Figures
Abstract
Introduction
The present data on the evaluation of platelet (PLT) parameters in Chinese Han population and Tibetans are still limited. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in common PLT indices between Han population and Tibetans in China, through a large-scale investigation of healthy people.
Methods
2131 Han people from Chengdu Plain, 1099 Tibetans from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and 956 Plateau Han migrants were included in this study. All the subjects were healthy people through the health screening. PLT indices were measured with Sysmex XE-2100 and XT-1800i blood cell automatic analyzer.
Results
Compared with Han people in Chendu Plain, Tibetans had higher PLT count (P<0.01) but lower mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR) (P<0.01); while Plateau Han migrants had lower PLT count, MPV and P-LCR (P<0.05). When compared with Tibetans, Plateau Han migrants had lower levels of mean PLT count but higher PDW and P-LCR (P<0.05).
Conclusions
There are ethnic differences in PLT indices between Chinese Han population and Tibetans. Based on this finding, it would be reasonable to conduct formal prospective studies to determine the clinical significance of these differences and to explore the effects of genetic background on these indices.
Citation: Niu Q, Zhang R, Zhao M, Zeng S, Huang X, Jiang H, et al. (2013) Differences in Platelet Indices between Healthy Han Population and Tibetans in China. PLoS ONE 8(6): e67203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067203
Editor: John W. Glod, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, United States of America
Received: December 15, 2012; Accepted: May 15, 2013; Published: June 24, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Niu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province of China (Grant No. 2009SZ0157)(http://www.scst.gov.cn/info/), and the Science and Technology Project of Chengdu Government of Sichuan (Grant No. 12PPYB064SF-002)(http://www.cdst.gov.cn/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Chinese Tibetans have lived in a very high altitude (mean 4500 m) and hypoxic environment at the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for thousands of years. They thus have a suite of distinctive physiological traits that enable them to tolerate the extreme environment, such as decreased arterial oxygen content [1] and limited increased red blood cell (RBC) counts and hemoglobin concentration [2]. However, there are still some other physiological changes in Tibetans, which have not been reported.
Platelets (PLTs) are well known to play an important role in hemostasis and blood coagulation. Once defects happen in amount and/or function of PLTs, the risk of bleeding will increase [3]. Clinical monitoring of PLT amount and activity mainly rely on the determination of PLT indices including PLT count, Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR), among which PLT count is the most common and important parameter. However, MPV, PDW and P-LCR always tend to be neglected in the clinical application. In fact, these indices, especially MPV and PDW, are reported to correlate with platelet function and may be more sensitive indices than platelet count as markers of clinical interest in various disorders, including some cardio- and cerobro-vascular diseases [4∼6].
Chronic hypoxia is demonstrated as a risk factor of multiple cardio- and cerobro-vascular disorders, such as congestive heart failure [7] and stroke [8]. Meanwhile, high altitude has been observed to a hypercoagulable state, thus predisposing to thromboembolic events [9]. However, it’s interesting that there are no evidences showing higher prevalence of vascular disease in Chinese Tibetans than people living at low altitude. Even, stroke incidence rate was lower in Tibetans in Lhasa than Han people there and in other parts of China [10]. All these suggest that some certain physiological factors may be involved in the un-increased incidences of those vascular diseases. In view of the important role of PLT in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, we want to determine if there are differences in PLT indices between Chinese Tibetans and Han population.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese Human Genome and the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Participants
2131 Han people from Chengdu Plain, 1099 Tibetans from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and 956 Plateau Han migrants were included in this study. All volunteers have lived in their residence for more than 3 years. Every subject underwent an interview with a physician using a life-health questionnaire and a physical examination form.
Exclusion criteria included body mass index (BMI) ≥28, high blood pressure (systolic number≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic number≥90 mmHg), alcohol assumption>30/g, tobacco use>20 cigarettes, drugs intake within 2 weeks, surgery within 6 months, blood donor or transfusion within 4 months, pregnancy, less than 1 year after childbirth, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, diabetes, atherosclerosis and vascular disease, cardiopathy, chronic nephropathy, hepatobiliary disease, allergic diseases, hematological disease, myopathy, autoimmune disease, burns and muscle trauma, the presence of acute and chronic infection, plasma fasting glucose>7.0 mmol/L, serum creatinine>120 µmol/L, serum creatine kinase>400 U/L, positive hepatitis B surface antigen, positive anti-hepatitis C virus antibody, positive anti- immunodeficiency virus antibody and positive urinalysis.
After strict screening, a total of 4186 blood samples were obtained. Samples were collected in West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Hospital of Chengdu Office, People's autonomous Government of Tibetan from October 2011 to May 2012. Demographic features of all participants were provided in Table 1.
Methods
Blood samples.
For all participants, a 2-ml fasting blood sample was drawn into a BD Vacutainer tube with EDTA-K2 anticoagulant at 8∶00–9∶00 a.m. Complete blood Counts (CBC) were all completed within 30 minutes after blood drawing.
Instruments.
XE-2100 blood cell automatic analyzer in West China Hospital and XT-1800i blood cell automatic analyzer in hospital of Chengdu Office, People's autonomous Government of Tibetan were all purchased from Sysmex, Japan.
Standardization and assurance of quality control.
Before and after samples testing, three levels of controls (e-CHECK for XE and e-CHECK for XT were purchased from Sysmex, Japan) were performed. Clinical laboratories of two hospitals regularly participated in proficiency test (PT) of Chinese Ministry of Health, and laboratory of West China Hospital has gained accreditation from the College of American Pathologist.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software (Chicago, IL). ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls were performed to detect the difference among groups. Spearman's correlation was used as a test of correlation between two continuous variables. P Values less than 0.05 were considered significant. 95% confidence interval (CI) of each parameter was expressed by calculating the 2.5th–97.5th percentile.
Results
Basic Characteristics of All Subjects
There were no significant differences in either age or gender among the three groups of subjects (Table 1).
Analysis of PLT Indices
As shown in Fig. 1A∼D, among three groups, Tibetans in Plateau had the highest mean PLT count and the lowest MPV, PDW and P-LCR (P<0.01). When compared with Plateau Han migrants, mean PLT count, MPV and P-LCR of Han people in plain was significantly higher (P<0.05), while there was no obvious difference of PDW between these two groups (P>0.05). Specific data and 95% CIs see Table 2.
A: Analysis of the mean PLT count; B: Analysis of MPV; C: Analysis of PDW; D: Analysis of P-LCR.
Correlation Analysis
As shown in Fig. 2, the PLT count was negatively correlated with MPV (r = −0.523, P<0.001, Fig. 2A), and PDW (r = −0.539, P<0.001, Fig. 2B) as well as P-LCR (r = −0.501, P<0.001, Fig. 2C). While MPV were positively correlated with either PDW (r = 0.946, P<0.001, Fig. 2D) or P-LCR (r = 0.990, P<0.001, Fig. 2E). As well, PDW was positively correlated with P-LCR (r = 0.929, P<0.001, Fig. 2F).
A: The PLT count was negatively correlated with MPV (r = −0.523, P<0.001); B: The PLT count was negatively correlated with PDW (r = −0.539, P<0.001); C: The PLT count was negatively correlated with P-LCR (r = −0.501, P<0.001); D: MPV was positively correlated with PDW (r = 0.946, P<0.001); E: MPV was positively correlated with P-LCR (r = 0.990, P<0.001); F: PDW was positively correlated with P-LCR (r = 0.929, P<0.001).
Discussion
Although a various of studies allowed researchers to realize the distinctive physiological traits of Tibetans in China, the physiological changes of PLT indices in Tibetans are still unknown. Our results demonstrated that there were ethnic differences in PLT indices between healthy Chinese Tibetans and Han population. Tibetans in Plateau had higher mean PLT count but lower MPV, PDW and P-LCR as compared with either Han population in Chengdu Plain or Plateau Han migrants.
Several studies have independently demonstrated that high-altitude hypoxia exposure had great impact on the generation or function of not only red blood cells (RBCs) but also platelets in the blood [11]. According to the reports, although short-term hypoxia exposure increased levels of a number of haematological parameters including PLT number [12], long-term hypoxia and high-altitude exposure could obviously decrease the PLT count, due to the enhancement of the activation and consumption of PLTs [11]. Relatively lower PLT concentration can reduce blood viscosity to a certain extent and thus is good for microcirculation perfusion [13]. This is important for Tibetans to adapt to the extreme hypoxia environment at high-altitude. Our results verified that the mean PLT count of Han people moved to the Plateau decreased significantly when compared to Han population living in the Plain, suggesting again that high-altitude exposure could reduce the PLT number.
However, it was interesting to find that Tibetans living in Plateau had a higher mean PLT count than that of Han people in Plain, which was not be consistent with the previous studies. Then we compared the 95% confidence interval (CI) of PLT count in this study with the reference range of PLT count in Chinese healthy adults,and results indicated that the mean PLT number of Han people living in Chengdu Plain [(83∼268)×109/L] was lower than that of national average level [(125∼325)×109/L] (Data was released by Chinese Ministry of Health). Decrease of mean PLT number of Han people in Plain made the PLT count of Tibetans seems to be higher. But, the reasons why Han people in Chengdu Plain had lower PLT number are still unclear, and exploring the specific mechanisms on the basis of environments and genetics is our next work.
MPV is a simple indicator of platelet size and has been known to be a marker of platelet activation. According to recent studies, MPV is considered a link between inflammation and thrombosis in multiple cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders including stroke, peripheral artery disease, and coronary heart disease [14∼16]. In our study, MPV of Tibetans was obviously lower than that of both Han people in Plain and Plateau Han migrants, which could be the reason why Tibetans did not live with high prevalence of vascular disease.
PDW is an index reflecting the heterogeneity of platelets, while P-LCR is the proportion of large platelets. Generally, the more large platelets exist in blood, the higher MPV and PDW are [17]. Our results indicated that Chinese Tibetans had lower P-LCR and PDW, which were in accord with the change of MPV. The correlation analysis verified that MPV and PDW, MPV and P-LCR, PDW and P-LCR were positively correlated, respectively. While, these three parameters were all negatively correlated with PLT count, suggesting the reciprocal relationship between PLT count and other PLT indices.
There were also differences in the PLT indices between Han people in Plain and Plateau Han migrants in this study, although these two group subjects had the same genetic background. Results suggested the remarkable impact of environment on PLT indices.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first report to explore the ethnic differences in PLT indices between healthy Chinese Tibetans and Han population in so large-scale. The model of PLT indices in Tibetans was higher PLT count accompanied by lower MPV, PDW, and P-LCR, which was possibly the result of their adaption to the extreme environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The PLT count of Han people living in Chengdu Plain was lower than Chinese mean level, and this phenomenon was worth further research. Genetic and environment were two main factors causing physiological variations, therefore,unique reference ranges of some routine inspection items should be established for people of different ethnic groups or in different regions.
Acknowledgments
We thank the patients for donation of samples to the study, as well as the hospital staff who made this study possible. We also thank Mao Zhi-gang for helping process patient samples. We are very grateful to Dr. B. Wu for critical reading of the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: QN HJ. Performed the experiments: QN RKZ SGZ. Analyzed the data: QN MZ XBH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MZ HJ YFA. Wrote the paper: QN HJ. Sample Collection: RKZ XBH LWZ.
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