Figures
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to clarify the prognostic significance of expression of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2 in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Optimised treatment of STS requires better identification of high risk patients who will benefit from adjuvant therapy. The prognostic significance of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2 in STS has not been sufficiently investigated.
Experimental Design
Tissue microarrays from 193 STS patients were constructed from duplicate cores of viable and representative neoplastic tumor areas. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2.
Results
In univariate analyses, high tumor expression of Ki67 (P = 0.007) and Skp2 (P = 0.050) correlated with shorter disease-specific survival (DSS). In subgroup analysis, a correlation between Skp2 and DSS was seen in patients with malignancy grade 1 or 2 (P = 0.027), tumor size >5 cm (P = 0.018), no radiotherapy given (P = 0.029) and no chemotherapy given (P = 0.017). No such relationship was apparent for Jab1, p16, p21 and p62; but p62 showed a positive correlation to malignancy grade (P = 0.019). Ki67 was strongly positively correlated to malignancy grade (P = 0.001). In multivariate analyses, Skp2 was an independent negative prognostic factor for DSS in women (P = 0.009) and in patients without administered chemotherapy or radiotherapy (P = 0.026).
Conclusions
Increased expression of Skp2 in patients with soft tissue sarcomas is an independent negative prognostic factor for disease-specific survival in women and in patients not administered chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Besides, further studies are warranted to explore if adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy improve the poor prognosis of STS with high Skp2 expression.
Citation: Sorbye SW, Kilvaer TK, Valkov A, Donnem T, Smeland E, Al-Shibli K, et al. (2012) Prognostic Impact of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2 in Soft Tissue Sarcomas. PLoS ONE 7(10): e47068. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047068
Editor: Rossella Rota, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Italy
Received: June 7, 2012; Accepted: September 7, 2012; Published: October 5, 2012
Copyright: © Sorbye et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The work was supported by the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority (Helse Nord RHF, http://www.helse-nord.no). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous and highly malignant group of tumors originating from mesenchymal lineage. Local recurrence is common (20%) and metastases occur in one third of patients [1]. Prognostic markers in potentially curable STS should guide therapy after surgical resection. Neoadjuvant therapy is increasingly used and may improve prognosis in high-risk cases [2], but requires prognostic factors that can be evaluated preoperatively. Currently used prognostic factors mainly include clinicopathological variables such as tumor type, size, depth, malignancy grade, necrosis, vascular invasion, and growth pattern, which are combined into different prognostic systems [3]–[9].
The loss of cell cycle control is a critical step in the development of neoplasia. The cell cycle is a series of carefully coordinated and regulated steps that govern cellular proliferation. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a classic tumor suppressor and key component of the G1/S checkpoint. This allows DNA replication to proceed. Inhibitors of CDK, such as p16INK4A, p21, and p27 act as brakes on progression through the cell cycle.
The human Jun activation domain binding protein 1 (Jab1) was originally identified as a coactivator of the gene regulatory AP-1 proteins (Jun/Fos protooncogenes) involved in the control of cell proliferation [10]. Jab1 directly binds to p27 and induces nuclear export and subsequent degradation [11]. Some studies indicated that Jab1 can interact specifically with the protein form of the CDK inhibitor 27 and shuttle p27 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. And further to decrease the cellular amount of p27 by accelerating p27 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system [12], [13]. Other reports have shown that overexpression of Jab1 and low expression of p27 is associated with more advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis in several human cancers [11], [14]–[16].
(A) p62 low score; (B) p62 high score; (C) Skp2 low score; (D) Skp2 high score. Original magnification × 400.
The CDK inhibitor p16INK4a (p16) protein belongs to the INK4 family of CDK inhibitors [17]. CDK inhibitors are negative regulators of the process of pRb hyperphosphorylation. The INK4 family of CDK inhibitors binds to CDK4/6 and the D family of cyclins to prevent formation of the cyclin–CDK complex required to phosphorylate pRb [17]. p16 has been identified as a tumor suppressor [18]. The gene encoding p16 is deleted in a high percentage of malignant cell lines and tissues [19]–[21]. p16 is important in cell senescence, and some studies have identified a role for p16 in cell proliferation and angiogenesis [22], [23]. A model of murine rhabdomyosarcoma has been produced through a subsequent genetic manipulations, among others p16 deletion [24], [25]. Still, the role of cell cycle regulators in the genesis of mesenchymal neoplasia is less well studied and the role of the p16 protein in STS has not been sufficiently investigated.
p21 (Waf1) is a cell cycle regulator, implicated in a variety of pathways [26]. The product of the CDKN1A gene (p21) binds to and inhibits the activity of CDK2/4 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at the G1 checkpoint. Ki67 is involved in the synthesis of ribosomes and appears to be a necessary requirement for cell proliferation [27].
The intricate signalling network that determines whether cells grow, undergo senesce or die, achieves a remarkable degree of specificity with a relatively small number of signalling molecules [28]. Studies employing knockout, transgenic, and knockin mice have shown that p62 plays critical roles in a number of cellular functions, including bone remodelling, obesity, and cancer [29]–[31].
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is a member of mammalian F-box proteins, which displays S-phase-promoting function through ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of the CDK inhibitor p27. Skp2 has been shown to regulate cellular proliferation by targeting several cell cycle-regulated proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. Skp2 has also been demonstrated to display an oncogenic function since its overexpression has been observed in many human cancers [32].
The purpose of this study was to clarify the prognostic significance of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2 expression in non-gastrointestinal stromal tumor (non-GIST) STS. To achieve this, we analyzed the expression of these markers in 193 patients with non-GIST STS in relation to demographic and other clinicopathological variables.
Materials and Methods
Patients and Clinical Samples
The National Cancer Data Inspection Board and The Regional Committee for Research Ethics (REK nord) approved the study. The material was collected from our approved biobank for paraffin embedded material and slides. The Regional Committee approved that written consent from the patients for their information to be stored in the hospital database and used for research was not needed because most of the material was more than 10 years old, and most of the patients being dead. The ethics committee specifically waived the need for consent. Data were analyzed anonymously.
Primary tumor tissues from patients diagnosed with STS at the University Hospital of North Norway (UNN) from 1973 to 2006 and the Hospitals of Arkhangelsk region, Russia, were used in this retrospective study. In total, 496 potentially suitable patient records were identified from the hospitals databases. Of these, 247 patients were excluded due to missing clinical data (n = 86) or inadequate material for histological examination (n = 161). In addition 33 were excluded because of metastasis at the time of the diagnosis, 13 were excluded because they had no surgery, and 10 patients had both metastasis and no surgery. Eligible for this study were 193 patients. This report includes data for 131 Norwegian patients and 62 Russian patients followed until September 2009. The median follow-up was 38 (range 0–392) months. Complete demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were obtained from the archives of the Departments of Pathology at UNN and Archangelsk. The tumors were graded according to the French Fèdèration Nationales des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC), [WHO Tumors of Soft Tissue and bone, 2002]. Wide resection margins were defined as wide local resection with free microscopic margins or amputation of the affected limb or organ. Non-wide resection margins were defined as either marginal or intralesional resection margins.
Tissue Microarray Construction
The histology of all soft tissue sarcoma cases were reviewed by two pathologists (AV and SWS). Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed for high-throughput molecular pathology research [33]. The most representative areas of viable tumor cells were carefully selected and marked on the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) slides for the corresponding donor blocks and sampled for the tissue microarray collector blocks. The TMAs were assembled using a tissue-arraying instrument (Beecher Instruments).
Studies suggest that punching multiple 0.6 mm cores from different regions captures the heterogeneity of the tumors more accurately than single 2 to 4 mm core [34]. Hence, we chose using two 0.6-mm cores of viable neoplastic tissue that were selected to be as representative as possible (different areas), after reviewing all original sections of the tumor and taking the heterogeneity in consideration. To include all core samples, 12 tissue array blocks were constructed. Multiple 4-µm sections were cut with a Micron microtome (HM355S) and stained by specific antibodies for immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
All staining were performed in the Ventana Benchmark XT automated slide stainer (Ventana Medical System, Illkirch, France). Before staining the sections were incubated at 60 degrees Celsius over night. Tissue sections were incubated with primary mouse monoclonal antibodies recognizing Jab1 (Zymed, catalog number 18–7386, 1∶50), Skp2 (Zymed, catalog number 18–0307, 1∶10), p62 (BD Biosciences, catalog number 610832, 1∶50), Ki67 (Ventana, catalog number 790–4286, ready to use) and p21 (Dako, catalog number M7202, 1∶25), p16 (MTM lab, Germany, catalog number 9511, ready to use). We used a Ventana antibody diluent (catalog number 251-018). The incubation periods were 28 minutes for Jab1, 28 minutes for p16, 32 minutes for p62 and Ki67, 40 minutes for p21 and Skp2. This was followed by application of liquid diaminobenzidine as substrate-chromogen, yielding a brown reaction product at the site of the target antigen (Ventana iView DAB Detection Kit, catalog number 760–091). iVIEW DAB Detection Kit is an indirect biotin streptavidin system for detecting mouse and rabbit primary antibodies. The DAB chromogen produces a dark brown precipitate that is readily visualized by light microscopy. All reagents are provided pre-diluted by the manufacturer for use in Ventana Benchmark XT. Finally, slides were counterstained with hematoxylin to visualize the nuclei. For each antibody, including negative controls, all TMA staining were performed in a single experiment. In the TMA we also used cores from carcinomas and normal tissue as positive and negative controls.
Scoring of IHC
The ARIOL imaging system (Genetix, San Jose, CA) was used to scan the slides for antibody staining of the TMAs. The specimens were scanned at a low resolution (1.25×) and high resolution (20×) using an Olympus BX 61 microscope with an automated platform (Prior). The slides were loaded in the automated slide loader (Applied Imaging SL 50). In our experience it was difficult for the ARIOL imaging system to distinguish between tumor and stroma in soft tissue sarcomas. Representative and viable tissue sections were therefore scored manually on a computer screen semi-quantitatively for nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining, Figure 1. The expression of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2 was scored as: 0, negative; 1, weak; 2, intermediate; 3, strong. The score for each patient was based on the mean scoring of cores from one or several biopsies. To achieve maximal reproducibility in all cases, every staining was dichotomised (low and high expression). Instead of using the overall mean score as cutoff, the cutoffs were chosen at levels securing statistically sufficient numbers in each group and appearing most biologically plausible. Hence, in this study the cutoff values varied among the different markers. High expression was defined as mean score >0 for p21 and Skp2, ≥0.33 for p62, ≥0.75 for p16 and ≥2.00 for Jab1 and Ki67. All samples were anonymized and independently scored by two pathologists (AV and SWS). In case of disagreement, the slides were re-examined and a consensus was reached by the observers. When assessing a variable for a given score, the scores of the other variables and the outcome were hidden from the observers.
Statistical Methods
All statistical analyses were done using the statistical package SPSS (Chicago, IL), version 18. The IHC scores from each observer were compared for interobserver reliability by use of a two-way random effect model with absolute agreement definition. The intraclass correlation coefficient (reliability coefficient) was obtained from these results.
The Chi-square test and Fishers Exact test were used to examine the association between molecular marker expression and various clinicopathological parameters. Univariate analyses were done using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance between survival curves was assessed by the log rank test. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was determined from the date of histological-confirmed STS diagnosis. Correlation of marker expression was done using the Pearson correlation (2 tailed) at the 0.05 and the 0.01 level.
Multivariate analysis was carried out using the Cox proportional hazards model to assess the specific impact of each pre-treatment variable on survival in the presence of other variables. Only variables of significant value from the univariate analysis were entered into the Cox regression analysis. Probability for stepwise entry and removal was set at 0.05 and 0.10, respectively. The significance level used was P<0.05.
Results
Clinicopathological Variables
Demographic, clinical, and histopathological variables are shown in Table 1. Patient age ranged from 0–89 years (mean 55 years), and 42% of patients were male. The treatment option of choice was surgery (N = 193): 104 patients received surgery only; 52 patients received surgery and radiotherapy; 28 patients received surgery and chemotherapy; 9 patients received surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The 5-year survival for patients with wide and non-wide resection margins was 66% and 46% respectively, Table 1.
Inter-observer Variability
There was good scoring reproducibility between the two investigating pathologists. Their scoring agreement was tested for p62 and Skp2. The IHC scores from each observer were compared using a two-way random effect model with absolute agreement definition. The intra-class correlation coefficients (reliability coefficients, r) obtained from these results were 0.82 for p62 (P<0.001) and 0.94 for Skp2 (P<0.001).
Univariate Analyses
Nationality, histology, tumor size, malignancy grade and surgical margins were all significant indicators for disease-specific survival (DSS) in univariate analyses, Table 1.
In univariate analyses, increased expression of Ki67 (P = 0.007) and Skp2 (P = 0.050) correlated significantly with a shorter DSS, Table 2 and Figure 2. No such relationship was apparent for Jab1, p16, p21 and p62, but expression of p62 was positively correlated to malignancy grade (P = 0.019), Table 3. Ki67 was strongly positively correlated to malignancy grade (P = 0.001), Table 3.
High expression of the different markers was significantly correlated. There was weak (r = 0.20–0.29), moderate (r = 0.30–0.39) and strong (r = 0.40–0.69) positive correlations between the various examined markers. There was strong correlation between p16 and p62, strong correlation between Ki67 and p21/Skp2, moderate correlation between Jab1 and p21/p62/Skp2, moderate correlation between p21 and p62/Skp2 and moderate correlation between Ki67 and Jab1/p16/p62, Table 4.
In subgroup analyses (Table 5), increased Skp2 expression was associated with a shorter DSS in Norwegian patients (P = 0.021), those with malignancy grade 1 and 2 tumors (p = 0.027), tumors larger than 5 cm (P = 0.018), without radiotherapy (P = 0.029) and without chemotherapy (P = 0.017), Figure 3. There were no significant differences in the expression of the different immunomarkers in the different histological tumor groups (data not shown).
Multivariate Analyses
Demographic, clinicopathological, and expression variables from the univariate analyses were entered into the multivariate Cox regression analysis (Table 6). In the multivariate analysis, age (P = 0.012), malignancy grade (P<0.001) and wide resection margins (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for DSS. In addition, Skp2 had an independent prognostic impact in women (P = 0.009) and in patients not treated with chemotherapy or radiation (P = 0.026).
Discussion
In this large scale study, we evaluated whether there is an association between tumor cell expression of Jab1, p16, p21, p62, Ki67 and Skp2 and survival in 193 non-GIST STS patients. Increased expression of Skp2 in patients with STS was an independent negative prognostic factor for DSS in women and in patients not administered chemotherapy or radiotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report where Skp2 is compared with Jab1, p16, p21 and p62 in STS and the first evidence of its possible clinical relevance in STS patients regarding potential benefits for adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy or radiation in the subgroup of patients with high expression of Skp2.
STS has different biological characteristics regardless of its histological phenotype. Its prognosis is in general poor, but also difficult to predict. In potentially curable STS prognostic markers should, ideally, guide further therapy following surgical resection. In our material, high expression of the different cell cycle control markers were significantly correlated. This is, however, expected since there is overlap in their mechanisms of action. Tsuchida et al. [35] suggested that Jab1 may play an important role in determining the differentiation stage of rhabdomyosarcoma cells by modulating the activity of CDK inhibitor p27. However, in our material, Jab1 showed no correlation with malignancy grade and had no prognostic impact on DSS in STS.
Epigenetic silencing of p16 might be critical early initiating events in the tumorigenesis of Ewing sarcoma family tumors [36]. p16 has been shown as a sensitive and specific marker for distinguishing atypical lipomatous tumor-well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma from benign adipocytic neoplasms [37]. There is overexpression of p16 in uterine leiomyosarcoma compared to benign leiomyoma and normal myometrium [38]. p16 and pRb immunohistochemical expression increases with increasing tumour grade in mammary phyllodes tumours [39]. In a series of 38 pediatric osteosarcomas there was an inverse correlation between loss of pRB and p16 expression. Absence of p16 expression significantly correlated with decreased survival in univariate analysis [40]. Immunohistochemically decreased expressions of p16 was associated with poor prognosis in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor [41]. In a series of 21 uterine leiomyosarcomas, no statistically significant correlation between p16 expression and clinical stage, age, vascular space involvement, and recurrent disease could be found. Additionally, the overall survival did not significantly differ between p16-positive and p16-negative cases [42]. In a series of 84 uterine leiomyosarcomas, p16 did not show any significant correlation with survival [43]. Shim et al. [44] found no significant difference between the survival rate according to the p16 expression in 66 soft tissue sarcomas. In our material there was no correlation of p16 and malignancy grade or DSS.
Using in vivo RNA interference, Young et al. implicated the p53 target gene p21 as a critical mediator in sarcomagenesis [45]. The expression of p21 was closely associated with tumor malignancy grade, and therefore considered used as prognostic markers in a series of 152 STS [46]. López-Guerrero et al observed that the expression of p21 (P<0.015) was higher in disseminated than localized disease in patients with Ewing’s sarcoma tumors, but p21 did not influence progression free or overall survival [47]. In a series of 36 patients with leiomyosarcoma, p21 was not correlated with time to recurrence or overall survival [48]. Similarly, in our material p21 was not correlated to malignancy grade or DSS. This can be due to other bypass molecules involved in p53 suppression functions.
There are few publications regarding p62 and STS. Rolland et al. demonstrated that p62 expression in breast cancer is associated with tumor progression, but not DSS [49]. In a series of 109 non-small cell lung cancers, p62 were an independent factors predicting worse lung cancer-specific survival [50]. Kitamura et al. demonstrated cytosolic overexpression of p62 in prostate adenocarcinoma and high-grade PIN, suggesting that p62 might be a novel marker for prostatic malignancy [51]. However, in a series of 59 colorectal carcinomas, p62 had no prognostic value [52]. In our material, p62 correlated with malignancy grade, but not DSS.
High expression of Skp2 was reported to correlate with reduced overall survival in patients with myxofibrosacroma [53], [54]. Di Vizio et al. [55] found that Skp2 expression correlated with poor prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Oliveira found that Skp2 expression is associated with cell proliferation and a worse prognosis in 182 soft tissue sarcomas [56]. In our material, high expression of Skp2 was a negative prognostic factor for DSS. Interestingly, this correlation was statistically significant in women only (P = 0.009), not men (P = 0.577). This may be related to differences in expression of sexual hormone receptors (ER and PGR) in male and female STS patients [57], [58]. An inverse correlation between Skp2 expression and the expression of ER and PGR has been reported by others investigating breast cancer [59] and other studies suggest that Skp2B may modulate the activity of the estrogen receptor [60], [61]. It should be a priority in further studies to explore the relations of Skp2, gender and DSS.
Since the regulation of p27Kip1 degradation is mediated by its specific ubiquitin ligase subunits S-phase kinase protein (Skp)2 and cyclin-dependent kinase subunit (Cks)1, many have an inverse correlation regarding overexpression of Skp2 and decreased expression of p27Kip1, an analysis of p27Kip1 and other Skp2 target proteins such as p53 and Rb would be helpful for substantiating the Skp2 observations. It has already been shown that Skp2 deficiency can enhance sensitivity of leukemia cells to chemotherapy [62] and Skp2 is itself being increasingly considered a possible target for breast cancer and prostate cancer therapy [63], [64]. Wang et al. found a significantly negative correlation between Skp2 expression and the survival of patients administered radiotherapy, indicating that overexpression of Skp2 was correlated with an increased radioresistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. This is in contrast to our findings where chemotherapy and radiotherapy appear to reduce the negative survival impact in patients with Skp2 expressing STS tumors.
In conclusion, our data suggest that an increased Skp2 expression in women with STS was an independent indicator of a poor survival. Skp2 expression data may provide additional information to guide adjuvant therapy after surgical resection. Future studies are warranted to evaluate whether adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy will improve the poor prognosis of Skp2 expressing soft tissue sarcoma patients.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Frode Skjold for coupling of databases, Magnus L. Persson for making the TMA blocks and Helge Stalsberg for gathering of clinical information.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SWS TK AV TD RMB LTB. Performed the experiments: SWS TK AV. Analyzed the data: SWS TK AV TD RMB LTB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SWS TK AV TD ES KAS LTB. Wrote the paper: SWS TK TD ES KAS RMB LTB.
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