Figures
Abstract
CYP2E1 promoter polymorphisms can lead to significant interindividual differences in expression of CYP2E1. Using a database of CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms established in 2010, our study aimed to functionally characterize the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the promoter region and corresponding haplotypes in the Chinese Han population. Six novel SNPs and seven haplotypes with a frequency equal to or greater than 0.01 were constructed on a luciferase reporter system on the basis of site-directed mutagenesis. Dual luciferase reporter systems were used to analyze regulatory activity. The constructs including single novel SNP mutations exhibited insignificant change in luciferase activity, whereas, the activity produced by Haplo1(GTTGCTATAT), Haplo2 (CTTGCTATAT) and Haplo7 (GAGCTCACAT), containing a −333T>A polymorphism was significantly greater than for the wild type in Hep G2 cells (p<0.05), being 1.5−, 2.0− and 1.4− times greater respectively. These findings suggest the possibility of significant clinical prediction of adverse drug reaction and the facilitation of personalized medicine.
Citation: Huang X, Chen L, Song W, Chen L, Niu J, Han X, et al. (2012) Systematic Functional Characterization of Cytochrome P450 2E1 Promoter Variants in the Chinese Han Population. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40883. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040883
Editor: Alejandro Lucia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
Received: April 7, 2012; Accepted: June 14, 2012; Published: July 17, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Huang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the 863 Program (2012AA02A515), the 973 Program (2010CB529600), the National Key Technology R&D Program (2006BAI05A09, 2012BAI01B09), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (81121001, 30900799, 30972823), the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology Program (11DZ1950300, 09DJ1400601), the Shanghai Jiaotong University Med-X Fund (YG2010MS61), Public Science and Technology Research Funds (201210056), the Shanghai Jiaotong University Interdisciplinary Research fund, and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (B205). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Human cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays a central role in the biotransformation of a large number of small molecular weight compounds (eg. drugs, toxins and precarcinogenics) [1]. CYP2E1 can produce reactive oxygen species directly through high oxidative activity and through metabolism of xenobiotics [2]. CYP2E1 levels can be regulated by endogenous and exogenous substrates which might be associated with human susceptibility to toxicity and carcinogenicity caused by industrial and environmental chemicals [3], [4], [5].
In general, genetic polymorphisms are a major determinant of the interindividual variation of CYP450, which leads to the absence of gene product, enzymes with increased, reduced or altered activity, or alteration in enzyme regulation [4]. It has been reported that interindividual variability in CYP2E1 expression is more than 30 times the corresponding difference in hepatic levels [6], [7]. However, the coding region of CYP2E1 is highly conserved and it is likely that the variability is related to polymorphic sites in the promoter region [8], [9]. Several reports have demonstrated that CYP2E1 flanking region polymorphisms cause significant regulation differences. Hu et al. [10] functionally characterized the 5′-flanking region in both rat and human cytochrome P450 2E1 genes, and revealed that 5′-deletion of both the human and rat CYP2E1 sequences in general caused increased gene expression, indicating negative elements in the more distal parts of the 5′-flanking regions of the genes. Nomura et al. [11] found transcriptional activity of the −2363 to −1998 short tandem repeat polymorphism (STR) in the 5′-flanking region of CYP2E1 to be greater than that of the wild type. However, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a major variant form, and it is not known whether the SNPs in −2000 to −1 bp can change promoter activity.
To date, however, no studies have explored the impact on the regulation activity generated by SNP. In a previous systematic screening study we established a database of CYP2E1 allele frequencies for normal Chinese Han subjects [12]. Based on this work, we analyzed existing haplotypes in the Chinese Han population and built luciferase reporter gene constructs using a site-directed mutagenesis method. We determined the functional significance of the CYP2E1 regulatory regions through measuring the expression of CYP2E1 in human hepatoma cell lines.
Results
CYP2E1 Regulatory Region Polymorphism Analysis
From the 16 SNPs previously identified by our group in the Chinese Han population [12], 6 newly found SNPs including −1778G>A, −1646A>G, −971A>C, −962A>G, −792T>G, −722A>G, were designed to individually determine their respective regulatory activity (Table 1). The possible haplotypes of the 16 SNPs were analyzed by the online version of SHEsis, a CYP2E1 SNP database constructed in 2010. 7 haplotypes with frequencies equal to or greater than 0.01 were selected to design linear combination of the SNPs for their functional characterization (Table 2). The haplotypes are consist of 10 of the 16 SNPs (−1653G>C, −1563T>A, −1513T>G, −1293G>C, −1053C>T, −1025T>C, −929A>G, −806T>C, −352A>G, −333T>A, detailed in Table 1). The 6 novel SNPs are not included owing to their low frequencies.
CONREAL Analysis
CONREAL, the tool using biologically relevant information, has been used widely to predict transcription factor binding sites [13]. The CONREAL analysis results showed that the 10 SNPs composing the 7 selected haplotypes in the CYP2E1 promoter region may alter binding efficiency of the transcription factors (Table 3). Among these transcription factors, it’s worth noting that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) is a general regulator supporting the expression of major drug-metabolizing CYPs in human hepatocytes [14], while the redox-sensitive transcription factor Sp1 may greatly affect expression and regulation of CYP2E1.
Site-directed Mutagenesis and Construction of pGL3-CYP2E1 Promoter
1900 bp of the CYP2E1 5′-upstream regulatory region had been cloned into PCBG99 vectors at first. Based on the wild type sequence, we designed and synthesized a series of primers for site-directed mutagenesis (Table 4). In this way, 6 novel SNPs were introduced into the PCBG99-CYP2E1 constructs respectively (with −971A>C and −962A>G in the same construct). For dual-luciferase analysis, we cloned the 6 fragments into pGL3 luciferase reporter vectors. CYP2E1 promoter constructs were verified by restriction enzyme digestion using Bgl II and Hind III. The target segment was detected at about 2000 bp (Figure 1). Then the 7 promoter haplotypes were respectively introduced into pGL3-CYP2E1 constructs by site-directed mutagenesis. Haplotypes in the constructs were verified by sequence analysis.
WT: wide type; MU1: −1778G>A; MU2: −1646A>G; MU3: −971A>C and −962A>G; MU4: −792T>G; MU5: −722A>G.
Dual-luciferase Analysis
The functional significance of all 6 novel SNPs and 7 haplotypes was determined by the Renilla/Firefly luciferase assay after these constructs were transfected into human hepatoma cell lines. The Renilla/Firefly luciferase activity ratio could well indicate the relative activity of CYP2E1 5′-upstream regulatory region. 3 haplotype constructs including pGL3-Haplo1 (GTTGCTATAT), pGL3-Haplo2 (CTTGCTATAT) and pGL3-Haplo7 (GAGCTCACAT) exhibited higher luciferase activity as compared to the wild type construct pGL3-WT (P<0.05), being 1.5−, 2.0− and 1.4− times greater respectively (Figure 2), whereas the single point mutatations did not appear to change regulatory activity.
The luciferase activities were normalized against the human wild type construct. The results are the average of at least three independent experiments. Comparisons among groups were done with the aid of the ANOVA statistical procedure. **Significantly different from Wild type transfected cells (P<0.05), *** Significantly different from Wild type transfected cells (P<0.01).
Discussion
CYP2E1 is one of the major phase I drug metabolizing enzymes, although it makes up less than 7% of all the hepatic P450 isoforms [15]. CYP2E1 has a relatively high redox potential as compared to other cytochromes P450 [16] and is easily induced even in the absence of substrates causing the production of reactive oxygen species as it can induce lipid peroxidation, NADPH-dependent peroxidation or other oxidative stress [17]. The enzyme is therefore considered an important source of reactive oxygen species in alcohol-induced liver injury [18]. The phenotypic polymorphism of CYP2E1 is the likely cause of interindividual drug metabolism differences, xenobiotics-induced liver injury discrepancy, or even severe adverse drug reaction.
Haplotypes exhibiting greater regulatory activity will lead to CYP2E1 expression diversity, and therefore individuals carrying the corresponding SNPs might have a faster CYP2E1 drug metabolism and a higher risk of xenobiotics-induced liver injury as compared to wild type carriers. The results of this study indicated that the constructs including Haplo1 (GTTGCTATAT), Haplo2 (CTTGCTATAT), Haplo7 (GAGCTCACAT) exhibits up regulation of luciferase activity compared with the wild type construct (Figure 2). Haplo1 (GTTGCTATAT) is a major haplotype present in the Chinese Han population, whereas Haplo2 (CTTGCTATAT) and Haplo7 (GAGCTCACAT) are rare (Table 2). So this finding may contribute to the development of personalized medicine and drug design, as individual differences in CYP2E1 metabolism can be regarded as a predictive factor in prescribing drug dosage to achieve effective therapy.
Transcriptional control of adult rat hepatic CYP2E1 is exerted by HNF-1 [19], [20], and several other factors are known to govern CYP2E1 expression in hepatic or extrahepatic tissues. Peng et al. [21] reported that Sp1 binding to a 32-base-pair element is a transcription activator for the induction of CYP2E1 by IL-1 alpha in Hep G2 cells. It is notable that the position −333 binds to Sp1 transcriptional factor. Refer to Table 2, all of the 3 haplotypes contain an A>T mutation at −333. So we infer that Sp1 may play an important role in increasing CYP2E1 promoter activity. However, the binding efficiency change caused by a single nucleotide mutation might not be enough to alter overall promoter activity. The combination effect of several mutations might be more influential. Additional studies are needed in this area.
In conclusion, this is the first study to carry out a systematically functional characterization of the promoter region of CYP2E1 variants in the Chinese Han population. This could bring the clinical relevance for the design of personalized medicine regimes and the reduction of adverse drug reactions.
Materials and Methods
CYP2E1 Regulatory Region Polymorphisms Analysis
In a previous systematic screening study by our group, 16 different CYP2E1 regulatory region polymorphisms, including 6 novel variants in promoter regions, were identified [12]. We analyzed the possible haplotypes of the 16 SNPs by the online version of SHEsis, our 2010 systematically constructed CYP2E1 SNP database of the Chinese Han population (http://analysis2.bio-x.cn/myAnalysis.php, by Shi YY and He L). 10 of the 16 SNPs comprise the 7 selected SNP haplotypes according to their relatively high frequencies in the Chinese Han populations (Table 1). The 6 novel SNPs with low frequencies were determined individually for regulatory activity.
Analysis of Functional Sequences in the Promoter Region
The transcription factor binding analysis of the polymorphisms in the promoter region was performed by the web-based CONREAL server: Conserved Regulatory Element anchored Alignment (http://conreal.niob.knaw.nl/).
Construction of pGL3-CYP2E1 Promoter
1900 bp CYP2E1 5′-upstream regulatory region of CYP2E1 was amplified from human genomic DNA by nested PCR and cloned to PCBG99 vectors. To detect the regulatory activity, we constructed pGL3-CYP2E1, which contains a luciferase reporter gene. The pGL3-Basic and control plasmids were purchased from Promega.
Site-directed Mutagenesis
To construct the haplotype in vitro, the target SNP sites were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis, the primer for which was designed using a QuickChange Primer Design tool. PCR was carried out in the 10xpyrobest buffer consisting of 1 mM of dNTP mix, 15 pM of each primer, 1.5 U pyrobest polymorphrase (Takara) in a volume of 15 µl with initial denaturation for 1 min at 95°C, followed by 18 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 50 sec, annealing at 60°C for 50 sec and extension at 68°C for 7.5 min. A final extension for 7 min at 68°C was performed after the last cycle.
Cell Culture and Transfection
The human hepatoma cell (Hep G2) provided by ATCC, was cultured as a monolayer in a Dulbecco minimal essential medium containing 15% fetal bovin serum and 100 µg/ml each of penicillin and streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The cells were grown in 25 cm2 flasks to 90−100% confluence and then divided and placed in 2.0 cm2 culture dishes (costar) for experimental usage. These cells were allowed to grow into confluence and then cultured for an additional 2–3 weeks before the experiments were processed. 0.5 µg of each CYP2E1 construct containing firefly luciferase reporter gene was transfected into the Hep G2 cells using Transfectin (Bio-rad). The pRL-SV40 plasmid (Promega) (1/10 pGL3-CYP2E1 construct) containing the Renilla luciferase reporter gene was co-transfected with the pGL3-CYP2E1 constructs to provide an internal control of the transfection efficiency. 8 replicates per sample were performed.
Dual-luciferase Reporter Assay
The cells were incubated with the lipid-DNA complexes for 24−72 h. The culture medium was removed and washed with 200 µl PBS per each well, and the firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were then detected using the Dual Luciferase reporter assay system kit (Glomax multi-detection system, Promega).
Statistical Analysis
The ratio between the firefly luciferase activity and the Renilla luciferase activity was used to analyze relative activity. All statistical analyses were performed using a two-tailed independent sample t-test. All results are expressed as mean ± SD and compared with controls. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SQ. Performed the experiments: XH Lili Chen WS. Analyzed the data: XH Lili Chen. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JN XH GF LH SQ. Wrote the paper: XH Lili Chen. Provided advice for manuscript revision: Ling Chen SQ.
References
- 1. Ingelman-Sundberg M (2004) Human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes: properties and polymorphisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 369: 89–104.
- 2. Lieber CS (1997) Cytochrome P-4502E1: its physiological and pathological role. Physiol Rev 77: 517–544.
- 3.
Hasler JA (1999) Pharmacogenetics of cytochromes P450. Mol Aspects Med 20: 12–24, 25–137.
- 4. Guengerich FP, Kim DH, Iwasaki M (1991) Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects. Chem Res Toxicol 4: 168–179.
- 5. Bolt HM, Roos PH, Thier R (2003) The cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2E1 in the biological processing of industrial chemicals: consequences for occupational and environmental medicine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76: 174–185.
- 6. Ekstrom G, von Bahr C, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1989) Human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450IIE1. Immunological evaluation of its contribution to microsomal ethanol oxidation, carbon tetrachloride reduction and NADPH oxidase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 689–693.
- 7. Wrighton SA, Thomas PE, Molowa DT, Haniu M, Shively JE, et al. (1986) Characterization of ethanol-inducible human liver N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase. Biochemistry 25: 6731–6735.
- 8. Johnsrud EK, Koukouritaki SB, Divakaran K, Brunengraber LL, Hines RN, et al. (2003) Human hepatic CYP2E1 expression during development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 307: 402–407.
- 9. Itoga S, Nomura F, Makino Y, Tomonaga T, Shimada H, et al. (2002) Tandem repeat polymorphism of the CYP2E1 gene: an association study with esophageal cancer and lung cancer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 15S–19S.
- 10. Hu Y, Hakkola J, Oscarson M, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1999) Structural and functional characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the rat and human cytochrome P450 2E1 genes: identification of a polymorphic repeat in the human gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263: 286–293.
- 11. Nomura F, Itoga S, Uchimoto T, Tomonaga T, Nezu M, et al. (2003) Transcriptional activity of the tandem repeat polymorphism in the 5′-flanking region of the human CYP2E1 gene. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 42S–46S.
- 12. Tang K, Li X, Xing Q, Li W, Feng G, et al. (2010) Genetic polymorphism analysis of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) in Chinese Han populations from four different geographic areas of Mainland China. Genomics 95: 224–229.
- 13. Peter R, Bocker R, Beaune PH, Iwasaki M, Guengerich FP, et al. (1990) Hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone as a specific probe for human liver cytochrome P-450IIE1. Chem Res Toxicol 3: 566–573.
- 14. Jover R, Bort R, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Castell JV (2001) Cytochrome P450 regulation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 in human hepatocytes: a study using adenovirus-mediated antisense targeting. Hepatology 33: 668–675.
- 15. Kharasch ED, Thummel KE (1993) Identification of cytochrome P450 2E1 as the predominant enzyme catalyzing human liver microsomal defluorination of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology 79: 795–807.
- 16. Zhukov A, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1999) Relationship between cytochrome P450 catalytic cycling and stability: fast degradation of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in hepatoma cells is abolished by inactivation of its electron donor NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Biochem J 340 (Pt 2): 453–458.
- 17. Ingelman-Sundberg M, Johansson I, Yin H, Terelius Y, Eliasson E, et al. (1993) Ethanol-inducible cytochrome P4502E1: genetic polymorphism, regulation, and possible role in the etiology of alcohol-induced liver disease. Alcohol 10: 447–452.
- 18. Cederbaum AI (2006) CYP2E1–biochemical and toxicological aspects and role in alcohol-induced liver injury. Mt Sinai J Med 73: 657–672.
- 19. Ueno T, Gonzalez FJ (1990) Transcriptional control of the rat hepatic CYP2E1 gene. Mol Cell Biol 10: 4495–4505.
- 20. Liu SY, Gonzalez FJ (1995) Role of the liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-1 alpha in expression of the CYP2E1 gene. DNA Cell Biol 14: 285–293.
- 21. Peng HM, Coon MJ (2000) Promoter function and the role of cytokines in the transcriptional regulation of rabbit CYP2E1 and CYP2E2. Arch Biochem Biophys 382: 129–137.