Figures
Abstract
Background
In acupuncture brain imaging trials, there are many non-acupuncture factors confounding the neuronal mapping. The modality of the placebo, subjects’ psychological attitude to acupuncture and their physical state are the three most confounding factors.
Design and Setting
A 2×2 randomized, controlled, participant-blinded cross-over factorial acupuncture trial was conducted at Xuanwu Hospital in Beijing, China.
Participants
Forty-one college students with myopia were recruited to participate in our study and were allocated randomly to four groups, Group A, Group B, Group C and Group D.
Interventions
Group A received real acupuncture (RA) and treatment instruction (TI); Group B received RA and non-treatment instruction (NI); Group C received sham acupuncture (SA) and TI; Group D received SA and NI.
Citation: Liu H, Xu J, Shan B, Li Y, Li L, Xue J, et al. (2012) Determining the Precise Cerebral Response to Acupuncture: An Improved fMRI Study. PLoS ONE 7(11): e49154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049154
Editor: Wang Zhan, University of Maryland, United States of America
Received: May 26, 2012; Accepted: October 4, 2012; Published: November 9, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Liu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Many studies have been performed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the cerebral matrix related to acupuncture therapy. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] A rather variable pattern in blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal changes were obtained in those studies, even at specific acupoints. These variable patterns are indicative of non-acupuncture factors that confound the results.
The creditability of the placebo is an important factor in acupuncture trials. [6] The most commonly used control modality is ‘sham acupuncture’, of which the depth of insertion and stimulation is the same as the RA, but the insertion points differ. During the procedure, sham acupuncture is matched as closely as possible with the real acupuncture. However, studies have pointed out that sham acupuncture appears to have an analgesic effect similar to that of real acupuncture. [7] Evidence from clinical trials suggests that sham acupuncture has little effect on nausea and is primarily a placebo. [6], [8].
Patients participate in some studies, whereas healthy volunteers are involved in others. LI4 (Hegu) is one of the most common acupoints to be investigated in analgesic studies. The consistency of the experimental results is, however, not ideal. [2], [9], [10] For a specific acupoint, the physical status of a subject should be taken into greater consideration.
Psychological factors, especially an individual’s expectations, can alter their physical condition and have treatment effects. [11] The same situation exists in acupuncture trials. [12] In acupuncture imaging trials, neither positive nor negative psychological tendencies should be eliminated.
In this fMRI study, we employed a 2×2 single-blind randomized cross-over factorial design to filter the cerebral responses from those non-acupuncture factors mentioned above and to obtain a more precise estimation of neuronal responses to acupuncture at LR3 (Taichong).
Participants and Methods
1. Subjects
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China). We obtained written informed consent from all participants involved in the study.
Forty-one college students with myopia (male/female = 21/20, age 25.7±3.7 years, all right-handed) were recruited to participate in our study. No subjects had a history of neurological or psychiatric illness and all were acupuncture naive. Subjects were free of any transient medical problems and did not take any medications the day prior to the study.
a: Activation in RA vs. SA. b: Activation in Group A vs. Group C. c: Activation in Group B vs. Group D. In both RA vs. SA and Group A vs. Group C, the activation occurred in the same right superior part of VII. The activation in Group B vs. Group D is in the interior part of the left VII. SPM maps the threshold at p<0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparison. See Table 2 for details. RA: real acupuncture (Group A with Group B). SA: sham acupuncture (Group C with Group D).
2. Experimental Groups and Acupuncture
All the subjects were divided into four groups randomly.
Subjects in Group A (n = 11) underwent real acupuncture (RA), and were told they would receive acupuncture treatment which would surely benefit their myopia before MRI scan (treatment instruction).
a: Activations in EG vs. NE. b: Activations in Group A vs. Group B. c: Activations in Group C vs. Group D. In those three interventions, the left medial cortex, bilateral OFC and right posterior lobe of the cerebellum were activated (a1, a2, b1, b2, c1). In both EG vs. NE and Group A vs. Group B, bilateral DLPFC were activated (a3, b3). SPM maps the threshold at p<0.001 uncorrected. See Table 2 for details. EG: expectancy group (Group A with Group C). NE: no-expectancy group (Group B with Group D).
Subjects in Group B (n = 11) received RA stimulation, but were told they were participating in an experiment to estimate a medical machine’s sensitivity of detecting tactile signals (non-treatment instruction).
Subjects in Group C (n = 10) received stimulation at the sham acupoint (SA) and treatment instruction.
Subjects in Group D (n = 9) received stimulation at the SA and non-treatment instruction.
Each subject underwent only one of the four interventions, and each participant received the individual instructions only before the MRI scan. Each subject participated in the trial individually to avoid inter-participant interaction.
The acupuncture point left LR3 (Taichong) is located in the muscle bulk between the 1st and 2nd phalangeals on the dorsum of the left foot. One sham acupuncture point was chosen approximately 10 mm anterior to the classical site.
For Group A and Group C, before scanning, participants were asked two questions regarding credibility rating. [13] Each question was measured on a 0–6 Likert scale with 6 being the most credible.
All subjects completed a needle sensation questionnaire (NSQ) after scanning. We adopted an NSQ scale system to evaluate the needling sensation during acupuncture, with scores ranging from 0 (minimum) to 75 (maximum). [14].
After entering the scanning room, all subjects underwent resting scanning for 186 seconds (62 scans) first. A sterile, single-use silver needle (25 mm in length ×0.30 mm in diameter) was then inserted into the real acupoint or the sham acupoint, and the needle was twirled manually clockwise and counterclockwise at 1 Hz with even reinforcing and reducing manipulation for 180 seconds (60 scans). The needle was subsequently extracted while fMRI scanning continued for a total of 402 scans for every subject. The depth of needle insertion was approximately 10 mm, and all the acupuncture manipulations were performed by the same acupuncturist (Dr. Jianyang Xu, the General Hospital of the Armed Police Forces).
3. fMRI Procedure and Data Analysis
The experiments were performed with a 1.5-T whole body MRI scanner (Siemens, Sonata, Germany), with a standard head coil. Images spanned the entire head and were parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. Functional images were obtained using a BOLD T2*-weighted gradient-echo EPI sequence with an in-plane resolution of 3.59 mm (TR = 3000 ms, TE = 50 ms, flip angle 90°, field of view = 230 mm×230 mm, matrix = 64×64 mm, 6-mm slice thickness and 1.2-mm slice gap).
The data were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) software (Welcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK). The first two scans were discarded, so every subject had a final total of 400 volumes. After realignment, the images were normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space and then smoothed spatially using a 9 mm×9 mm×9 mm Gaussian kernel. The estimated data were analyzed at two levels. The first level, for each individual subject, was a fixed-effect analysis based on the general linear model with a box-car response function as the reference waveform convolved with the Poisson hemodynamic response function. The cerebral areas activated during acupuncture relative to the baseline were obtained. The second level was performed using random-effect analysis based on a one-way analysis of variance model with fixed effect results to obtain intergroup comparisons. The results were reported using Talairach space coordinates.
Results
1. Behavioral Results
Credibility.
Credibility ratings were compared using a χ2 test (Table 1). There were no statistical differences between scores for Group A and Group C.
Needle sensation.
The mean scores for needle sensation are shown in Table 1. There are no statistical differences between Group A and Group B or between Group C and Group D. RA did elicit significantly different sensations from SA.
2. fMRI Results
SPM maps of the random effect analysis threshold were at p<0.001 uncorrected and k = 10 continuous voxels. Subjects receiving real acupuncture made up the RA group, and those receiving the sham acupuncture made up the SA group. Subjects receiving treatment instruction made up the EG group, and those not receiving treatment instruction made up the NE group. The comparison of spatial coordinates of area activations are listed in Table 2.
RA vs. SA.
Activations occurred in the upper division of the right occipital cuneus, the secondary visual cortex (VII) (Fig. 1a).
EG vs. NE.
Areas in the left medial frontal gyrus (MFG) (Fig. 2 a1), bilateral dorsum lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (Fig. 2 a3), bilateral orbital frontal cortex (OFC) (Fig. 2 a2) and bilateral posterior lobe of the cerebellum were activated.
Group A vs. Group C.
The right superior division of the cuneus, part of VII (Fig. 1b), the right culmen of the cerebellar anterior lobe and the left cerebellar tonsil were activated.
Discussion
The behavioral effect of acupuncture stimulation at the real acupoint is different from the effect at the sham acupoint. Furthermore, subjects receiving the treatment instruction exhibited sound expectancy due to the psychological effect of our instruction.
1. The Specific Effect of Acupuncture at LR3
According to Chinese traditional medicine, LR3 is a fundamental acupoint, and acupuncture at this point is used to treat many disorders including eye diseases. Some studies have found that acupuncture at LR3 decreases intraocular pressure. [15], [16] Those studies suggested that acupuncture at visual-related acupoints could modulate optical physiology. In this study, the superior part of the secondary visual cortex (VII) was activated in two contrasting conditions (RA vs. SA and Group A vs. Group C), and the interior part of VII was activated in the other contrasting condition (Group B vs. Group D). VII plays an important role in the integration of visual information and visual physiology. [17] How stimulation at certain point(s) modulates certain organs is the secret of acupuncture. In many trials examining the anesthesia effect of acupuncture, some pain-related regions are mentioned. [2], [18] Acupuncture may modulate central neural activity through a crossed spino-thalamo-cortico-limibic pathway or a direct uncrossed spino-thalmo-limibic pathway. [12], [19], [20] Acupuncture at LR3, an acupoint on the foot, may control eye-related cortex via those pathways; however, those studies did not give direct proof.
2. The Effect of Non-acupuncture
In this study, we adopted a “sham acupoint” as a placebo rather than other placebo modalities, such as minimal acupuncture, mock transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) and Streitberger needle (SN). [21] TENS and SN can give subjects the impression of being pierced by an acupuncture, which are credible as placebos for psychological effects, but have no actually straight physiological effects. It means that the physical proprioception to needle stimulation is absent. We considered the “sham acupoint” as a placebo was credible and primarily acted as a placebo in this non-painful study.
The choice of subjects with myopia was based on the following consideration. Myopia is one relatively simple pathological condition and other systemic states are normal, so the complex response originating from irrelevant systems could be avoided. The output of cerebral mapping to acupuncture may be reflected in a normal physiological state. Moreover, to such a specific disorder, the psychological instruction could be implanted definitely and specifically.
Among the confounding factors in acupuncture studies, the most variable item is the psychological condition of subjects toward acupuncture therapy. Expectancy and belief have been proven to modulate the neuronal substrates of pain treated by acupuncture. [12] In this study, we introduced a distinct expectancy factor, not for its therapeutic efficacy for myopia but for its confounding effect in neuronal imaging of acupuncture stimulation. In all three contrasting conditions aimed to elicit cerebral responses to expectancy, the ipsilateral MFG, contralateral OFC, contralateral secondary sensory cortex (SII) and contralateral cerebellum were activated. The contralateral DLPFC, temporal pole and hippocampi uncus were activated in EG vs. NE and Group A vs. Group B. Many studies have validated the medial frontal gyrus- and DLPFC-related expectancy, emotion and cognitive control. [11], [22], [23] The temporal pole and hippocampi uncus are classical areas related to emotion. The activation of MFG is pronounced, so we proposed that the activity of the medial gyrus is involved in the modulation of acupuncture expectation. The function of the cerebellum has been confirmed to be not just limited to motor control but to play an important role in cognition and emotion including expectation. [23], [24] Given the complicated function of the cerebellum and our experimental design, we argued that the activation of the cerebellum in this study was related to expectancy.
Conclusions
After filtering out confounding non-acupuncture factors, stimulation at LR3 was shown to activate some areas of the visual cortex. Such a result provided more evidence regarding the credibility of acupuncture therapy. On the other hand, cerebral responses to some non-acupuncture factors were complex and occurred in multiple areas, which may overlap with the neuronal responses to acupuncture. More precise experimental designs are needed to eliminate sources of bias in acupuncture controlled trials and to obtain sound results.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HL. Performed the experiments: J. Xu LL. Analyzed the data: BS BN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: J. Xue YL. Wrote the paper: HL.
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