PLOS ONE: [sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST, sort=Date, newest first, q=subject:"Public and occupational health"]PLOShttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/webmaster@plos.orgaccelerating the publication of peer-reviewed sciencehttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/search/feed/atom?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&unformattedQuery=subject:%22Public+and+occupational+health%22&sort=Date,+newest+firstAll PLOS articles are Open Access.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/resource/img/favicon.icohttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/resource/img/favicon.ico2024-03-28T12:43:15ZMoving together: Increasing physical activity in older adults with an intergenerational technology-based intervention. A feasibility studyRachel L. KnightAïna ChalabaevKelly A. MackintoshMelitta A. McNarryJoanne Hudson10.1371/journal.pone.03012792024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Rachel L. Knight, Aïna Chalabaev, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Melitta A. McNarry, Joanne Hudson</p>
Robust evidence supports the role of physical activity and exercise in increasing longevity, decreasing morbidity and helping older adults maintain the highest quality of life attainable. However, the majority of older adults are not sufficiently physically active and interventions are needed to change their behaviors. Familial or intergenerational contact has been positively linked to health and well-being in older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to i) establish acceptability and test the functionality and useability of a novel technology-driven intergenerational intervention targeting physical activity and age stereotypes, and ii) identify any potential issues with recruitment and retention. Four familial dyads (adult ≥ 65 and child 7–11 years) engaged with the intervention. Working collaboratively during a four-week trial, they combined daily step-counts (acquired via any activity of their choice, using PA trackers) to complete a virtual walk route using online platform <i>World Walking</i>. Thematic analysis of three post-intervention focus groups (one older adult; one child; one additional parental cohort) identified eight subthemes: Engagement; Provision of a Positive Experience; Participant Stimuli; Generated Outcomes; Operationality; Limitations; Mediators; Facilitators, and Perceptions. Participants enjoyed and successfully engaged with the intervention; when designing behaviour change interventions for older adults, flexibility within pre-established routines, individual choice, and avoiding rigidly imposed structures, is important. Strategies to challenge negative perceptions of older adults’ engagement with technology and PA should be integrated into recruitment processes.Keeping university open did not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition: A test negative case-control study among studentsErika RenziValentina BaccoliniAntonio CovelliLeonardo Maria SienaAntonio SciurtiGiuseppe MigliaraAzzurra MassimiCarolina MarzuilloCorrado De VitoLeandro CasiniAntonio AngeloniOmbretta TurrizianiGuido AntonelliFabrizio D’AlbaAntonella PolimeniCollaborating GroupPaolo Villari10.1371/journal.pone.03012152024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Erika Renzi, Valentina Baccolini, Antonio Covelli, Leonardo Maria Siena, Antonio Sciurti, Giuseppe Migliara, Azzurra Massimi, Carolina Marzuillo, Corrado De Vito, Leandro Casini, Antonio Angeloni, Ombretta Turriziani, Guido Antonelli, Fabrizio D’Alba, Antonella Polimeni, Collaborating Group , Paolo Villari</p>
Background <p>During the SARS-CoV-2 testing program offered through the RT-PCR test by Sapienza University of Rome, we conducted a test-negative case-control study to identify risk factors for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection among university students.</p> Methods <p>Each SARS-CoV-2-positive case detected was matched to two controls randomly selected from students who tested negative on the same day. 122 positive students and 244 negative students were enrolled in the study. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were built. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A second model was limited to students who had attended campus.</p> Results <p>Out of 8223 tests for SARS-CoV-2, 173 students tested positive (2.1%), of whom 122 (71.5%) were included in the case-control study. In the first analysis, being a non-Italian student (aOR: 8.93, 95% CI: 2.71–29.41), having received only the primary vaccination course (aOR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.24–6.96) compared to the booster dose, known exposure to a COVID-19 case or someone with signs/symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (aOR: 6.51, 95% CI: 3.48–12.18), and visiting discos (aOR: 4.07, 95% CI: 1.52–10.90) in the two weeks before testing increased the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conversely, students attending in-person lectures on campus seemed less likely to become infected (aOR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15–0.77). No association was found with other variables. The results of the second model were comparable to the first analysis.</p> Conclusions <p>This study indicates that if universities adopt strict prevention measures, it is safe for students to attend, even in the case of an infectious disease epidemic.</p>Mothers’ perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to reducing young children’s screen time during COVID-19: A reddit content analysisLeann BlakePatricia TuckerLeigh M. Vanderloo10.1371/journal.pone.03010892024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Leann Blake, Patricia Tucker, Leigh M. Vanderloo</p>
Screen time for children under 5 is associated with various health risks. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, screen use among young children increased significantly. Mothers were more likely than fathers to be the primary caregivers and disproportionally assumed the responsibility of monitoring their children’s screen time. Several studies have examined children’s screen use throughout the pandemic; however, few have addressed mothers’ experiences. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate mothers’ perceptions regarding the barriers and facilitators faced when trying to reduce their child’s pandemic screen time, as expressed on Reddit (a social media platform for anonymous discussion and information sharing). Two subreddit forums targeted toward mothers, "mommit" and "beyondthebump," with 646,000 and 554,000 users, respectively, were examined. Posts were collected using related search terms and screened for inclusion by three independent researchers. Inductive thematic content analysis was leveraged to identify themes. In total, 582 posts were reviewed from March 14th, 2020, to August 31st, 2022. Qualitative analysis yielded 5 themes; 6 barriers and 2 facilitators were derived from themes and/or subthemes, where applicable. Results suggest that mothers faced barriers when trying to reduce their child’s screen time, including their competing work and in-home obligations, using screens to occupy their child during travel, child screen use with other caregivers, offering their child screen time while they needed rest, pandemic changes in routine, and using screens to encourage their child to engage in necessary behaviours. However, facilitating factors, including advice received from other mothers on how to reduce their child’s screen time and the sharing of non-screen alternatives supported mothers in lowering their children’s screen time. These results are important for future interventions, which may utilize the conclusions of this study to address what mothers perceive to be helping or hindering them, thus empowering mothers to successfully limit their children’s screen time.Progress and challenges in achieving tuberculosis elimination in India by 2025: A systematic review and meta-analysisAbhishek PadhiAshwini AgarwalMayuri BhiseAnil ChaudharyKrupal JoshiC. D. S. Katoch10.1371/journal.pone.03010602024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Abhishek Padhi, Ashwini Agarwal, Mayuri Bhise, Anil Chaudhary, Krupal Joshi, C. D. S. Katoch</p>
Background <p>Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant public health challenge in India, which is home to one of the highest TB burdens worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis will aim to synthesize the anticipated progress and potential challenges in achieving TB elimination in India by 2025.</p> Methods <p>A comprehensive search will be conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify relevant studies. The eligibility criteria will encompass individuals diagnosed with TB in India, interventions targeting TB treatment, prevention, or control, and various comparator groups. Outcomes of interest will include incidence reduction, mortality rate, treatment success rate, barriers to TB care, and more. Both quantitative and qualitative data will be synthesized, and the risk of bias will be assessed using established tools.</p> Outcomes <p>The review is expected to provide a holistic understanding of the TB landscape in India, highlighting the effective interventions and potential challenges in the journey towards TB elimination.</p> Conclusions <p>While it is anticipated that significant progress will be made in the fight against TB in India, challenges are likely to persist. This review will offer a comprehensive roadmap for researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals, emphasizing the importance of continued efforts, innovative strategies, and a multi-pronged approach in achieving the goal of TB elimination in India by 2025.</p>Toward trustworthy COVID-19 interventions: Building vaccine trust through community-university partnershipsLaura A. BrayLori L. JervisAmanda E. JanitzLaura RossGloria TallbullTimothy M. VanWagonerthe CATCH-UP Vaccines Team10.1371/journal.pone.03008722024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Laura A. Bray, Lori L. Jervis, Amanda E. Janitz, Laura Ross, Gloria Tallbull, Timothy M. VanWagoner, the CATCH-UP Vaccines Team </p>
Prior research identifies trust as critical to increase vaccine acceptance and uptake. However, few intervention studies have sought to develop or test strategies for bolstering vaccine-related trust. To address this gap, this exploratory study identifies features of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy interventions that can promote or undermine trust across three interconnected domains: institutional, interpersonal, and product (the vaccine itself). We draw on focus groups (N = 27 participants) with community and university partners involved with hosting COVID-19 testing and vaccine events in underserved Oklahoma communities. Focus groups explored participants’ experiences serving community health needs and elicited feedback on proposed vaccine hesitancy interventions. Proposed interventions included two technology-based strategies (text message reminders and tablet-based testimonials and education) and one dialogue-based strategy (anti-body test interpretation). We find that community partners perceived local universities as trustworthy institutions because of their association with popular sports programs, academic credentials, and proximity, creating opportunities to address vaccine-related distrust through community-university partnerships. The most promising intervention strategies for building interpersonal trust included engaging in one-on-one dialogue and using autonomy enhancing approaches. Finally, interventions that successfully encouraged vaccine trust did so by incorporating personalized health information about individuals’ potential level of protection and susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus. These findings can inform future public health efforts to create trustworthy vaccine hesitancy interventions.Prevalence of physical violence against people in insecure migration status: A systematic review and meta-analysisAlexandria InnesSophie CarlisleHannah ManzurElizabeth CookJessica CorsiNatalia V. Lewis10.1371/journal.pone.03001892024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Alexandria Innes, Sophie Carlisle, Hannah Manzur, Elizabeth Cook, Jessica Corsi, Natalia V. Lewis</p>
Objectives <p>This study summarised evidence on the prevalence of interpersonal, community and state physical violence against people in insecure migration status.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary studies that estimated prevalence of physical violence against a population in insecure migration status. We searched Embase, Social Policy and Practice, Political Science Complete, SocINDEX and Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index for reports published from January 2000 until 31 May 2023. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs assessment tool for cross-sectional studies. Two reviewers carried out screening, data extraction, quality assessment and analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted in Stata 17, using a random effects model and several exploratory subgroup analyses.</p> Results <p>We retrieved 999 reports and included 31 retrospective cross-sectional studies with 25,997 migrants in insecure status. The prevalence estimate of physical violence was 31.16% (95% CI 25.62–36.70, p < .00). There was no statistically significant difference in the estimates for prevalence of violence for men (35.30%, 95% CI 18.45–52.15, p < .00) and for women (27.78%, 95% CI 21.42–34.15, p < .00). The highest point estimate of prevalence of violence was where insecure status was related to employment (44.40%, 95% CI 18.24–70.57, p < .00), although there were no statistically significant difference in the subgroup analysis. The prevalence of violence for people in undocumented status was not significantly different (29.13%, 95% CI 19.86–38.41, p < .00) than that for refugees and asylum seekers (33.29%, 95% CI 20.99–45.59, p < .00). The prevalence of violence in Asia was 56.01% (95% CI 22.47–89.55, p < .00). Europe had the lowest point prevalence estimate (17.98%, 95% CI 7.36–28.61, p < .00), although the difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence estimate during the migration journey was 32.93% (95% CI 24.98–40.88, p < .00). Intimate partner violence attached to insecure status was estimated at 29.10%, (95% CI 8.37–49.84, p = .01), and state violence at 9.19% (95% CI 6.71–11.68, p < .00).</p> Conclusions <p>The prevalence of physical violence is a concern among people in a range of insecure migration statuses. Prevalence of violence is not meaningfully higher for people in undocumented status than for people in other types of insecure status.</p> Review registration <p>PROSPERO (CRD42021268772).</p>Muscle strength during pregnancy and postpartum in adolescents and adultsMaria Luiza da Silva SantosSabrina Gabrielle Gomes Fernandes MacêdoJuliana FernandesCatherine M. PirkleSaionara M. A. Câmara10.1371/journal.pone.03000622024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Maria Luiza da Silva Santos, Sabrina Gabrielle Gomes Fernandes Macêdo, Juliana Fernandes, Catherine M. Pirkle, Saionara M. A. Câmara</p>
Adolescent childbirth is associated with worse physical function over the long-term. Differential loss of muscle strength during pregnancy and postpartum for adolescents compared to adults may be one explanation for this, but research examining these differences is lacking. The objective of this study as to assess hand grip strength and hip adduction muscle strength in adolescents and adults during pregnancy and postpartum. A prospective cohort study was carried out with adolescent (13 to 18 years) and adult (23 to 28 years) primigravid women. Assessments were performed at three timepoints: before the 16<sup>th</sup> gestational week, during the third trimester, and between the fourth and sixth week postpartum. Hand grip strength (continuous and muscle weakness if ≤ 20.67 kgf) and hip adductor measures (continuous and muscle weakness if ≤ 13.8 kgf) were assessed using dynamometry. Generalized estimating equations modelled longitudinal relationships between muscle weakness and age group. More adolescents had hip adductor weakness than adults in the third trimester of pregnancy (62.5% vs. 31.8%, p < 0.005), which was corroborated by the longitudinal analyses. For all women, there were higher odds of hip adductor weakness in the third trimester (OR = 4.35; p< 0.001) and postpartum (OR = 9.45; p < 0.001) compared to the 16<sup>th</sup> gestational week. No significant difference in HGS was observed between age groups or across the different timepoints. The higher proportion of hip adductor weakness among adolescents may indicate a need for resistance training during and after pregnancy and physical therapy if weakness or injury is noted.The use of Kudoh method for culture of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and <i>Mycobacterium africanum</i> in The GambiaTijan JobartehJacob OtuEnsa GittehFrancis S. MendyTutty Isatou Faal-JawaraBoatema Ofori-AnyinamBinta SarrAbi Janet RileyAbigail AyorindeBouke C. de JongBeate KampmannOusman SeckaFlorian Gehre10.1371/journal.pone.03000422024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Tijan Jobarteh, Jacob Otu, Ensa Gitteh, Francis S. Mendy, Tutty Isatou Faal-Jawara, Boatema Ofori-Anyinam, Binta Sarr, Abi Janet Riley, Abigail Ayorinde, Bouke C. de Jong, Beate Kampmann, Ousman Secka, Florian Gehre</p>
Background <p><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> culturing remains the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis remains a great public health problem in developing countries like The Gambia, as most of the methods currently used for bacterial isolation are either time-consuming or costly.</p> Objective <p>To evaluate the Kudoh swab method in a West African setting in Gambia, with a particular focus on the method’s performance when culturing <i>Mycobacterium africanum</i> West Africa 2 (MAF2) isolates.</p> Method <p>75 sputum samples were collected in the Greater Banjul Area and decontaminated in parallel with both the standard N-acetyl-L-Cysteine-NaOH (NALC-NaOH) and the Kudoh swab method in the TB diagnostics laboratory in the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia between 30<sup>th</sup> December 2017 and 25<sup>th</sup> February 2018. These samples were subsequently cultured on standard Löwenstein-Jensen and Modified Ogawa media respectively and incubated at 37°C for mycobacterial growth. Spoligotyping was done to determine if the decontamination and culture methods compared could equally detect <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, <i>Mycobacterium africanum</i> West Africa 1 and <i>Mycobacterium africanum</i> West Africa 2.</p> Result <p>Among the 50 smear positives, 35 (70%) were culture-positive with Kudoh and 32 (64%) were culture positive with NALC-NaOH, whilst 7(28%) of the 25 smear negative samples were culture positive with both methods (Table 2). There was no significant difference in recovery between both methods (McNemar’s test, p-value = 0.7003), suggesting that the overall positivity rate between the two methods is comparable. There were no differences in time-to-positivity or contamination rate between the methods. However, Kudoh yielded positive cultures that were negative on LJ and vice versa. All findings were irrespective of mycobacterial lineages.</p> Conclusion <p>The Kudoh method has comparable sensitivity to the NALC-NaOH method for detecting <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex isolates. It is easy to perform and could be an add on option for mycobacterial culture in the field in The Gambia, since it requires less biosafety equipment.</p>Caregivers of children with HIV in Botswana prefer monthly IV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bNAbs) to daily oral ARTMaureen Sakoi-MosetlhiGbolahan AjibolaRoxanna HaghighatOganne BatlangKenneth MaswabiMolly Pretorius-HolmeKathleen M. PowisShahin LockmanJoseph MakhemaMathias LitcherfeldDaniel R. KuritzkesRoger Shapiro10.1371/journal.pone.02999422024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Maureen Sakoi-Mosetlhi, Gbolahan Ajibola, Roxanna Haghighat, Oganne Batlang, Kenneth Maswabi, Molly Pretorius-Holme, Kathleen M. Powis, Shahin Lockman, Joseph Makhema, Mathias Litcherfeld, Daniel R. Kuritzkes, Roger Shapiro</p>
Introduction <p>Monthly intravenous infusion of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies may be an attractive alternative to daily oral antiretroviral treatment for children living with HIV. However, acceptability among caregivers remains unknown.</p> Methods <p>We evaluated monthly infusion of dual bNAbs (VRCO1LS and 10–1074) as a treatment alternative to ART among children participating in the Tatelo Study in Botswana. Eligible children aged 2–5 years received 8–32 weeks of bNAbs overlapping with ART, and up to 24 weeks of bNAbs alone as monthly intravenous infusion. Using closed-ended questionnaires, we evaluated caregiver acceptability of each treatment strategy prior to the first bNAb administration visit (pre-intervention) and after the completion of the final bNAb administration visit (post-intervention).</p> Results <p>Twenty-five children completed the intervention phase of the study, and acceptability data were available from 24 caregivers at both time points. Responses were provided by the child’s mother at both visits (60%), an extended family member at both visits (28%), or a combination of mother and an extended family member (12%). Caregiver acceptance of monthly bNAb infusions was extremely high both pre-and post-intervention, with 21/24 (87.5%) preferring bNAbs to ART pre-intervention, and 21/25 (84%) preferring bNAbs post-intervention. While no caregiver preferred ART pre-intervention, 2/25 preferred it post-intervention. Pre-intervention, 3 (13%) caregivers had no preference between monthly bNAbs or daily ART, and 2 (8%) had no preference post-intervention. Pre-intervention, the most common reasons for preferring bNAbs over ART were the perception that bNAbs were better at suppressing the virus than ART (n = 10) and the fact that infusions were dosed once monthly compared to daily ART (n = 9). Post-intervention, no dominant reason for preferring bNAbs over ART emerged from caregivers.</p> Conclusions <p>Monthly intravenous bNAb infusions were highly acceptable to caregivers of children with HIV in Botswana and preferred over standard ART by the majority of caregivers.</p> Clinical Trial Number <p>NCT03707977.</p>Examining the longitudinal associations between activity limitations, instrumental supports and social participation in osteoarthritis: A CLSA population-based studyAnthony V. PerruccioCalvin YipJ. Denise PowerMayilee CanizaresElizabeth M. Badley10.1371/journal.pone.02998942024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Anthony V. Perruccio, Calvin Yip, J. Denise Power, Mayilee Canizares, Elizabeth M. Badley</p>
Objective <p>In osteoarthritis (OA) research, disability is largely studied within the context of activities of daily living. Broader consequences for social participation are often overlooked. In prior work, instrumental supports received and their perceived availability were shown to play a role in the maintenance of social participation. Two indicators of social participation were identified, diversity and intensity. The current study extends the findings from this prior cross-sectional work by examining these relationships longitudinally.</p> Methods <p>Data are from the baseline and 3-year follow-up questionnaires of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a population-based study of people ages 45–85 years at baseline. The sample was restricted to those who at baseline reported a doctor diagnosis of OA (n = 4104). Using structural equation modeling, latent variables were derived at each time point for activity limitations, instrumental supports perceived and received, and social participation diversity and intensity. Longitudinal factorial invariance was assessed. Model covariates included age, sex, education, income, marital status, smoking status, obesity, and number of chronic conditions.</p> Results <p>For all latent variables, strong factorial longitudinal invariance was found. Activity limitations increased over time. Greater baseline social participation intensity was associated with increases in later intensity and diversity. Increasing activity limitations were associated with decreases in social participation and with increasing receipt of instrumental supports; they were not associated with changes in perceived availability of supports. However, increasing perceived availability was positively associated with social participation intensity.</p> Conclusions <p>With a goal of increasing social participation, findings suggest a focus on interventions to reduce activity limitations in OA is necessary. Findings additionally highlight an important role for perceived availability of instrumental supports in maintaining or improving social participation in OA, in addition to current social participation, particularly intensity, for future social participation status.</p>Risk factors for catheter-associated bloodstream infection in hemodialysis patients: A meta-analysisHuajie GuoLing ZhangHua HeLili Wang10.1371/journal.pone.02997152024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Huajie Guo, Ling Zhang, Hua He, Lili Wang</p>
Objective <p>This meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the risk factors contributing to catheter-associated bloodstream infection in hemodialysis patients.</p> Methods <p>Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in both English and Chinese databases, which encompassed PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP Database and China Biomedical Literature Database. The search timeframe extended from each database’s inception to March 8, 2023. Two independent researchers executed literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using RevMan 5.3 software, facilitating the identification of significant risk factors associated with catheter-related bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. This meta-analysis is registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42023406223.</p> Results <p>Forty-nine studies were incorporated into this meta-analysis, from which 22 risk factors were examined. Through the analysis, 17 risk factors exhibited statistical significance (<i>P</i> < 0.05): age (OR = 1.52, 95% CI [0.49, 4.68]), diabetes (OR = 2.52, 95% CI [1.95, 3.25]), kidney disease (OR = 3.45, 95% CI [1.71, 6.96]), history of catheter-associated infection (OR = 2.79, 95% CI [1.96, 3.98]), hypertension (OR = 1.43, 95% CI [1.08, 1.91]), dialysis duration (OR = 3.06, 95% CI [1.70, 5.50]), catheter placement site (OR = 1.91, 95%CI [1.35, 2.70]), catheter duration (OR = 2.06, 95% CI [1.17, 3.60]), number of catheterizations (OR = 4.22, 95% CI [3.32, 5.37]), catheter types (OR = 3.83, 95% CI [2.13, 6.87]), CD4<sup>+</sup> cells (OR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.18, 0.63]), albumin (ALB, OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.15, 3.91]), C-reactive protein (CRP, OR = 1.73, 95% CI [1.47, 2.03]), hemoglobin (Hb, OR = 1.48, 95% CI [0.54, 4.07]), procalcitonin (PCT, OR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.03, 1.06]), inadequate hand hygiene (OR = 5.32, 95% CI [1.07, 26.37]), and APACHE II scores (OR = 2.41, 95% CI [1.33, 4.37]).</p> Conclusion <p>This meta-analysis suggests that age, diabetes, kidney disease, history of catheter-associated infection, hypertension, dialysis duration, catheter placement site, catheter duration, number of catheterizations, catheter type, CD4<sup>+</sup> cells, albumin, C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, procalcitonin, inadequate hand hygiene, and APACHE II scores significantly influence the incidence of catheter-associated bloodstream infection in hemodialysis patients.</p>Pubertal timing: A life course pathway linking early life risk to adulthood cardiometabolic healthMaria E. BleilBradley M. AppelhansSteven E. GregorichRobert A. HiattGlenn I. RoismanCathryn Booth-LaForce10.1371/journal.pone.02994332024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Maria E. Bleil, Bradley M. Appelhans, Steven E. Gregorich, Robert A. Hiatt, Glenn I. Roisman, Cathryn Booth-LaForce</p>
Objective <p>To evaluate a series of prospective life course models testing whether the timing of pubertal development is a pathway through which prepubertal risk factors may influence adulthood cardiometabolic health.</p> Methods <p>Subjects were 655 female participants in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) and recent SECCYD 30-year follow-up, the Study of Health in Early and Adult Life (SHINE). Prepubertal risk factors included maternal menarcheal age, child race/ethnicity, child health status indicators, and child adversity indicators. Pubertal timing was indexed by breast development onset (Tanner stage [TS] II), pubic hair onset (TS II) and menarcheal age. Adulthood cardiometabolic risk (CMR) was indexed by a composite of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, C-reactive protein, and high-density lipoprotein.</p> Results <p>Inspection of paths between the prepubertal risk factors, pubertal timing indicators, and adulthood CMR composite showed later breast development onset (-0.173, <i>p</i> < .01), later pubic hair onset (-0.182, <i>p</i> < .01), and later menarche (-0.145, <i>p</i> < .01) each predicted lower adulthood CMR, and each pubertal timing indicator mediated effects of prepubertal risk factors on adulthood CMR. Specifically, the timing of breast development onset and menarche mediated effects of maternal menarcheal age, Black (vs. White), Asian/PI (vs. White), child BMI percentile, and child SES on adulthood CMR (all <i>p</i>s < .05), and the timing of pubic hair onset mediated effects of maternal menarcheal age, Black (vs. White), and child BMI percentile on adulthood CMR (all <i>p</i>s < .10).</p> Conclusion <p>Findings in the current study contribute to the broader literature by identifying pubertal development and its timing as a potentially important pathway through which early life exposures may shape adulthood cardiometabolic health and disease. These findings have important implications for novel opportunities for increased surveillance and potential intervention focusing on pubertal development as a target to improve health more broadly.</p>The joint profiles of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength on daily physical activity levels in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: A cross-sectional studyPaulo LonganoEduardo Caldas CostaRenan Massena CostaBreno Quintella FarahNelson WoloskerGabriel Grizzo CucatoMarilia Almeida CorreiaHélcio KanegusukuRaphael Mendes Ritti-Dias10.1371/journal.pone.02982892024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Paulo Longano, Eduardo Caldas Costa, Renan Massena Costa, Breno Quintella Farah, Nelson Wolosker, Gabriel Grizzo Cucato, Marilia Almeida Correia, Hélcio Kanegusuku, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias</p>
Introduction <p>In peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients, the joint profile of low strength and cardiorespiratory fitness on movement behaviors, specifically physical activity levels and sedentary time, remains unclear.</p> Purpose <p>To investigate the joint profiles between cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness and daily physical activity among PAD patients.</p> Methods <p>Cross-sectional study in a sample of 155 PAD patients. We measured their physical activity level per week using accelerometers, assessed their muscle strength through a sit-to-stand test and cardiorespiratory fitness through a six-minute walk test. Patients were categorized into three groups: those with high strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (NC, n = 28), those with at least one component classified as low (1C, n = 88), and those with both components classified as low fitness (2C, n = 39).</p> Results <p>The patients in the 1C and 2C groups spent less time engaged in low-light and moderate activities compared to the NC group (low-light: NC: 2291 ± 680 minutes/week vs. 1C: 1826 ± 649 minutes/week vs. 2C: 1885 ± 651 minutes/week, p = .005; moderate: NC: 2617 ± 796 minutes/week vs. 1C: 2071 ± 767 minutes/week vs. 2C: 2092 ± 776 minutes/week, p = .005) and the patients in the 2C group spent less time engaged in vigorous activities compared to the NC and 1C groups (NC: 155 ± 148 minutes/week vs. 1C: 110 ± 110 minutes/week vs. 2C: 64 ± 70 minutes/week, p = .003).</p> Conclusion <p>PAD patients with low strength and/or cardiorespiratory fitness are more likely to spend less time engaging in low-light and moderate physical activities and patients with low fitness in both components are more likely to spend less time engaging in vigorous physical activity.</p>Lower autonomic arousal as a risk factor for criminal offending and unintentional injuries among female conscriptsSofi OskarssonAnneli AnderssonBridget M. BertoldiAntti LatvalaRalf Kuja-HalkolaBrittany EvansAdrian RaineChristopher J. PatrickHenrik LarssonCatherine Tuvblad10.1371/journal.pone.02976392024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Sofi Oskarsson, Anneli Andersson, Bridget M. Bertoldi, Antti Latvala, Ralf Kuja-Halkola, Brittany Evans, Adrian Raine, Christopher J. Patrick, Henrik Larsson, Catherine Tuvblad</p>
Background <p>Lower autonomic arousal is a well-known correlate of criminal offending and other risk-taking behaviors in men, but few studies have investigated this association in women.</p> Aim <p>To test associations between autonomic arousal and criminal offending as well as unintentional injuries among female conscripts.</p> Methods <p>All women born 1958–1994 in Sweden who participated in voluntary military conscription (n = 12,499) were identified by linking Swedish population-based registers. Predictors were resting heart rate (RHR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Covariates were height, weight, and physical energy capacity. Main outcomes were criminal convictions (any, violent, and non-violent) from the National Crime Register. Secondary outcome was unintentional injuries requiring medical treatment or causing death. We used survival analyses to test for associations between predictors and outcomes.</p> Results <p>Low RHR, relative to high RHR, was associated with an increased risk of any criminal conviction, non-violent criminal convictions, and unintentional injuries. Low SBP, relative to high SBP, was associated with an increased risk of violent criminal convictions.</p> Conclusions <p>Results support lower autonomic arousal, particularly lower RHR, as a correlate of criminal offending among women that warrants further examination, as the reported findings have potential implications for the prediction of future female crime.</p>Observed Instagram use and satisfaction with life: Associations with received communications and exploration of others’ content after posting a selfieKyla M. CaryMegan K. MaasKirsten M. GreerDar Meshi10.1371/journal.pone.02973922024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Kyla M. Cary, Megan K. Maas, Kirsten M. Greer, Dar Meshi</p>
Over 70% of Americans use social media platforms, like Instagram. With this high prevalence, researchers have investigated the relationship between social media use and psychological well-being. Extant research has yielded mixed results, however, as most measures of social media use are self-reported and focus on amount of use. Even when studies account for type of social media use, such as active or passive use, there remains much to be captured. To address this, we asked participants to report their satisfaction with life and then recorded their actual Instagram activity for 10 minutes after posting a “selfie” portrait to their account. We coded the observed Instagram activity into the following four clusters of experiences: communications received, communications sent, monitoring self-related content, and exploring other-related content. We found that greater life satisfaction was associated with higher frequency of receiving communications and viewing other-related content. Life satisfaction was not associated with frequency of sending communications and self-monitoring. Surprisingly, none of the clusters of Instagram experiences were negatively associated with life satisfaction. Our findings highlight the importance of objective data and moving beyond the active/passive dichotomy of social media use to consider additional experiences.