Figures
Citation: Lin M-Y, Tavakilian GL (2012) A New Genus Bifidunguiglenea gen. nov. Is Erected for the Species Glenea gestroi Gahan (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Saperdini). PLoS ONE 7(7): e40768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040768
Editor: Olle Terenius, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
Received: May 8, 2012; Accepted: June 13, 2012; Published: July 17, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Lin, Tavakilian. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported by a grant (No. O529YX5105) from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and by National Natural Science Foundation of China program 31000967. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Glenea Newman, 1842 is one of the largest genera of Cerambycidae, including 36 subgenera and more than 850 species (according to Mr. Tavakilian’s database ‘Titan 2000’ and the senior author’s study) [1]. Most of the subgenera were erected for a small number of species, while the Glenea subgenus Glenea defined by Breuning (1956) [2] is extremely complex, including several very different groups which should be separated [1], [3], [4]. Gahan (1897) conducted an analysis “on the structure of the tarsal claws in the genus Glenea” [5]. He concluded that “in the female all the claws are simple” while in the male there were several different states. He also founded a new genus Heteroglenea for the reception of two species, G. nigromaculata Thomson and G. glechoma Pascoe for their exceptional tarsal claws [5]. In his revision of Glenea Newman, Breuning (1956–1958) did not follow Gahan’s concept but considered Heteroglenea as “überflüssiger Name”, and listed it in the synonyms of Glenea (sensu stricto), which was not clearly defined [4]. Based on external structural and genitalia characters, Heteroglenea Gahan was reinstated as a valid genus and redefined, including nine valid species [4].
Glenea gestroi Gahan, 1894 was described based on a single female from Myanmar, without a description of the tarsal claws [6]. Gahan (1897) did not include this species during his analysis on the structure of the tarsal claws in the genus Glenea [5], though its claws have an even more modified structure than his Heteroglenea. Pic (1928, 1930) also did not pay attention to the claws’ structure [6], [7]. Breuning (1956) synonymized Glenea luteomaculata Pic, 1928 [6] and Glenea bicoloricornis Pic, 1930 [7] with Glenea gestroi Gahan, 1894, without examining their claws and included this species in his Glenea (sensu stricto) [8]. We examined all the type specimens of the three names and a series of common specimens, and concluded that this species must be separated from Glenea Newman. Bifidunguiglenea gen. nov. is herein erected. It is possible there are more species that should be transferred from Glenea or other genera, and there might be some new species unknown to us, so this paper is far from a complete revision.
Results and Discussion
Taxonomic Treatment
Bifidunguiglenea gen. nov.
(urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ED00D869-55FD-461D-A4A2-C18D1C1CDF23).
Type species: Bifidunguiglenea gestroi (Gahan, 1894) comb. nov.
Etymology.
This genus is separated from the huge genus Glenea, based on the bifid claws of both males and females. “Bifidungui” means bifid claws. Gender feminine.
Definition.
Moderately sized (around 10 mm in length, Figures 1A–D, 2A–F). Head broad with tumid eyes, frons longer than broad (male) to broader than long (female), eyes deeply concave, inferior eyelobe subequal to (male) or much narrower (female) than half of frons (in front view). Antennae longer than body length, scape slightly expanded, without a ridge, the third or fourth antennomere longest (fourth subequal to third in female). Prothorax cylindrical, without lateral pronotal spine or tubercle. Elytra subparallel (slightly narrower apically), with two obtuse lateral carinae reaching the base but not the apex, truncated apically, elytral apex with a sharp spine at the outer angle. Procoxal cavity closed posteriorly (Figure 2J), metepisternum more than twice as wide anteriorly as posteriorly, middle tibiae grooved, hind femur reaching middle of fourth to middle of fifth abdominal segment. Both male and female have bifid claws on all the tarsi (Figures 2K–L).
(A–B) holoype of Glenea gestroi Gahan, female, from Myanmar. (A) dorsal view. (B) lateral view. (C) holotype of Glenea luteomaculata Pic, male, from Vietnam. (D) holotype of Glenea bicoloricornis Pic, female, from Vietnam. Scale 2 mm.
Male terminalia: Apex of tergite VIII with a protruding lobe in the middle (Figures 3D, 4A–B); lateral lobes of tegmen very short and stout, confluent with each other except apex (Figures 4G, 4J), ringed part elbowed in the widest portion, converging and elongated; median lobe plus median struts slightly curved (Figure 4N), a little longer than tegmen, internal sac with 3 rods. Female terminalia: spermathecal capsule can be divided into a basal stalk and an apical lobe (orb or ellipse), the basal stalk much longer than the apical lobe; tignum much longer than abdominal length in ventral view.
(A) male, from Thailand. (B–C) another male, from Thailand. (B) head, frontal view. (C) ventral view (D) female, from Thailand. (G–I & M) sternite VII (ventrite V). (G–I) male, showing the deep and semi-circular shaped notch. (G–H) ventral view. (I) lateral view. (M) female, ventral view, showing the middle shin groove. (J) showing the procoxal cavity closed posteriorly. (K–L) the structure of tarsal claw. (K) male, the inner teeth crossed. (L) female. Scale 2 mm. (G–M). not to scale.
(A–C) male genitalia. (A) ventral view, (B) lateral view, (C) dorsal view. (D) tergite VIII and sternites VIII & IX in ventral view. (E) rods of endophallus. (F–H) male, showing the deep and semi-circular shaped notch of sternite VII (ventrite V). Scale 1 mm. (F–H) not to scale.
(C–O) male genitalia. (A–B) tergite VIII and sternites VIII & IX. (C–J) tegmen. (G–J) magnified, not to scale. (L–O) median lobe with median struts, with internal sac. (L) ventral view, (N) lateral view, (O) dorsal view. (M) showing apex of ventral plate and lateral lobes of tegmen. (K) rods of endophallus. (P–S) female genitalia. (P–Q). showing spermathecal capsule. (P) from Thailand. (Q) from Vietnam. Scale 1 mm. (G–J, K, M, P, Q, S) not to scale.
Diagnosis.
Differs from Glenea Newman with claws of all the tarsi in both sexes bifid. Differs from Heteroglenea Gahan by all claws bifid (instead of only anterior claws bifid), elytron with two lateral carinae and elytral apex with sharp spine at the outer angle. The male genitalia of this genus are very different from all other saperdine members, with the lateral lobes of tegmen confluent to each other.
Remarks.
Only one species is placed in this genus now, though we believe there are more species that should be removed from the genus Glenea or others and there are some undescribed species awaiting discovery. Glenea pulchella Pascoe, 1858 ( = G. vesta Pascoe, 1866) and G. vestalis Heller, 1934 have been studied and we confirm they do not belong to this genus due to simple claws in both male and female and very different genitalia structures, though the body shape and maculae are very similar to Bifidunguiglenea gestroi (Gahan, 1894).
Bifidunguiglenea gestroi (Gahan, 1894) comb. nov.
Glenea gestroi Gahan, 1894∶88, pl. 1, fig. 14 (Myanmar: Bhamò). [MCSNG] [6].
Glenea luteomaculata Pic, 1928∶30 (Vietnam: Tonkin). [MNHN] [7].
Glenea bicoloricornis Pic, 1930∶17 (Vietnam: Tonkin). [NMB] [8].
Glenea (Glenea) gestroi; Breuning, 1956∶197, pl. II, fig. 6 [9]; Breuning, 1966∶685 [10].
Redescription.
Male (Figures 1C, 2A–C): length: 7.8–10.0 mm, humeral width: 2.2–2.7 mm. Female (Figures 1A–B, 1D, 2D–F): length: 9.5–11.1 mm, humeral width: 2.9–3.5 mm. Body reddish brown, thicky and strongly punctured. Antennae reddish brown, with first two antennomeres (always) and basal part of third antennomere (sometimes) darker. Head with lemon-yellow pubescence in front (except along the middle). Prothorax with a lemon-yellow band on each side; the upper borders of these bands are sub-parallel, so that the median dorsal space enclosed between them is nearly oblong in shape. Elytra with a basal transverse band, two large rounded spots at the middle which touch one another at the suture, two smaller spots before the apex, and two very small spots placed at the extreme apex, lemon-yellow. Mesepisternum, mesepimeron, metepisternum and lateral sides of metasternite similarly coloured (Figures 1B, 2C, 2F). Metasternite with two black spots just anterior hind coxal cavities (Figures 2C, 2F). Legs yellowish brown.
Head slightly broader than prothorax, feebly concave at vertex. Eyes deeply emarginate, inferior eye lobes slightly longer than (female), to 4 times as high as (male) genae below it, width subequal to (male) to much less than half of frons (female). Antennae longer than body; scape slightly thickened apically without cicatrix nor a ridge; antennomere ratio (male): 13∶3∶17∶18∶14∶13∶12∶11∶11∶10∶9; (female): 14∶3∶17∶17∶14∶12∶11∶10∶10∶9∶8. Prothorax almost as broad as long (male) or broader than long (female), swollen laterally before middle; disc convex and deeply and densely punctured. Elytra slightly narrowed apically; each with 2 humeral longitudinal ridges beginning at humeri and not reaching the apex; apices of the elytra with the inner angles slightly, the outer angles strongly and distinctly spined; surface with coarse and irregular punctures. Legs stout, hind femur reaching middle of fourth (female) to middle of fifth (male) abdominal segment, first hind tarsal segment longer than (male), or nearly as long as (female) following two segments combined. Apex of sternite VII (ventrite V) risen up with a deep and semi-circular shaped notch, filled with dense hairs (Figures 2G–H, 3F–H).
Male genitalia (Figures 3A–E, 4A–O): Tegmen length about 2.8 mm; lateral lobes (Figures 4G–J) very stout and confluent except apex, ventral face filled with dense setae, with two densely haired small lobes at the base (Figure 4G, in ventral view), apex rounded and with longer setae; ringed part elbowed in the widest portion, converging; basal piece not bifurcated distally (Figure 4F); median lobe plus median struts moderately curved (Figure 4N), a little longer than tegmen; the median struts about one half of the whole median lobe in length; dorsal plate not shorter than ventral plate (Figures 3B, 4N, 4O); apex of ventral plate narrowly pointed (Figure 4M); median foramen elongated; internal sac about 2 times as long as median lobe plus median struts in length, with 4 pieces of basal armature and 3 rods; rods each about 1.2 mm, shorter than half of tegmen. Ejaculatory duct single. Tergite VIII (Figures 3D, 4A–B) longer than broad, apex with a protruding lobe in the middle, setae fine and short.
Female genitalia (Figures 4P–S): Tignum much longer than abdomen in ventral view. We observed a 6.7 mm tignum for an adult with a 4.3 mm abdomen in ventral view. Stylus without setae. Spermathecal duct much longer than spermathecal capsule (Figure 4S); spermathecal gland has a strongly sclerotized broad ring (Figure 4P); spermathecal capsule can be divided into an apical orb and a long and curved basal stalk (Figures 4P–Q).
Diagnosis.
This species somewhat resembles Glenea vesta Pascoe, 1866 but may be distinguished by its paler colour; the oblong form of the dorsal median brown space of the prothorax; the presence of two distinct spots, conjoined at the suture, which are placed at the middle of the elytra, and of a small transverse or slightly oblique spot at the extreme apex of each elytron. The abdomen is almost entirely reddish brown underneath [6].
Except for the difference of color and pubescent markings mentioned by Gahan (1894), the most important difference is the structure of tarsal claws, which separates them into different genera.
Remarks.
Glenea luteomaculata Pic, 1928 and Glenea bicoloricornis Pic, 1930 were synonymized with Glenea gestroi Gahan, 1894 by Breuning (1956). We agree with Breuning after checking all the types. The Thailand material was determined by comparing their external characters and genitalia structures.
Type specimens examined.
Holoype of Glenea gestroi Gahan, female, Birmania, Bhamò (in upper Burma), 1885.VIII, leg. Fea (MSCNG). Holotype of Glenea bicoloricornis Pic, female, Hoa Binh (NMB, ex Coll. Frey). Holotype of Glenea luteomaculata Pic, male, Tonkin, Hoa-Binh (MNHN, ex Coll. Clermont).
Other specimens examined. Thailand: 2 males 2 females, N Thailand, Chiang Rai prov., Wiang Pa Pao env., 2011.V.21–VI.10, leg. P. Viktora (CPV, with one male one female deposited in IZAS, ex CPV).
Vietnam: 2 males, Tonkin, Hoa Binh, one leg. Cooman (NMB, ex coll. Frey); 3 females, Tonkin occ. Reg. De Hoa Binh, 1918, leg. R. P. A. de Cooman (MNHN, ex Coll. R. Oberthür, 1952).
Materials and Methods
Materials studied have been deposited in the following institutions, museums or personal collections: CPV - Collection of Petr Viktora, Kutná Hora, Czech Republic; IZAS - Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; MCSNG - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale «Giacomo Doria», Genova, Italy; MNHN - Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; NMB - Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland (Museum Frey, Tutzing).
The habitus photos were captured using a digital camera SONY DSC-T30. The genitalia photos were captured using same camera coupled to a Leica stereomicro-scope S8APO. Photos were edited using Adobe Photoshop CS2.
Nomenclatural Acts
The electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that Code from the electronic edition. Therefore, a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies, and those copies were simultaneously obtainable (from the publication date noted on the first page of this article) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record, in accordance with Article 8.1 of the Code. The separate print-only edition is available on request from PLoS by sending a request to PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 1160 Battery Street, Suite 100, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA along with a check for $10 (to cover printing and postage) payable to “Public Library of Science”.
In addition, this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the proposed online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix “http://zoobank.org/”. The LSID for this publication is: (urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9D2F587F-B6E8-4BCA-8394-797E62E4557A). The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS.
Supporting Information
Map S1.
Known distribution points of Bifidunguiglenea gestroi (Gahan, 1894) comb. nov.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040768.s001
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Zürcher-Pfander (NMB), Olivier Montreuil (MNHN), Roberto Poggi and Fabro Penati (MCSNG) for giving access to the collections and the loans of specimens. Special thanks are due to Petr Viktora (CPV), for providing us with the fresh material from Thailand and kindly donating one pair of Bifidunguiglenea gestroi (Gahan, 1894) to IZAS. We thank Laurence Livermore (The Natural History Museum, London, UK) and Carolus Holzschuh (Villach, Austria) for improving this manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MYL GLT. Performed the experiments: MYL. Analyzed the data: MYL GLT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MYL GLT. Wrote the paper: MYL GLT.
References
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