Figures
Abstract
Background
Airway eosinophilia is a predictor of steroid responsiveness in steroid-naïve asthma. However, the relationship between airway eosinophilia and the expression of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), a glucocorticoid receptor co-chaperone that plays a role in steroid insensitivity in asthma, remains unknown.
Objective
To evaluate the relationship between eosinophilic inflammation and FKBP51 expression in sputum cells in asthma.
Methods
The FKBP51 mRNA levels in sputum cells from steroid-naïve patients with asthma (n = 31) and stable asthmatic patients on inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (n = 28) were cross-sectionally examined using real-time PCR. Associations between FKBP51 levels and clinical indices were analyzed.
Results
In steroid-naïve patients, the FKBP51 levels were negatively correlated with eosinophil proportions in blood (r = −0.52) and sputum (r = −0.57), and exhaled nitric oxide levels (r = −0.42) (all p<0.05). No such associations were observed in patients on ICS. In steroid-naïve patients, improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second after ICS initiation was correlated with baseline eosinophil proportions in blood (r = 0.74) and sputum (r = 0.76) and negatively correlated with FKBP51 levels (r = −0.73) (all p<0.0001) (n = 20). Lastly, the FKBP51 levels were the lowest in steroid-naïve asthmatic patients, followed by mild to moderate persistent asthmatic patients on ICS, and the highest in severe persistent asthmatic patients on ICS (p<0.0001).
Citation: Tajiri T, Matsumoto H, Niimi A, Ito I, Oguma T, Nakaji H, et al. (2013) Association of Eosinophilic Inflammation with FKBP51 Expression in Sputum Cells in Asthma. PLoS ONE 8(6): e65284. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065284
Editor: Heinz Fehrenbach, Research Center Borstel, Germany
Received: January 28, 2013; Accepted: April 24, 2013; Published: June 6, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Tajiri et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which eosinophils, Th2 cells, and Th2-type cytokines play a role [1]. Glucocorticosteroid (GC), an established key treatment in asthma, efficiently reduces cytokine production and induces apoptosis of eosinophils [2] and Th2 cells via GC receptor α (GRα). Thus, eosinophilia in asthma is responsive to GC; steroid-naïve asthmatic patients with blood [3], [4] or sputum [3], [5] eosinophilia show greater improvement in lung function after GC treatment than patients without eosinophilia.
FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a co-chaperone of GR and is expressed in various tissues and cell types [6]. FKBP51 is induced by the auto-regulatory process of GC-activated GR [7], modulates GRα activity, and plays a role in GC insensitivity, which may be a homeostatic reaction for regulating the effects of GC, similar to the reduction in GR number following GC treatment [8]. In steroid-naïve patients with asthma, lower expression of FKBP51 mRNA in airway epithelial cells [9] and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [10] is correlated with greater improvement in lung function after GC treatment, suggesting that low expression of FKBP51 may be a mechanism underlying the GC sensitivity. However, a potential association between FKBP51 expression and airway inflammatory cells, in particular eosinophils, has not been reported.
In this study, we examined FKBP51 expression in induced sputum cells in patients with asthma to test the hypothesis that the level of FKBP51 expression is down-regulated in eosinophilic inflammation in steroid-naïve asthma, and that this down-regulation disappears in patients on inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment.
Patients and Methods
Patients
Newly referred steroid-naïve patients with asthma and stable patients with asthma who were treated with ICS at the Asthma Clinic in the Kyoto University Hospital were enrolled. Asthma was defined according to the American Thoracic Society criteria [11]. The asthmatic patients on ICS were stable, and they had been free of exacerbations for 4 weeks or more. Patients who had smoked within the previous 6 months or who had failed sputum induction were excluded. The disease severity of asthma on ICS was classified into four categories: intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, and severe persistent, according to the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines, as revised in 2002 [12], after determining the minimum medication necessary to maintain control.
Healthy participants who had not smoked within the previous 6 months were recruited from our hospital staff.
The study protocol (UMIN000005106) was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyoto University, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Methods
In this study, patients with asthma cross-sectionally underwent the following examination: fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels, pulmonary function test, sputum induction, and blood test. In steroid-naïve patients with asthma, a follow-up pulmonary function test was also performed after they were treated with the minimum ICS dose needed to maintain control.
Peripheral blood was obtained from healthy controls, and eosinophils were purified as described below.
Measurement of FeNO Levels
FeNO levels at an expiratory flow rate of 50 ml/s were measured with a chemiluminescence analyzer (NOA 280; Sievers, Boulder, Colorado, USA) [13] according to current guidelines [14].
Pulmonary Function Test
After FeNO measurements, pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was measured using a Chest Graph HI-701 spirometer (Chest, Tokyo, Japan). Spirometry was performed according to the standards of the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society [15]. For steroid-naïve patients with asthma, follow-up FEV1 was also measured. Changes in FEV1 were calculated as 100 × (FEV1 at the 2nd measurement − FEV1 at baseline)/FEV1 at baseline.
Sputum Induction, RNA Isolation from Sputum Cells, Real-time PCR, and Immunostaining for FKBP51 Expression in Sputum Cells
Sputum induction and processing were performed as described previously [16]. Adequate plugs of sputum were separated from saliva, stored at 4°C, and processed within 2 hours. The sputum plugs were treated with 0.1% dithiothreitol (Sputasol, Oxoid Ltd., Hampshire, UK) followed by Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After centrifugation, supernatants were removed, and cell pellets were re-suspended in PBS. Sputum cells were mounted on slides by cytocentrifugation, air-dried, and fixed in acetone/methanol (75∶25). Cell differentials were determined by counting at least 400 non-squamous cells on a slide that was stained with the May-Grünwald-Giemsa method. The remaining slides were stored at −20°C and used for immunostaining as described below.
Total RNA was extracted from the remaining cells using an RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Osaka, Japan). cDNA was synthesized, and real-time PCR was performed using the ABI Prism 7300 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Tokyo, Japan) with SYBR green (Qiagen). The relative quantity of FKBP51 mRNA expression levels was normalized to the mRNA expression levels of β2 microglobulin (β2MG) in the same sample. The specific primer sets used were forward 5′-CCAAAGCTGTTGAATGCTGTGA-3′ and reverse 5′-CAAACTCGTTCATGAGCAGCTG-3′ for FKBP51, and forward 5′-TGTCTTTCAGCAAGGACTGGTC-3′ and reverse 5′-CAAACCTCCATGATGCTGC-3′ for β2MG [17].
We also evaluated FKBP51 protein expression with immunocytochemistry in sputum cells. For double immunostaining, previously prepared samples on the slides were first blocked with CAS Block (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, California, USA) and then incubated with either rabbit anti-human FKBP51 (4 µg/ml) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, California, USA) or rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at the same concentration, and either mouse anti-human major basic protein (MBP; Chemicon, Temecula, California, USA) or mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan). After rinsing in PBS, samples were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen). Samples were viewed with a fluorescence microscope. Positive staining was green for the FKBP51 antigen and red for the MBP antigen.
Purification of Blood Eosinophils, Real-time PCR, and Immunostaining for FKBP51 Expression in Purified Blood Cells
Peripheral blood was obtained from healthy controls, and FKBP51 mRNA expression in purified eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells [18] was examined. Briefly, granulocytes were isolated from mononuclear cells by sedimentation with 2% dextran, followed by centrifugation on 1.103 and 1.085 Percoll (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) density gradients as modified from previous reports [18], [19]. After lysis of red blood cells with 0.2% and 1.6% saline, eosinophils and neutrophils were purified by negative and positive selection, respectively, using anti-CD16 immunomagnetic beads and the mini-MACS system (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergish Gladbach, Germany).
Total RNA was extracted from individual pools of purified eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells, and the levels of FKBP51 mRNA expression normalized to β2MG were determined as described above.
We also evaluated FKBP51 protein expression with immunocytochemistry in individual pools of purified eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells. Purified blood cells were smeared on slides, air-dried, fixed in acetone/methanol (75∶25), and immunostained as described above.
RNA Quality Assessment
RNA quality was determined using the Experion Automated Electrophoresis System (BIO-RAD, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA integrity was expressed as the RNA quality indicator (RQI), which ranged from 1 (degraded) to 10 (intact) [20]. Samples were categorized as having poor RNA integrity if 1≤ RQI ≤4, as having moderate RNA integrity if 4< RQI ≤7, and as having high RNA integrity if 7< RQI ≤10, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Statistical Analysis
JMP system version 6 (SAS Institute Japan; Tokyo, Japan) was used. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD or median (range). Eosinophil proportions in blood and sputum, FKBP51 mRNA levels normalized to β2MG in sputum cells, ICS doses, and changes in FEV1 were log-transformed to achieve normal distributions. For parametric data, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationships among the data, and unpaired t-test was used to compare two groups. For comparison of three groups, the chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis test, or analysis of variance was used, where appropriate. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Patient Characteristics
The patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. A total of six patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma and 22 patients with severe persistent asthma were included in the group of asthmatic patients on ICS. Severe persistent asthmatics on ICS showed the longest disease duration and the lowest FEV1 among the three patient groups (Table 1). Sputum and blood eosinophil proportions did not differ among the three groups. One steroid-naïve patient with asthma was unable to undergo FeNO measurement because of time constraints. The average RQI of our sputum samples was 8.5±1.9. The RQI was independent of the cell type; no association was found between RQI and proportion of cell type (neutrophils (r = −0.06, p = 0.67), mononuclear cells (r = 0.15, p = 0.29), or eosinophils (r = 0.09, p = 0.54)).
FKBP51 Expression in Induced Sputum Cells from Steroid-naïve Asthmatic Patients
The level of FKBP51 expression in induced sputum cells in steroid-naïve patients with asthma was significantly lower than that in patients on ICS (p<0.0001) (Fig. 1). In steroid-naïve patients with asthma, FKBP51 expression was significantly inversely correlated with eosinophil proportions in blood (r = −0.52, p = 0.003) and sputum (r = −0.57, p = 0.0008) (Fig. 2a, b), and with FeNO levels (r = −0.42, p = 0.019) (Fig. 2c). The significant correlation between FKBP51 expression and sputum eosinophil proportions remained even after the right most and lowest outlier in Fig. 2b was excluded from the analysis (r = −0.45, p = 0.013). When using a second order regression equation for FKBP51 expression levels and sputum eosinophil proportions in steroid-naïve patients with asthma, FKBP51 expression in a sputum non-eosinophil cell (i.e., neutrophil, mononuclear cell, or lymphocyte) was estimated to be 6.1 times higher than that in a sputum eosinophil. We applied 100 to “sputum eosinophil proportion” in the equation of “log10 FKBP51 (expression normalized to β2MG) = 0.948 − 0.246 × (log10 sputum eosinophil proportion) − 0.101 × (log10 sputum eosinophil proportion − 0.246)2″ to estimate FKBP51 expression in a sputum eosinophil, whereas 0.01 was used to estimate FKBP51 expression in a non-eosinophil cell.
FKBP51 mRNA levels normalized to β2 microglobulin mRNA levels in induced sputum cells became progressively higher from steroid-naïve asthmatic patients (naïve, n = 31), to mild to moderate asthmatic patients on inhaled corticosteroid (mild to moderate, n = 6), and then to severe persistent asthmatic patients on inhaled corticosteroid (severe, n = 22) (p<0.0001 by the Kruskal-Wallis test). *Significant by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Values and bars represent means.
Associations between FKBP51 mRNA levels normalized to β2 microglobulin mRNA levels and a) blood and b) sputum eosinophil proportions (n = 31 each) and c) exhaled nitric oxide levels (n = 30) in steroid-naïve patients with asthma.
FEV1 (% predicted) was significantly negatively correlated with eosinophil proportions in blood (r = −0.47, p = 0.008) (Fig. 3a) and sputum (r = −0.49, p = 0.006) (Fig. 3b), and was positively correlated with FKBP51 expression (r = 0.60, p = 0.0004) (Fig. 3c). The significant correlation between FKBP51 expression and FEV1 (% predicted) remained after the left most outlier in Fig. 3c was excluded from the analysis (r = 0.44, p = 0.015). No significant associations were seen between FKBP51 expression and sputum neutrophil or lymphocyte proportions or other clinical indices including sex, age, smoking history, disease duration, and atopic status (data not shown). Epithelial cell counts were too low for analysis (0.3±0.5%).
Associations between pretreatment FEV1 (% predicted) and a) blood and b) sputum eosinophil proportions and c) FKBP51 mRNA levels normalized to β2 microglobulin mRNA levels in induced sputum cells in steroid-naïve patients with asthma (n = 31). Abbreviation: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second.
A total of 20 steroid-naïve asthmatic patients were followed up at our hospital. They underwent a 2nd pulmonary function test 11.4±3.8 months later when they were on minimum ICS doses to maintain control (399±241 µg daily equivalent to fluticasone propionate). Changes in FEV1 (24.7±73.7%) from baseline to the 2nd measurement were significantly positively correlated with baseline eosinophil proportions in blood (r = 0.74, p<0.0001) (Fig. 4a) and sputum (r = 0.76, p<0.0001) (Fig. 4b), and were negatively correlated with FKBP51 expression (r = −0.73, p<0.0001) (Fig. 4c). We did not observe any differences in sex, age, baseline FEV1 (% predicted), eosinophil proportions in blood and sputum, or FKBP51 mRNA levels between the 20 patients and the 11 patients who were lost to follow-up.
Associations between changes in FEV1 after ICS initiation and pretreatment a) blood and b) sputum eosinophil proportions and c) FKBP51 mRNA levels normalized to β2 microglobulin mRNA levels in steroid-naïve patients with asthma (n = 20). Abbreviation: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid.
Using immunocytochemistry, we observed that FKBP51 expression was qualitatively weaker in sputum eosinophils than in sputum neutrophils and mononuclear cells in steroid-naïve asthmatic patients (Fig. 5, cases 1,2).
Case 1 (68-year-old male) and case 2 (72-year-old female) were steroid-naïve patients. Case 3 (79-year-old male) and case 4 (55-year-old female) were patients with severe persistent asthma on high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. Column A: staining with anti-FKBP51 antibody, column B: merged image of staining with anti-major basic protein antibody (MBP) and anti-FKBP51 antibody. Red indicates MBP, and green indicates FKBP51.
FKBP51 Expression in Induced Sputum Cells in Asthmatic Patients on ICS
In asthmatic patients on ICS, the level of FKBP51 expression in patients with severe persistent asthma (n = 22) was significantly higher than that in patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma (n = 6) (p = 0.033) (Fig. 1). ICS doses were not significantly positively correlated with FKBP51 expression (r = 0.28, p = 0.15) (n = 28).
In contrast to steroid-naïve patients with asthma, no significant associations were observed between FKBP51 expression and eosinophil proportions in blood (r = 0.27, p = 0.17) and sputum (r = 0.28, p = 0.15) or FeNO levels (r = 0.23, p = 0.23) in stable asthmatic patients on ICS. Associations were also not observed between FKBP51 expression and sputum neutrophil or lymphocyte proportions, FEV1 (% predicted), or other clinical indices (data not shown). Epithelial cell counts were too low for analysis (0.4±0.7%).
In asthmatic patients on ICS, immunostaining for FKBP51 in sputum eosinophils, particularly in the nucleus, was comparable to or stronger than that in neutrophils and mononuclear cells in severe persistent asthmatic patients on ICS (Fig. 5, cases 3, 4).
FKBP51 mRNA and Protein Expression in Purified Blood Eosinophils and Non-eosinophils
Eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells were purified from the peripheral blood of 11 healthy controls (6 males and 5 females, 34.7±4.3 years old). The FKBP51 mRNA levels in purified mononuclear cells were significantly higher than those in purified eosinophils, but not different from those in purified neutrophils. When neutrophils and mononuclear cells were analyzed together as non-eosinophils, FKBP51 mRNA levels in non-eosinophils were 6.0±13.8 fold higher than those in eosinophils (p = 0.026).
Immunostaining for FKBP51 in purified eosinophils was also weaker than that in neutrophils or mononuclear cells (Fig. 6).
Case 1 (46-year-old female), case 2 (36-year-old female), case 3 (35-year-old male). Column A: staining with anti-FKBP51 antibody, column B: merged image of staining with anti-major basic protein antibody (MBP) and anti-FKBP51 antibody. Red indicates MBP, and green indicates FKBP51.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that clarifies the associations between the level of FKBP51 mRNA expression in induced sputum cells and clinical indices in patients with asthma, in particular, patients with eosinophilic inflammation. We showed that the level of FKBP51 expression in induced sputum cells 1) was significantly inversely correlated with eosinophilic inflammation and positively correlated with improvement in FEV1 with ICS treatment in steroid-naïve patients with asthma and 2) became progressively higher from steroid-naïve asthmatic patients, to mild to moderate persistent asthmatic patients on ICS, and then to severe persistent asthmatic patients on ICS. No correlation of eosinophilic inflammation to FKBP51 expression in induced sputum cells was observed in patients on ICS.
FKBP51 is a co-chaperone of GR. It was originally discovered as a member of the progesterone receptor complex [21] and was then described in 1999 as playing a major role in steroid resistance in squirrel monkeys with high circulating levels of GC [22], [23]. In previous studies using cultured squirrel monkey lymphocytes and human lymphocytes, FKBP51 mRNA was induced by GC [24], and its overexpression was thought to inhibit GRα signaling by reducing the binding affinity of GC to GRα [22], [25], impairing nuclear translocation of GRα [26] and promoting nuclear translocation of GRβ [27].
In steroid-naïve asthmatic patients, the level of FKBP51 expression in induced sputum cells was inversely correlated with the proportions of blood and sputum eosinophils, suggesting that the level of FKBP51 expression in eosinophilic inflammation was lower than that in non-eosinophilic inflammation under steroid-naïve conditions. Lower FKBP51 expression in eosinophilic airway inflammation may be advantageous for GC signaling via GRα and may accelerate eosinophil apoptosis [2], [28]. In an earlier report, lower baseline FEV1 in patients with eosinophilic inflammation was a strong predictor of GC responsiveness [4]. In our study, eosinophilic inflammation and lower FKBP51 expression were associated with lower baseline FEV1 (% predicted) and greater improvement in FEV1 after ICS treatment. Collectively, lower FKBP51 may be one of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between eosinophilia with lower baseline FEV1 and GC responsiveness in steroid-naïve asthmatic patients.
The current findings imply that the level of FKBP51 expression in sputum eosinophils may be lower than that in sputum neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Indeed, immunostaining of sputum cells revealed a weaker FKBP51 expression in eosinophils than that in neutrophils and mononuclear cells in steroid-naïve asthmatic patients. To confirm these findings, we purified eosinophils from neutrophils and mononuclear cells using blood samples obtained from healthy controls because purification of sputum eosinophils by separation from non-eosinophils was technically difficult. Using purified blood cells, we first observed that FKBP51 expression in eosinophils was significantly lower than that in non-eosinophils. Moreover, the ratio of FKBP51 expression in eosinophils to FKBP51 expression in non-eosinophils in blood was comparable to the estimated ratio in sputum cells. Taken altogether, the findings in blood cells may support the findings that lower FKBP51 expression in sputum cells reflects eosinophilic inflammation in steroid-naïve patients with asthma. Nonetheless, for the differences in FKBP51 expression levels between sputum cells from steroid naïve patients and those from patients on ICS, which is mentioned below, we should consider the possibility that these differences may reflect a mean change between the patient groups studied and not simply reflect changes at the cellular level because we did not purify sputum cell populations in this study.
In contrast to the steroid-naïve group, negative associations between FKBP51 expression and eosinophilic inflammation were not observed in patients with asthma who were treated with ICS. The level of FKBP51 expression in severe persistent asthmatics on ICS was significantly higher than that in mild to moderate persistent asthmatics on ICS and in steroid-naïve patients. The highest expression of FKBP51 in our patients with severe persistent asthma on ICS is consistent with the findings in earlier reports that high expression of FKBP51 in steroid-naïve conditions is associated with insensitivity to GC treatment [9], [10] and reduced GC-mediated inhibition of interleukin-13 signaling [7]. Meanwhile, the treatment conditions in our study and in earlier studies were different, and the high level of FKBP51 in severe persistent asthmatic patients on ICS in our study is thought to be mostly induced by high doses of ICS. Despite this, overexpression of FKBP51 may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe persistent asthmatic patients, including steroid insensitivity.
Our study has several limitations. First, we did not examine the level of FKBP51 expression and its function in purified eosinophils and other cells in sputum. This was because sputum eosinophil samples (8.9±17.0%) (n = 59) were contaminated with other cell types; neutrophils (63.3±22.6%), mononuclear cells (25.8±20.3%), lymphocytes (1.8±1.6%), and epithelial cells (0.4±0.6%), and purification of sputum eosinophils by separation from non-eosinophils was technically difficult. Instead, we performed double immunostaining for sputum cells and examined FKBP51 expression in blood eosinophils and neutrophils or mononuclear cells. Second, FKBP51 expression levels in severe persistent asthmatics in the steroid-naïve condition are unknown because reducing ICS to examine changes in FKBP51 expression in severe persistent asthmatics is ethically difficult. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size is needed to determine the FKBP51 expression levels in severe persistent asthmatics in the steroid-naïve condition. In addition, we need to examine the actual FKBP51 function in response to GC, including the acceleration of nuclear translocation of GRβ in sputum cells. This may be achieved by knocking down FKBP51 expression using siRNA in sputum cells such as sputum-derived macrophages [29]. One strong point of our study is that we validated the quality of the RNA that was extracted from induced sputum cells. Immediate processing of sputum samples (within 2 hours) may have resulted in the satisfactory results in RNA quality.
In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that lower FKBP51 expression in induced sputum cells may reflect eosinophilic inflammation and may underlie the mechanism of GC sensitivity in eosinophilic inflammation in the steroid-naïve condition. Longitudinal studies are necessary to further clarify the clinical significance of overexpression of FKBP51 in patients on steroids.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Drs. Kohei Yamashita and Yoko Nishinaka at the Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University for advice on granulocyte purification, and to Ms. Aya Inazumi and Ms. Yuko Maeda for their technical support.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HM. Performed the experiments: TT HM AN II TO HN HI TI TN YK GP. Analyzed the data: TT HM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TT HM. Wrote the paper: TT HM. Supervised the study: MM.
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