Petera J, Hatlova J, Vosmik M, Melichar B, et al. (2009) Expression of p53, p21 and p16 does not correlate with response to preoperative chemoradiation in gastric carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 56: 1213–1218.
- 28. Cascinu S, Graziano F, Del Ferro E, Staccioli MP, Ligi M, et al. (1998) Expression of p53 protein and resistance to preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer 83: 1917–1922.
- 29. Boku N, Chin K, Hosokawa K, Ohtsu A, Tajiri H, et al. (1998) Biological markers as a predictor for response and prognosis of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and cis-platinum. Clin Cancer Res 4: 1469–1474.
- 30. Kikuyama S, Inada T, Shimizu K, Miyakita M, Ogata Y (2001) p53, bcl-2 and thymidine phosphorylase as predictive markers of chemotherapy in patients with advanced and recurrent gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 21: 2149–2153.
- 31. Giatromanolaki A, Stathopoulos GP, Koukourakis MI, Rigatos S, Vrettou E, et al. (2001) Angiogenesis and apoptosis-related protein (p53, bcl-2, and bax) expression versus response of gastric adenocarcinomas to paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 24: 222–226.
- 32. Qu JJ, Shi YR, Hao FY (2013) Clinical study of the predictors to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 16: 276–280.
- 33. Nakata B, Chung KH, Ogawa M, Ogawa Y, Yanagawa K, et al. (1998) p53 protein overexpression as a predictor of the response to chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Surg Today 28: 595–598.
- 34. Japanese Gastric Cancer A (1998) Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma - 2nd English Edition. Gastric Cancer 1: 10–24.