The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following conflicts: Dr. F. Patti has received honoraria for speaking activities by Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis and Sanofi Aventis; he also served as advisory board member the following companies: Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis; he was also funded by Pfizer and FISM for epidemiological studies; finally he received grants for congress participation from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis and TEVA. Prof. A. Nicoletti reports no competing interests. Dr. C. Leone received partial grants for congress participation from Bayer Schering and Biogen Idec. Dr. S. Messina received grants for congress participation from Bayer Schering and Merck Serono. Dr. E. D’Amico received grants for congress participation from Sanofi Aventis. Dr. S. Lo Fermo received honoraria for speaking activities from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono; he also received grants for congress participation from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono and Sanofi Aventis. Dr. V. Paradisi reports no competing interests. Dr. E. Bruno reports no competing interests. Dr. G. Quattrocchi reports no competing interests. Prof. P. F. Veroux reports no competing interests. Prof. L. Di Pino reports no competing interests. Dr. L. Costanzo reports no competing interests. Prof. M. Zappia received speaking honoraria from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Lilly, Sanofi Aventis; he also received grants for congress participation from the following companies: Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Lilly, Novartis, and Sanofi Aventis; he was also funded by AIFA and MIUR. This does not alter the authors′ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Conceived and designed the experiments: FP AN MZ. Performed the experiments: PV LD LC. Analyzed the data: AN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CL SM ED SL VP EB GQ. Wrote the paper: FP AN CL MZ.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been associated to multiple sclerosis (MS).
To evaluate the possible association between CCSVI and MS, using a population-based control design.
A random cohort of 148 incident MS patients were enrolled in the study. We have also studied 20 patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 40 patients with other neurological diseases (OND), and 172 healthy controls. Transcranial (TCC) and Echo Color Doppler (ECD) were carried out in 380 subjects. A subject was considered CCSVI positive if ≥2 venous hemodynamic criteria were fulfilled.
CCSVI was present in 28 (18.9%) of the MS patients, in 2 (10%) of CIS patients, in 11 (6.4%) of the controls, and in 2 (5%) of the OND patients. A significant association between MS and CCSVI was found with an odds ratio of 3.41 (95% confidence interval 1.63–7.13; p = 0.001). CCSVI was significantly more frequent among MS subjects with a disease duration longer than 144 months (26.1% versus 12.6% of patients with duration shorter than 144 months; p = 0.03) and among patients with secondary progressive (SP) and primary progressive (PP) forms (30.2% and 29.4, respectively) than in patients with relapsing remitting (RR) MS (14.3%). A stronger association was found considering SP and PP forms (age adjusted OR = 4.7; 95% CI 1.83–12.0, p = 0.001); the association was weaker with the RR patients (age adjusted OR = 2.58; 95%CI 1.12–5.92; p = 0.02) or not significant in CIS group (age adjusted OR = 2.04; 95%CI 0.40–10.3; p = 0.4).
A higher frequency of CCSVI has been found in MS patients; it was more evident in patients with advanced MS, suggesting that CCSVI could be related to MS disability.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) was firstly described by Charcot in 1868; since that it was known that plaques in MS are venocentric
In order to produce stronger evidence, we carried out a population case-control study to assess the possible association between CCSVI and MS. The presence of CCSVI was also evaluated in patients suffering either from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), suggestive of demyelinating diseases, or from other neurological diseases (OND).
The study was approved by the two different local ethical committees (Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di Catania and Ethical Committe of the Azienda Sanitaria Locale 3 of Catania) and patients and controls were enrolled only after they signed the informed consent.
The survey was carried out in Catania, Sicily. Its official population in 2001, date of the last official census, was 313,110 inhabitants (165,065 women and 148,045 men). Since immigrants from other countries represent only 1% of the entire province of Catania (census 2001), our population can be considered ethnically stable.
Epidemiological surveys to determine the prevalence and temporal trend of MS in the city of Catania from 1975 to 2004 have been previously carried out
At least one healthy control subject per each case, group matched by age and sex, were enrolled from the general population of Catania using a multistage sampling methods. In particular from the ten municipalities of the city of Catania we selected one or more General Practitioners (GPs). Control subjects, not affected by neurological disorders, were randomly selected from every GPs’ cabinet list. In order to exclude the presence of neurological disorders among controls we used a validated screening instrument already adopted in the Sicilian neuroepidemiologic surveys
Exclusion criteria for both patients and controls were preexisting medical conditions known to be associated with brain pathology (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, positive history of alcohol abuse), history of cerebral congenital malformations, thrombosis of jugular veins, deep venous thrombosis, central venous catheter, head and neck surgery, transient global amnesia, vasculitis and pregnancy. Patients with MS were excluded according to the presence of relapses and steroid treatment in the 30 days preceding study entry.
Other 20 patients, also resident in the city of Catania, who had had the onset after 31 December 2004, and who fulfilled the McDonald’s criteria
Sample size was calculated considering a frequency of the exposure in the general population of 8.8%, average of the frequency of CCSVI among healthy subjects reported in published studies
All enrolled patients underwent a complete neurological and physical examination including blood pressure measurement, detailed medical history of vascular risks with particular emphasis on venous disease. All neurological examinations were performed by trained and certified examining neurologist (Neurostatus, 2006; available at
ECD and TCC ultrasonographies were performed by a single experienced vascular sonographer who attended a course on CCSVI held by Dr Zamboni at the University of Ferrara in 2011. In order to correctly apply the ECD ultrasonograph Zamboni’s criteria for the diagnosis of CCSVI, before the beginning of the study, he also received a further training at the same University.
A GE Vivid E Ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway), equipped with a 8L-RS (4–12 MHz) linear array transducer was employed for the study of internal jugular vein (IJV) and vertebral veins (VVs) while a 3S-RS Sector Array Probe (1.5–3.6 MHZ) was used for the study of the deep cerebral veins (DCVs). Furthermore a special C-RS Microconvex Ultrasound Probe was used to study internal jugular veins (IJV) under clavear points.
Following the Zamboni’s procedures
The following five parameters were evaluated for each case and control subjects
Reflux in the IJV and/or VVs in sitting and supine posture;
Reflux in the DCVs;
High-resolution B-mode evidence of IJV stenosis;
Flow not Doppler detectable in the IJVs and/or VVs;
Reverted postural control of the main cerebral venous outflow pathways.
In agreement with literature data, presence of CCSVI was defined as the presence of at least two out of the five parameters
Each ECD examination was recorded on a DVD and the presence of CCSVI was evaluated by an adjudication panel composed by two expert evaluators (P.F.V. and D.P.L), both unaware of the subjects’ status. Only in case of disagreement between the two experts the sonographer joined the panel to obtain a consensus on CCSVI status.
The panel’s members were blinded to subjects’ status (cases or controls) and unaware of the number of patients with MS, OND, or CIS and controls enrolled in the study. All the members of the adjudication panel attended the course on CCSVI and received a specific training at the University of Ferrara before the study.
To avoid the possible lack of blinding we adopted the following strategies:
instructing subjects not to reveal their disease status during Doppler examination;
all the enrolled subjects were always placed on the tilt table before the arrival of Doppler evaluator.
Data were analyzed using STATA 10.0 software packages
Quantitative variables were described using mean and standard deviation (m ± SD). The difference between means and the difference between proportions were evaluated by the t-test and the Chi-square test respectively. In case of not a normal distribution appropriate non-parametric tests were performed. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed and for each study variable, we calculated OR, 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-value (two-tailed test, p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the independent effect of a risk or protective factor after adjustment for one or several other factors or to adjust for confounding variables. Parameters associated with the outcome at the univariate analysis with a threshold of p = 0.10 were included in the model. The model was manually constructed using the likelihood ratio test (LRT) to compare the log-likelihood of the model with and without a specific variable.
Whenever variables were dichotomized or polychotomized, the cut-offs were derived from the pooled distribution of cases and control subjects (e.g., using the median, tertiles, or quartiles).
The possible interaction was also evaluated by the LRT (test of violation of proportional odds). For quantitative exposure the test for linear trend was performed to evaluate the linear or trend effect. Stratified analyses were performed for MS form and disease duration.
Thirty ECD and TCC ultrasonographies have been repeated within one week and Kappa coefficient has been estimated in order to assess intra-rater agreement.
According to the sample size calculation from the incident cohort of 367 MS patients, we randomly selected 200 MS patients (54%). Out of the 200 randomly selected patients, 40 were not traced, 10 refused, one was bedbound and two were already dead. Finally 148 (74%) MS patients were effectively enrolled in the study. Among the enrolled patients, 105 had relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, 26 had secondary progressive (SP) MS and 17 had primary progressive (PP) MS. No significant differences were found between baseline characteristics (age, gender, age at onset) of MS patients enrolled in the study and the MS patients selected from the incident cohort but not enrolled (n = 52) in the study, except for a longer disease duration recorded among the enrolled patients (175.1±110 versus 126±49.8 months; p = 0.002).
At the end of the study 177 controls have been selected of whom 23 were positive at the screening questionnaire for neurological diseases and underwent a complete neurological examination. Five of them were excluded because presented abnormal neurological examination Finally 172 controls were enrolled. No significant differences were found for age and gender distribution between MS patients and controls. Baseline characteristics of patients affected by MS, CIS, OND and controls are reported in
CDMS | CIS | OND | Controls | |
|
148 | 20 | 40 | 172 |
|
93/55 | 13/7 | 24/16 | 100/72 |
|
44.3±12.8 | 38.1±11.6 | 46.1±13.8 | 43.0±13.9 |
|
31.7±10.3 | 35.5±10.9 | / | / |
|
175.1±110.0 | 31.7±25.5 | / | / |
Values are means ± standard deviation (SD).
CDMS = clinically definite multiple sclerosis;
CIS = clinically isolated syndrome;
OND = other neurological disease;
n = number;
W/M = women/men;
EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale.
Intra-rater agreement of TCC-ECD evaluation was good with a kappa value of 0.79 (p<0.001).
CCSVI, defined as the presence of at least two positive venous hemodynamic criteria
CDMS(n = 148) | CIS(n = 20) | OND(n = 40) | Controls(n = 172) | |
|
17 (11.5%) | 3 (15%) | 0 | 6 (3.5%) |
|
27 (18.2%) | 3 (15%) | 0 | 9 (5.2%) |
|
33 (22.3%) | 1 (5%) | 4 (10%) | 13 (7.6%) |
|
4 (2.7%) | 0 | 1 (2.5%) | 4 (2.3%) |
|
24 (16.2%) | 3 (15%) | 4 (10%) | 21 (12.2%) |
Criterion I = Reflux in the IJVs and/or VVs in sitting and supine posture;
Criterion II = Reflux in the DCVs;
Criterion III = High-resolution B-mode evidence of proximal IJV stenoses;
Criterion IV = Flow not Doppler detectable in the IJVs and/or VVs;
Criterion V = Reverted postural control of the main cerebral venous outflow Pathway (Δ CSA);
CDMS = clinically definite multiple sclerosis;
CIS = clinically isolated syndrome;
OND = other neurological disease;
n = number;
IJVs = internal jugular veins;
VVs = vertebral veins;
DCVs = deep cerebral veins.
Considering only the 148 defined MS patients selected from the incidence-cohort and the 172 population-based controls a significant association between MS and CCSVI was found with an OR of 3.41 (95% CI 1.63–7.13; p = 0.001).
Disease duration was dichotomized on the basis of the median value of 144 months; CCSVI was significantly more frequent (p = 0.03) among MS patients with a longer disease duration (18 out of 69, 26.1%) respect to those with a shorter disease duration (10 out of 79, 12.6%). CCSVI was also more frequent among SP and PP patients (30.8% and 29.4% respectively) than among RR MS (14.3%;
CCSVI = chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; RR = relapsing-remitting; SP = secondary-progressive; PP = primary-progressive; OND = other neurological disease.
When multivariate analysis was stratified considering only the SP and PP forms, a stronger association was found with CCSVI (age adjusted OR = 4.67; 95% CI 1.83–11.9; p = 0.001), while significant but weaker association was found when the analysis was restricted to the RR patients (age adjusted OR = 2.58; 95% CI 1.12–5.92; p = 0.02). We also found a positive, but not significant, association of CCSVI and CIS patients with an age adjusted OR of 2.04 (95% CI 0.40–10.3; p = 0.4).
As shown in
CCSVI+(n = 28) | CCSVI−(n = 120) | p | |
|
17 (60.7%) | 76 (63.3%) | 0.07 |
|
48.0±10.6 | 45.3±11.3 | 0.2 |
|
32.2±11.1 | 31.6±10.2 | 0.7 |
|
191±106.6 | 171.2±110.5 | 0.4 |
|
3.5±2.9 | 1.9±1.9 | 0.007 |
|
0.95 | 0.87 | 0.7 |
Values are means ± SD;
EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale;
ARR = annualized relapse rate.
At the time of the TCC-ECD evaluation, out of the 148 CDMS, 24 (16.2%) did not receive any treatment, 91 (64.5%) were taking Disease-Modifying Drugs (DMD) and 33 (22.3%) Immunosuppressive agents (ISA). In particular among the MS patients with CCSVI, 11 (39.3%) were taking DMD and 12 (42.8%) ISA; on the other hand out of the 120 MS patients without CCSVI, 80 (66.7%) were under DMD treatment and only 21 (17.5%) were under ISA (p = 0.009). However when analysis was stratified according to the MS form not significant differences concerning the type of treatment were found as shown in
SP/PP (N = 43) | RR (N = 105) | |||||||
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|
|
|||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
|
2 | 15.4 | 10 | 33.3 | 3 | 20.0 | 9 | 10.0 |
|
1 | 7.7 | 6 | 20.0 | 10 | 6.7 | 74 | 82.2 |
|
10 | 76.9 | 14 | 46.7 | 2 | 13.3 | 7 | 7.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SP = secondary progressive;
PP = primary progressive;
RR = relapsing remitting;
DMD = disease modifying drugs;
ISA = immunosuppressive agents.
In our study we found a significant association between CCSVI and MS. Differences were evident among the groups studied: MS patients showed the highest CCSVI prevalence compared to normal subjects and OND patients. Furthermore CCSVI was more frequent in patients with progressive MS than in patients with RRMS or CIS and in patients with longer disease duration.
During the last few years, several studies have been carried out to evaluate the possible association between MS and CCSVI and most of them have reported a higher frequency of CCSVI among MS patients, suggesting a possible pathogenetic role
To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first population-based case control-study carried out to evaluate possible association between CCSVI and MS. Frequency of CCSVI, in fact, has been estimated in a randomly selected sample of a population-based incident cohort of MS patients, thus reducing the risk of a possible selection bias among cases and allowing also the generalizability of the obtained results. Nevertheless the choice of appropriate control subjects is probably the most challenging aspect in case–control studies, and, as it is well known, several strategies should be adopted for selection in order to obtain a representative control population avoiding selection bias. To this reason, to obtain a representative sample of the general population, controls were randomly selected from the GPs roster and the GPs involved in the study were selected from the 10 municipalities of the town. Furthermore, in order to avoid a possible observer bias, great attention has been made to guarantee the blinding procedure.
In agreement with literature data, we observed an higher frequency of CCSVI among MS patients respect to the control population. However in our population-based study, CCSVI was significantly more frequent among MS patients with a longer disease duration respect to those with a shorter disease duration. This observation seems to be supported by the higher frequency of CCSVI among the SP patients, and consequently with a longer disease duration, respect to the RR MS
Nevertheless the prevalence of CCSVI found in our sample is far from that initially reported by Zamboni et colleagues
Another important point to take into account is related to the retrospective nature of the study that did not allow us to establish the exact sequence of the events. To this reason we are not able to be certain that CCSVI exposure occurred before or after the disease onset. Our results indicate that only 18.9% of patients with MS, and 10% with CIS presented with CCSVI. We further found CCSVI to be significantly more frequent among MS patients with longer disease duration, and in patients with the progressive forms of MS. According to these observations, CCSVI could be subsequent to the disease onset, making impossible to exclude a possible “reverse causality”. Even if a “causative relationship” between CCSVI and MS has been suggested, it should be underlined that association not necessary imply causation and that observational study alone does not allow us to establish a cause-effect relationship. To the best of our knowledge all the data available in literature concerning the relationship between CCSVI and MS come from retrospective case-control studies that are unable to determine whether the exposure precede the outcome (temporal relationship), the only absolutely essential or necessary criterion of causality
Proximal IJV stenosis followed by reflux in deep cerebral veins, reverted postural control of the main cerebral venous outflow pathways and reflux in IJVs and/or VVs in both supine and upright position were more frequently found in MS patients than in CIS and OND patients and in controls. Similar findings with different percentages were found by other groups
Whether or not venous abnormalities can contribute to the severity of the disease is questionable. However, our results, in agreement with literature data
In conclusion, even if the suggested causal-relationship could be supported by the positive associations reported in different studies, partially fulfilling the consistency criterion
Moreover it has to be kept in mind that DMD and ISA treatment may also have an influence on the venous system and the results of the ultrasound investigation which should be addressed in further studies.
From our point of view, at the state of the art, results from observational studies must be interpreted with caution and longitudinal multicentre studies on large cohort of CIS should be performed to better understand the correlation between CCSVI and progression.
The authors acknowledge RELOAD ONLUS association for providing the tilt table and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners (FIMG - Catania Section), for collaboration.