Figures
Abstract
Many published studies reflect the growing application of complementary and alternative medicine, particularly Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) use in combination with conventional cancer therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its efficacy remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of CHM combined with conventional chemotherapy (CT) in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Publications in 11 electronic databases were extensively searched, and 24 trials were included for analysis. A sum of 2,109 patients was enrolled in these studies, at which 1,064 patients participated in CT combined CHM and 1,039 in CT (six patients dropped out and were not reported the group enrolled). Compared to using CT alone, CHM combined with CT significantly increase one-year survival rate (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15–1.60, p = 0.0003). Besides, the combined therapy significantly increased immediate tumor response (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19–1.56, p<1.0E−5) and improved Karnofsky performance score (KPS) (RR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.62–5.18, p = 0.0003). Combined therapy remarkably reduced the nausea and vomiting at toxicity grade of III–IV (RR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.12–0.50, p = 0.0001) and prevented the decline of hemoglobin and platelet in patients under CT at toxicity grade of I–IV (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.51–0.80, p<0.0001). Moreover, the herbs that are frequently used in NSCLC patients were identified. This systematic review suggests that CHM as an adjuvant therapy can reduce CT toxicity, prolong survival rate, enhance immediate tumor response, and improve KPS in advanced NSCLC patients. However, due to the lack of large-scale randomized clinical trials in the included studies, further larger scale trials are needed.
Citation: Li SG, Chen HY, Ou-Yang CS, Wang X-X, Yang Z-J, Tong Y, et al. (2013) The Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Medicine as an Adjunctive Therapy for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057604
Editor: John D. Minna, Univesity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, United States of America
Received: November 7, 2012; Accepted: January 22, 2013; Published: February 28, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: William Cho is a PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In 2012, it is estimated that 160,300 deaths (87,700 in men, 72,600 in women) from lung cancer would occur in the United States [1].
The non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, which accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. Nowadays the standard treatment for patient with advanced NSCLC who has a good performance status, platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) is the first-line regimen [2], [3]. However, platinum-based CT has the potential for severe adverse events, and the International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial suggests that more deaths in the CT group and the benefit of CT decreased over time [4], [5]. In spite of the development of new CT regimens use in the treatment of NSCLC, the prognosis of the patients remains poor. Its five-year survival rate is as low as 15.9% [6], [7]. Thus, there is an increasing awareness to maximize tumor control, prolong overall survival, minimize CT side-effects and improve quality of life (QoL).
In complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has become increasingly popular for the patients with advanced NSCLC. Recent studies have reported some CHMs in associated with platinum-based CT have definite superiority in relieving the symptoms of lung cancer patients, reducing the severe adverse effects (AEs) of standard cancer therapy, enhancing short-term efficacy and improving patients QoL [8]. There are a variety of herbs being used in different combinations and forms, such as oral administration and intravenous injection, to treat advanced NSCLC combined with platinum-based CT. However, albeit a number of studies being published in Chinese, the evidence on efficacy of CHM as adjuvant therapy to conventional CT is not well demonstrated in the Western world. Thus, the aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive systematic review about the efficacy of CHM as an adjunctive therapy for advanced NSCLC.
Methods
Clinical trials were retrieved from 11 databases as well as from conference papers and theses. The studies were reviewed independently by SGL and HYC. The data from included studies were extracted by the first reviewer and verified by the second reviewer. Discrepancies were rectified referring to the original articles. Only the studies which satisfied the criteria were included in the meta-analysis.
Search Strategy
The terms retrieved in databases were as the following: (non-small-cell lung cancer OR non-small-cell lung carcinoma OR NSCLC OR squamous cell lung carcinoma large cell lung carcinoma OR lung adenocarcinoma) AND (Chinese medicine OR traditional Chinese medicine OR Chinese herbal medicine OR Chinese herbal drug OR traditional herbal medicine OR herbal medicine OR traditional Japanese medicine OR traditional medicine OR ethnomedicine OR folk medicine OR folk remedies OR home remedies OR indigenous medicine OR primitive medicine OR materia medica OR homeopathic remedies OR nosodes OR traditional East Asian medicine OR traditional Far Eastern medicine OR Far East medicine OR Oriental medicine OR Korean medicine OR Tibetan medicine OR herb OR herbaceous agent OR medicinal plant OR medicinal herbs OR medicinal plant product OR plant extract OR plant preparation OR herbal preparation OR botanic OR botany OR Kampo OR Kanpo OR traditional Mongolian medicine OR Mongolian folk medicine OR Mongolian medicine OR phytotherapy OR herb therapy OR herbal therapy OR ethnopharmacology OR ethnobotany OR phytogenic OR alternative medicine OR alternative therapy OR complementary therapy OR complementary medicine OR TCM OR CHM OR Zhong Yi Xue) AND (clinical trial OR randomized controlled trial OR controlled clinical trial OR multicenter study OR phase 1 clinical trial OR phase 2 clinical trial OR phase 3 clinical trial OR phase 4 clinical trial). The terms in Chinese adopted from the above terms were retrieved in Chinese databases.
Databases
The databases in English language included EMBASE (1974 to September 2012), MEDLINE (1946 to September 2012), AMED (from 1985 to September 2012), EBM Reviews included Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2005 to September 2012), ACP Journal Club (1991 to September 2012), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (September 2012), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (September 2012), Cochrane Methodology Register (September 2012), Health Technology Assessment (September 2012), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (September 2012). The databases in Chinese included CNKI (China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, China academic journals, conference proceedings and theses; 1979 to September 2012).
Inclusion Criteria
Studies included in the meta-analysis had to meet all of the following criteria: (1) Participants: NSCLC patients had to be diagnosed by pathological sections and were treated by the CT. (2) Type of studies: only clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible. (3) Type of intervention: studies reported CT combined with or without CHM. For studies using other agents as the third arm, only the two arms using CHM and/or CT will be included for analysis. (4) Type of outcome measurements: overall survival rate and tumor response were the main outcome measurements; other outcome measurement included reduction in AEs of CT, improvement in clinical symptoms and blood disorders were also considered.
Exclusion Criteria
Clinical trials were excluded if they did not meet the above criteria. In addition, studies with the followings were also excluded: (1) CHM were used in both of the intervention group and control group; (2) Non-original research (e.g. review article, letter to the editor); (3) Duplicated publications.
Outcome Measures
Survival rate, tumor response of CHM on the number of patients with complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), as well as those with progressive disease (PD) based on the WHO scale were examined. The improved or stable performance status of patients were investigated based on the Karnofsky performance score (KPS), in which 100 refers to a normal subject with no complaints, 70 refers to a patient unable to carry on normal activity, 50 refers to a patient who requires considerable assistance, 40 refers to a disabled patient and 30 refers to a hospitalization-recommended patient. The efficacy of CHM on relieving the AEs of CT including nausea and vomiting, hemoglobin (HB), platelet (PLT) were studied by grading the acute and subacute AEs of cancer treatment.
Quality Assessment
Methodological quality of RCTs was assessed using the five-point Jadad scale [9]. All trials were reviewed by at least two reviewers and any disagreement was resolved by third reviewer consensus. In addition, the risk of bias for the included studies was also assessed.
Data Analysis
The Review Manager 5.1 software (Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark) was employed for data analysis. The effect data is expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). If the heterogeneity exists in pooled studies (I2>50%), a random model was applied, otherwise the fix model was applied. Statistic significant difference was considered as p<0.05.
Results
Characteristics of the Included Studies
In the study, 2,998 articles were retrieved. 30 studies were finally included. Among these studies, six studies were not pooled for analysis as four studies had Jadad score 2 [10]–[13], and other two studies did not report tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging information [14], [15]. Therefore, 24 eligible studies were included for meta-analysis. The study selection process details were described in Figure 1. A sum of 2,109 patients was enrolled in these studies, at which 1,064 patients participated in CT combined CHM (CTC) and 1,039 in CT (six patients dropped out and were not reported the group enrolled). A total 78 patients withdraw or dropped out, 36 patients in CTC, 36 in CT and six patients in groups not specified.
All the patients recruited in the 24 studies were at stage III to IV of NSCLC TNM, and all of the studies were graded at least Jadad score 3. The risk of bias of all studies was shown in Table S1. The course of treatment varied from 4 to 16 weeks in the included studies. A list of therapeutic approaches and outcome assessment in each study, and the quality of studies assessed by five-point Jadad scale was listed in Table 1. All studies had claimed the baseline were comparable except one study [32] including age, gender, histopathology or TNM stage as shown in Table S2.
Survival
One-year survival was analyzed as shown in Figure 2. One-year survival in pooled studies showed a significant rise in CTC compared to CT alone (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15–1.60, p = 0.0003, seven studies, 608 patients), with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0%) [16]–[22]. A half-year survival also demonstrated a favor of CTC compared to CT alone (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04–1.33, p = 0.008, two studies, 157 patients) as shown in Figure S1.
Overall survivals estimated from meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons in the patients with chemotherapy combined Chinese herbal medicine (CTC, treatment group) versus patients in chemotherapy (CT, control group).
Immediate Tumor Response
As shown in Figure 3, CTC therapy was associated with a significant increase in the number of patients who reported complete or partial response (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19–1.56, p<1.0E−5, 18 studies, 1,623 patients) [16], [18]–[34]. In addition, the advantage of CTC therapy was found in the number of patients who reported complete, partial and stable response (RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.08–1.19, p<1.0E-5, 19 studies, 1,697 patients, figure not showed).
Immediate tumor responses estimated from meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons in patients with chemotherapy combined Chinese herbal medicine (CTC, treatment group) versus patients in chemotherapy (CT, control group).
Performance Status
Two types of KPS data were reported in the studies, the improvement of KPS (ten-point cutoff) and the value of KPS in pre- and post-treatment. Six studies of the 24 studies, with evaluation of 526 patients were being analyzed. 35.1% and 10.9% of patients reported improved (the increase of KPS≥10) in CTC (n = 270) and in CT (n = 256), respectively. Significant findings with improvement were shown in the CTC (RR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.62–5.18, p = 0.0003, six studies, 526 patients) (Figure 4) [21], [26], [29], [30], [35], [36]. There was no significant heterogeneity among these studies (I2 = 51%). Dropping one of any studies did not alter the result that favor of CTC. The value of KPS was reported with pre-treatment in seven studies [19], [24]–[26], [30], [34], [37] and post-treatment in four studies [24], [25], [34], [37]. The pooled studies showed that the KPS of pre-treatment had no significant difference in CTC and CT (SMD = −0.04, 95% CI = −0.20-0.12, p = 0.64, I2 = 0%). However, the pooled studies indicated the heterogeneity in the four studies of post-treatment (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI = −0.09–2.14, p = 0.07, I2 = 95%). Interestingly, these four studies all claimed significant improvement in CTC compared to CT.
The quality of life changes on Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) were estimated from meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons in patients with Chinese herbal medicine (CTC, treatment group) versus patients in chemotherapy (CT, control group). KPS improvement (the increase of KPS ≥10).
Reduction in CT Toxicity
Nausea and vomiting are common AEs of CT. A significant reduction of nausea and vomiting at toxicity grade of III–IV in CTC compared to CT therapy was found (RR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.12–0.50, p = 1.0E−4, five studies, 350 patients) [19], [24], [25], [30], [31] (Figure 5A). However, there was significant heterogeneity in the studies with reduction of nausea and vomiting at toxicity grade of I–IV (data not shown). One study reported a significant reduction of nausea and vomiting in CTC compared to CT at the 10th day of second treatment, based on the questionnaire EORTC QLQ-LC43 (combination of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-LC13) [38]. The study was not pooled due to the different data types.
Reduction of adverse effects estimated from meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons in patients with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM, treatment group) versus patients without CHM (control group). (A) Number of patients with nausea and vomiting at toxicity grade of III-IV. (B) Number of patients with hemoglobin decline at the toxicity grade of I-IV with CTC therapy. (C) Number of patients with hemoglobin decline at the toxicity grade III–IV with CTC therapy.
The decrease of HB at the toxicity grade of I–IV in patients with CTC therapy was significant reduced (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.51–0.80, p<1.0E−4, six studies, 553 patients, Figure 5B) [19], [24], [29], [30], [34], [39]; yet CTC therapy did not show a significant difference in the decline of HB at the toxicity grade of III–IV (RR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.26–1.29, p = 0.18, seven studies, 616 patients) compared to CT alone (Figure 5C) [19], [24], [29], [30], [34], [36], [39].
The inhibition of white blood cells (WBCs) at the toxicity grade of III–IV or I–IV in patients with CTC therapy was significant reduced (RR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.26–0.52, p<1.0E−5, nine studies, 666 patients; RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.67–0.84, p<1.0E−5, eight studies, 603 patients, respectively) (Figure 6A and Figure 6B) [19], [24], [25], [27], [29]–[31], [36], [39].
Reduction of adverse effects estimated from meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons in patients with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM, treatment group) versus patients without CHM (control group). (A) The inhibition of white blood cells (WBCs) at the toxicity grade of III–IV. (B) The inhibition of WBCs at the toxicity grade of I–IV. (C) The decrease of platelets in numbers at the toxicity grade of III–IV. (D) The decrease of platelets in numbers at the toxicity grade of I–IV.
The decrease of PLTs in numbers at the toxicity grade of III–IV was significant prevented in patients with CTC therapy (RR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.17–0.68, p = 0.002, seven studies, 557 patients) [19], [24], [25], [29], [34], [36], [39]. The decrease of PLTs in numbers at the toxicity grade of III–IV was significant dismissed in patients with CTC therapy (RR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.31–0.60, p<1E−5, six studies, 494 patients) [19], [24], [25], [29], [34], [39]. In addition, our study showed CTC therapy significantly prevented the decline of PLTs at the toxicity grade of III–IV and I–IV when dropped any one study.
Herbs Frequently used in NSCLC
19 studies have reported herbs and decoctions. Among them, Radix Astragalus, Radix Adenophorae and Radix Ophiopogonis are the most commonly used herbs for NSCLC (Table 2).
Discussion
Recent studies showed that the use of CAM has increasingly gained recognition and usage in cancer patients [40], [41]. CHM is especially popular among the CAM usage as palliative care for cancer patients, but the efficacy of the combined use of CAM and CT on advanced NSCLC cancer remains under explored due to language barrier of many studies reported in Chinese language [42]. Meta-analysis is a powerful statistical analysis of results from individual studies, which increases the precision of a treatment effect and settles controversies studies [43]. In the present study, the pooled data with advanced NSCLC has shown that combined therapy significantly improved the survival rates, immediate tumor response and performance status of advanced NSCLC patients. We also found that, when compared with CT alone, the CTC therapy significantly reduce AEs associated with chemotherapeutic interventions, including nausea and vomiting, decrease in the peripheral blood leukocytes and HB (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
In contrast to most of the previous meta-analyses in this area, our systematic review set the inclusion criteria with Jadad score ≥3 to increase the study quality and included studies with stage III–IV of TNM to minimize the heterogeneity among the studies. It is also encouraging to see that the adjunctive use of CHM with CT may prolong survival in advanced stage NSCLC patients, and CT-related side effects appear to be less frequent and milder in the use of concomitant CAM treatment, which suggest CAM may enhance the compliance to CT and eventually result in improving KPS of patients. The efficacy of CHM as an adjuvant therapy for NSCLC is in line with our previous findings in colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma [44]–[46].
According to Chinese medicine theory, illness is caused by the disharmony of yin and yang, and Chinese medicine aims to restore the balance of yin and yang to alleviate the disease symptoms. CHMs have been commonly used in Asia for thousands of years. Interestingly, it is reported that 61 out of 74 lung cancer patients recruited by 17 Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) affiliates throughout the United States have used CAM while undergoing CT or radiation therapy [47]. However, the potential for integrating CAM into conventional CT treatment remains to be evaluated [48]. Radix Astragalus, Radix Adenophorae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Poria and Oldenlandia diffusa identified in the study have the function of tonifying qi, nourishing yin and removing blood stasis, which are in accordance to the commonest symptoms in NSCLC patients undergoing CT (i.e. blood stasis, vital energy and yin deficiency). It is in line with other findings that Radix Astragalus, Radix Ophiopogonis and Oldenlandia diffusa are commonly used for NSCLC [49]. Besides, it has also been reported that there was a significant effectiveness of adding astragalus-based herbal treatment to standard CT regimens [50]. Several experimental researches have revealed that Adenophora Polysaccharides and Oldenlandia diffusa extract could effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines and induced significant increase of apoptosis. Furthermore, there was a significant inhibition of lung metastases in animal model with no noticeable AEs [51], [52]. Radix Adenophorae and Radix Ophiopogonis were also shown to have anti-inflammation and immunomodulating effects [53], [54]. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Radix Astragalus, the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus, has anti-tumor, immunomodulating and immunorestorative effects in vivo and in vitro [55], [56]. It is in accordance with other findings that Radix Astragulus has immunologic benefits by stimulating macrophage, natural killer cell activity but inhibiting T-helper cell type 2 cytokines [57]. In addition, the combination of Radix Astragulus and Radix Angelicae increased WBC, HB and PLT in cyclophosphamide-induced anemic rat [58]. This study also indicated that these two herbs are associated with enhancing erythropoietin expression [58]. Erythropoietin is also able to prevent against cisplatin cytotoxicity in cells via several mechanisms [59], [60]. These findings may give some insights on the mechanism of how CHM improved the hematological parameters in this systematic review. Furthermore, Radix Astragalus also reduced toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide [61]. Though the molecular mechanism is not fully understood, the immunostimulating effects and the reduction of chemotherapy-induced toxicity may be the two major advantages for CHM as adjuvant therapy in NSCLC treatment.
Survival rate, immediate tumor response and chemo-toxicity are three major outcomes in the studies. However, not all the studies simultaneously reported the three outcomes. For example, Zhang et al. [21] reported all three outcomes while Li and Li [39] reported the reduction of chemo-toxicity only. Nevertheless, we analyzed all available data in these reports without any subjective selection. KPS is a scale for the evaluation of cancer patients. In this study, we analyzed continuous data (average of KPS scores) and discontinuous data (patient number with an increase of KPS≥10). There is significant heterogeneity when we pooled studies with continuous data, although the baseline has no heterogeneity in the meta-analysis. The variation of KPS value in the studies may be due to the differences in treatment duration, treatment methods and the herb prescriptions in different studies. Therefore, the change of KPS in patients is more accurate to indicate the efficacy of treatments in pooled studies. The interval of ten in KPS normally shows a significant change of performance status as described by previous publications [26], [57], [62], [63]. Hence, we adopted a ten-point increase as the cutoff for improved performance status. The findings showed a significant improvement in KPS with CTC treatment.
In conclusion, the evidence from the meta-analysis of the included studies shows that CHM as adjuvant therapy has advantages in NSCLC patients. However, due to the complex nature of CHM interventions, particular attention should be paid to apply appropriate and rigorous research methodologies to investigate CHM as a holistic system [64]. Therefore a large scale RCT integrated the Chinese Medicine methodology of pattern diagnosis and treatment is warranted for further study.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Number of patients with survival >half-year. Overall survivals estimated from meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons in the patients with chemotherapy combined Chinese herbal medicine (CTC, treatment group) versus patients in chemotherapy (CT, control group).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057604.s001
(TIF)
Table S1.
The risk of bias of the included studies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057604.s002
(DOC)
Table S2.
Age, gender and baseline of studies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057604.s003
(DOC)
Author Contributions
Interpretation of data and manuscript revision: SGL HYC CSOY XXW ZJY YT WCC. Conceived and designed the experiments: WCC YT. Analyzed the data: SGL HYC. Wrote the paper: SGL HYC.
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