PLOS ONE: [sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST, sort=Date, newest first, q=subject:"Atmospheric science"]PLOShttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/webmaster@plos.orgaccelerating the publication of peer-reviewed sciencehttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/search/feed/atom?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&unformattedQuery=subject:%22Atmospheric+science%22&sort=Date,+newest+firstAll PLOS articles are Open Access.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/resource/img/favicon.icohttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/resource/img/favicon.ico2024-03-28T12:26:40ZCan cyclone exposure explain behavioural and demographic variation among lemur species?Alison M. BehieTravis S. SteffensKeaghan YaxleyAlan VincentPatricia C. WrightSteig E. JohnsonMary S. M. Pavelka10.1371/journal.pone.03009722024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Alison M. Behie, Travis S. Steffens, Keaghan Yaxley, Alan Vincent, Patricia C. Wright, Steig E. Johnson, Mary S. M. Pavelka</p>
Madagascar has a harsh and stochastic climate because of regular natural disturbances. This history of regular cyclones has been hypothesised to have directed evolutionary changes to lemur behaviour and morphology that make them more resilient to sudden environmental change. These adaptations may include: small group sizes, high degrees of energy-conserving behaviours, generalist habitat use, small home ranges, small body size, and a limited number of frugivorous species. To date, however, no one has tested how variation in cyclone exposure across Madagascar is associated with variation in these resilience traits. In this study, we created a detailed cyclone impact map for Madagascar using Koppen-Geiger climate class, historical cyclone tracks, the Saffir Class of cyclone and hurricane intensity, and precipitation data. We also used existing literature to calculate a resilience score for 26 lemur species for which data existed on resilience traits. Our cyclone impact map was then overlaid on known geographic ranges of these species and compared to resilience score while controlling for phylogenetic non-independence and spatial autocorrelation. We found no association between cyclone impact in a lemur range and their resilience score. When assessing traits individually, however, we found that cyclone impact was positively associated with body size, suggesting that the more impacted a species is by cyclones the smaller they are. We also found cyclone impact to be negatively associated with frugivory, with species in higher impact zones eating more fruit. While unexpected, this could reflect an increased production in fruit in tree fall gaps following cyclones. While we did not find a pattern between cyclone impact and behavioural resilience in lemurs, we suggest a similar study at a global scale across all primates would allow for more taxonomic variation and reveal larger patterns key to understanding past and future vulnerability to natural disturbances in primates.The great urban shift: Climate change is predicted to drive mass species turnover in citiesAlessandro FilazzolaMarc T. J. JohnsonKimberly BarrettSue HayesNamrata ShresthaLaura TimmsJames Scott MacIvor10.1371/journal.pone.02992172024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Alessandro Filazzola, Marc T. J. Johnson, Kimberly Barrett, Sue Hayes, Namrata Shrestha, Laura Timms, James Scott MacIvor</p>
Human experiences with nature are important for our culture, economy, and health. Anthropogenically-driven climate change is causing widespread shifts in biodiversity and resident urban wildlife are no exception. We modelled over 2,000 animal species to predict how climate change will impact terrestrial wildlife within 60 Canadian and American cities. We found evidence of an impending <i>great urban shift</i> where thousands of species will disappear across the selected cities, being replaced by new species, or not replaced at all. Effects were largely species-specific, with the most negatively impacted taxa being amphibians, canines, and loons. These predicted shifts were consistent across scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, but our results show that the severity of change will be defined by our action or inaction to mitigate climate change. An impending massive shift in urban wildlife will impact the cultural experiences of human residents, the delivery of ecosystem services, and our relationship with nature.The impact of climate change on the agriculture and the economy of Southern Gaul: New perspectives of agent-based modellingNicolas BernigaudAlberte BondeauJoël GuiotFrédérique BertoncelloMarie-Jeanne OuriachiLaurent BoubyPhilippe LeveauLoup BernardDelphine Isoardi10.1371/journal.pone.02988952024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Nicolas Bernigaud, Alberte Bondeau, Joël Guiot, Frédérique Bertoncello, Marie-Jeanne Ouriachi, Laurent Bouby, Philippe Leveau, Loup Bernard, Delphine Isoardi</p>
What impact did the Roman Climate Optimum (RCO) and the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA) have on the rise and fall of the Roman Empire? Our article presents an agent-based modelling (ABM) approach developed to evaluate the impact of climate change on the profitability of vineyards, olive groves, and grain farms in Southern Gaul, which were the main source of wealth in the roman period. This ABM simulates an agroecosystem model which processes potential agricultural yield values from paleoclimatic data. The model calculates the revenues made by agricultural exploitations from the sale of crops whose annual volumes vary according to climate and market prices. The potential profits made by the different agricultural exploitations are calculated by deducting from the income the operating and transportation costs. We conclude that the warm and wet climate of the Roman period may have had an extremely beneficial effect on the profitability of wine and olive farms between the 2<sup>nd</sup> century BCE and the 3<sup>rd</sup> century CE, but a more modest effect on grain production. Subsequently, there is a significant decrease in the potential profitability of farms during the Late Antique Little Ice Age (4<sup>th</sup>-7<sup>th</sup> century CE). Comparing the results of our model with archaeological data enables us to discuss the impact of these climatic fluctuations on the agricultural and economic growth, and then their subsequent recession in Southern Gaul from the beginning to the end of antiquity.Exploring the temporal dynamics of methane ebullition in a subtropical freshwater reservoirLediane MarconTobias BleningerMichael MännichMayra IshikawaStephan HilgertAndreas Lorke10.1371/journal.pone.02981862024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Lediane Marcon, Tobias Bleninger, Michael Männich, Mayra Ishikawa, Stephan Hilgert, Andreas Lorke</p>
The transport of methane from sediments to the atmosphere by rising gas bubbles (ebullition) can be the dominant, yet highly variable emission pathway from shallow aquatic ecosystems. Ebullition fluxes have been reported to vary in space and time, as methane production, accumulation, and bubble release from the sediment matrix is affected by several physical and bio-geochemical processes acting at different timescales. Time-series analysis and empirical models have been used for investigating the temporal dynamics of ebullition and its controls. In this study, we analyzed the factors governing the temporal dynamics of ebullition and evaluated the application of empirical models to reproduce these dynamics across different timescales and across different aquatic systems. The analysis is based on continuous high frequency measurements of ebullition fluxes and environmental variables in a mesotrophic subtropical and polymictic freshwater reservoir. The synchronization of ebullition events across different monitoring sites, and the extent to which ebullition was correlated to environmental variables varied throughout the three years of observations and were affected by thermal stratification in the reservoir. Empirical models developed for other aquatic systems could reproduce a limited fraction of the variability in observed ebullition fluxes (R<sup>2</sup> < 0.3), however the predictions could be improved by considering additional environmental variables. The model performance depended on the timescale. For daily and weekly time intervals, a generalized additive model could reproduce 70 and 96% of ebullition variability but could not resolve hourly flux variations (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.19). Lastly, we discuss the potential application of empirical models for filling gaps in ebullition measurements and for reproducing the main temporal dynamics of the fluxes. The results provide crucial information for emission estimates, and for the development and implementation of strategies targeting at a reduction of methane emissions from inland waters.Emotional signatures of climate policy supportTeresa A. MyersConnie Roser-RenoufAnthony LeiserowitzEdward Maibach10.1371/journal.pclm.00003812024-03-27T14:00:00Z2024-03-27T14:00:00Z<p>by Teresa A. Myers, Connie Roser-Renouf, Anthony Leiserowitz, Edward Maibach</p>
The optimal emotional tone for climate communication has been debated by scholars and the press, but little is known about the effects of emotions on different types of policy support. In this paper we examine multiple discrete emotions people experience in reaction to climate change, and assess the strength of these emotions as predictors of support for different types of mitigation and adaptation policies. Using multi-wave, cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of American adults, we test whether guilt, anger, hope, fear, and sadness are uniquely associated with support for different types of climate policies. Guilt is most strongly related to support for personally costly policies, hope to support for proactive policies, and fear to support for regulatory policies. This research suggests that communicators should consider how their climate campaign’s emotional tone aligns with their policy goals.Local social-ecological context explains seasonal rural-rural migration of the poorest in south-west BangladeshLucie ClechJuan Pablo SierraMuhammad Abdul MannanMollah M. Shamsul KabirMrittika BaruaJhan-Carlo EspinozaValery Ridde10.1371/journal.pclm.00002392024-03-26T14:00:00Z2024-03-26T14:00:00Z<p>by Lucie Clech, Juan Pablo Sierra, Muhammad Abdul Mannan, Mollah M. Shamsul Kabir, Mrittika Barua, Jhan-Carlo Espinoza, Valery Ridde</p>
Bangladesh is one of the countries most affected by climate change. Internal migration is often presented as a response to environmental degradation. Here, using a people-centred perspective, we explore the complexity of the links between climate-induced change, environmental degradation caused by waterlogging and seasonal rural migration. We used an inductive qualitative approach in social sciences, conducting fourteen semi-directed interviews and six focus group discussions in March-April 2022. We related those results to a rainfall analysis on CHIRPS data for 1981-2021and we represented interactions and feedback between changes and livelihoods in a model. A complex picture of the situation is emerging, showing the interweaving effects of non-climatic and climatic changes, their interplay at different scales, their cumulative effects, the interactions between livelihood types and feedback between social and natural systems. Most of the climate-induced changes gradually become noticeable over the past 25 years. Climate data confirm these changes in recent decades, with July being wetter and January being dryer. Villagers reported waterlogging as the most significant change in their community, pointing to its multiple causes, originating in non-local and local, non-climatic anthropic changes, exacerbated by shrimp farm enclosures and worsened by climate-induced changes such as heavier rains, wetter monsoons and cyclones. Tiger prawn farms, reported as a lucrative and local adaptation to waterlogging and salinisation for the ones who can afford it, worsen the situation for the less wealthy, causing waterlogging and salinisation of the adjacent agricultural lands and buildings, the disappearance of traditional fishing and a reduction of the local job market. In addition, erratic rain patterns, droughts and cyclones affect local production and labour markets. COVID-19 lockdowns, by impacting markets and mobilities, further aggravated the situation. Inequality has increased as the range of adaptations of the less wealthy appears limited in this context of multiple crises.The influence of environmental diplomacy, economic determinants and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation: Empirical evidence of G20 countriesMuhammad RizwanullahJian ShiMuhammad NasrullahXue Zhou10.1371/journal.pone.03009212024-03-25T14:00:00Z2024-03-25T14:00:00Z<p>by Muhammad Rizwanullah, Jian Shi, Muhammad Nasrullah, Xue Zhou</p>
This study examines how various environmental and economic variables contribute to environmental degradation. Industrialization, trade openness, and foreign direct investment are among the variables, as are environmental diplomacy, environmental diplomacy secure, and renewable energy consumption. Therefore, the data covers the years 1991–2020, and our sample includes all 19 countries and two groups (the European Union and the African Union). The research used the Pesaran CD test to determine cross-section dependency, CIPS and CADF test to determine stationarity, the Wald test for hetrodcedasasticity and the Wooldridge test for autocorrelation; therefore, VIF for multicollinearity, Durbin and Hausman to analyze the endogeneity. It also employed Westerlund’s cointegration test to ensure cross-sectional dependence, Wald test for group-wise heteroscedasticity, Wooldridge test for autocorrelation, VIF for multicollinearity, and Durbin and Hausman for endogeneity. The two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) is used to estimate the results and confirm the relationship between independent variables (Industrialization, trade openness, FDI, environmental diplomacy, secure environmental diplomacy, and renewable energy) and dependent variables (Environmental Degradation) in G20 countries. Therefore, Industrialization, trade openness, foreign direct investment, ecological diplomacy, and renewable energy consumption significantly impact ecological degradation. Environmental diplomacy is crucial to combat degradation and stimulate global collaboration. G20 nations enact strict environmental restrictions to tackle climate change and encourage economic growth.Differential impact of environmental factors on airborne live bacteria and inorganic particles in an underground walkwayHiroyuki YamaguchiTorahiko OkuboEriko NozakiTakako Osaki10.1371/journal.pone.03009202024-03-21T14:00:00Z2024-03-21T14:00:00Z<p>by Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, Torahiko Okubo, Eriko Nozaki, Takako Osaki</p>
We previously reported that variations in the number and type of bacteria found in public spaces are influenced by environmental factors. However, based on field survey data alone, whether the dynamics of bacteria in the air change as a result of a single environmental factor or multiple factors working together remains unclear. To address this, mathematical modeling may be applied. We therefore conducted a reanalysis of the previously acquired data using principal component analysis (PCA) in conjunction with a generalized linear model (Glm2) and a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) test employing the χ<sup>2</sup> distribution. The data used for the analysis were reused from a previous public environmental survey conducted at 8:00–20:00 on May 2, June 1, and July 5, 2016 (regular sampling) and at 5:50–7:50 and 20:15–24:15 on July 17, 2017 (baseline sampling) in the Sapporo underground walking space, a 520-meter-long underground walkway. The dataset consisted of 60 samples (22 samples for “bacterial flora”), including variables such as “temperature (T),” “humidity (H),” “atmospheric pressure (A),” “traffic pedestrians (TP),” “number of inorganic particles (Δ5: 1–5 μm),” “number of live airborne bacteria,” and “bacterial flora.” Our PCA with these environmental factors (T, H, A, and TP) revealed that the 60 samples could be categorized into four groups (G1 to G4), primarily based on variations in PC1 [Loadings: T(˗0.62), H(˗0.647), TP(0.399), A(0.196)] and PC2 [Loadings: A(˗0.825), TP(0.501), H(0.209), T(˗0.155)]. Notably, the number of inorganic particles significantly increased from G4 to G1, but the count of live bacteria was highest in G2, with no other clear pattern. Further analysis with Glm2 indicated that changes in inorganic particles could largely be explained by two variables (H/TP), while live bacteria levels were influenced by all explanatory variables (TP/A/H/T). ANOVA tests confirmed that inorganic particles and live bacteria were influenced by different factors. Moreover, there were minimal changes in bacterial flora observed among the groups (G1–G4). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the dynamics of live bacteria in the underground walkway differ from those of inorganic particles and are regulated in a complex manner by multiple environmental factors. This discovery may contribute to improving public health in urban settings.Climate change-induced shifts in survival and size of the worlds’ northernmost oviparous snake: A 68-year studyJohan ElmbergLudvig PalmhedenCarl EdelstamMattias HagmanSimon Kärvemo10.1371/journal.pone.03003632024-03-21T14:00:00Z2024-03-21T14:00:00Z<p>by Johan Elmberg, Ludvig Palmheden, Carl Edelstam, Mattias Hagman, Simon Kärvemo</p>
Because of their dependence on ambient temperature ectothermic animals can serve as sentinels of conservation problems related to global warming. Reptiles in temperate areas are especially well suited to study such effects, as their annual and daily activity patterns directly depend on ambient temperature. This study is based on annual data spanning 68 years from a fringe population of Grass Snakes (<i>Natrix natrix</i>), which is the world’s northernmost oviparous (egg-laying) reptile, and known to be constrained by temperature for reproduction, morphology, and behavior. Mark-recapture analyses showed that survival probability was generally higher in males than in females, and that it increased with body length. Body condition (scaled mass index) and body length increased over time, indicative of a longer annual activity period. Monthly survival was generally higher during winter (i.e., hibernation) than over the summer season. Summer survival increased over time, whilst winter survival decreased, especially during recent decades. Winter survival was lower when annual maximum snow depth was less than 15 cm, implying a negative effect of milder winters with less insulating snow cover. Our study demonstrates long-term shifts in body length, body condition and seasonal survival associated with a warming climate. Although the seasonal changes in survival ran in opposite directions and though changes were small in absolute terms, the trends did not cancel out, but total annual survival decreased. We conclude that effects of a warming climate can be diverse and pose a threat for thermophilic species in temperate regions, and that future studies should consider survival change by season, preferably in a long-term approach.Six-dimensional force/torque sensor for aerodynamic characteristic study of high-speed train with different wind angles under stationary tornadoMu LiYecheng WuJiankun GanBo ChaiYuanzhao Zhang10.1371/journal.pone.02984012024-03-21T14:00:00Z2024-03-21T14:00:00Z<p>by Mu Li, Yecheng Wu, Jiankun Gan, Bo Chai, Yuanzhao Zhang</p>
Researchers conducted an investigation by tornado simulator to study the impact of wind angle on the aerodynamic characteristics of a reduced (1:150) high-speed train model using six-dimensional force/torque sensor. The reduced scale model size can match the relative size relationship between high-speed train and tornado vortex core in real condition. Results show that the wind angle affects the mean value and standard deviation of the force and moment coefficient of the high-speed train at the same radial position. The variations of the mean value and standard deviation of the pitching moment coefficient of the high-speed train carriage model at 60°and 90°are different from that at other wind angles. The variations of the mean value of the pitching moment coefficient of the high-speed train head model at 0°, 15°and 30°are different from that at other wind angles. The variations of the standard deviation of the pitching moment coefficient of the high-speed train head model at 60°,75°and 90°are different from that at other wind angles. This research will help the further study of the operation safety of high-speed train in the event of a tornado impacting a high-speed train network.Spatiotemporal trends and variability of rainfall across agro-ecologies in East Guji Zone, Southeast EthiopiaMenbere SahiluSolomon TekalignYimer MohammedTegegne SishawHaji KedirSolomon Asfaw10.1371/journal.pclm.00003612024-03-21T14:00:00Z2024-03-21T14:00:00Z<p>by Menbere Sahilu, Solomon Tekalign, Yimer Mohammed, Tegegne Sishaw, Haji Kedir, Solomon Asfaw</p>
Distribution and trends of rainfall reveal spatial and temporal variability that have a paramount effect on the life and livelihood of small-holder farmers. This study aimed to analyze spatial variability and temporal trends of rainfall distribution across the three Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of East Guji. Time series gridded daily rainfall data (1990–2020) were collected from the Ethiopian Meteorological Institution. Different descriptive statistics, trend tests: Man Kendal and Sen’s slope estimator, Inverse Distance Weighted Index and Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) was used in the study. The finding demonstrated that altitude and rainfall decrease as one advances from the western (highland) to the eastern (lowland) direction in the study area where the highest rainfall was recorded in Solemo (highland) and the least in Negele (lowland).The study showed that as altitude increases annual rainfall also increases and rainfall variability decreases. Similarly the mean length of the growing season declines as one advance from the highlands to the lowlands. The PCI of the lowlands, midlands, and highlands AEZs was 19%, 17%, and 12% respectively. The PCI showed that those highlands had moderately concentrated rainfall but both lowlands, and midlands, had an irregular distribution of rainfall. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) indicated that highland areas had moderate variability in rainfall in all seasons except winter. In contrast, the low and midlands had shown high variability of rainfall (>30%) in all seasons. From a seasonal perspective, both CV and PCI revealed that the winter season showed more variability than others. Moreover, a significant increasing trend of annual rainfall was observed in the highlands AEZs (Bore 15.3mm/year and Solemo14.6mm/year), lowland AEZs (Chembe 10.9mm/year, Dawa 8mm/year and Bitata 7.8mm/year) as well as midland AEZs (Kercha 14.5mm/year) at a significant level of 5%. Therefore, strategies should be designed to use additional water resources for irrigation; and provide short-cycle grown and drought-resistant crops in the rest of the midlands and lowlands AEZs.Incentive mechanism of multiple green innovation behaviors of equipment manufacturing enterprises: A managers, green coordination groups and employees perspectiveBaohong LiShi YinBaosheng Zhang10.1371/journal.pone.03005332024-03-20T14:00:00Z2024-03-20T14:00:00Z<p>by Baohong Li, Shi Yin, Baosheng Zhang</p>
Employees play a pivotal role in the implementing of green development strategies and the attainment of dual-carbon objectives within manufacturing enterprises. Effective motivation of employees, fostering consensus on environmental protection, increased engagement in environmental initiatives, and the cultivation of employee cohesion are all vital for fostering green development within these enterprises. This paper seeks to elucidate the roles of general managers, green coordination groups (GCG), and employees in actualizing green behaviors. Furthermore, it advocates for a double incentive model to be employed in the implementing of green strategies within manufacturing enterprises. The research reveals that multiple factors, including incentive intensity, green capability, effort cost, risk aversion, and green variance, significantly influence the formulation of incentive contracts for green behaviors. The motivation level of the general manager directly impacts the efforts of the GCG, the organization’s green climate, the manager’s individual efforts, and indirectly influences the motivation and efforts of employees towards green behaviors. Notably, the influence of the organization’s green climate on employees surpasses than on the manager, underscoring the imperative for collaboration efforts between the general manager and GCG to instill green behaviors among employees. Hence, it is imperative for the general manager and GCG to collaborate not only on critical aspects of green strategy implementation but also in fostering green behaviors among employees. This collaboration will facilitate the development of a multi-layer incentive mechanism aimed at promoting and facilitating the adoption of green behaviors among employees, thus contributing to the advancement of theory regarding employees’ green behaviors and offering practical guidance for effectively realizing dual-carbon targets and achieving high-quality development within enterprises.Climate change belief systems across political groups in the United StatesSanguk LeeMatthew H. GoldbergSeth A. RosenthalEdward W. MaibachJohn E. KotcherAnthony Leiserowitz10.1371/journal.pone.03000482024-03-20T14:00:00Z2024-03-20T14:00:00Z<p>by Sanguk Lee, Matthew H. Goldberg, Seth A. Rosenthal, Edward W. Maibach, John E. Kotcher, Anthony Leiserowitz</p>
Beliefs and attitudes form the core of public opinion about climate change. Network analysis can reveal the structural configuration of these beliefs and attitudes. In this research, we utilize a belief system framework to identify key psychological elements, track change in the density of these belief systems over time and across political groups, and analyze the structural heterogeneity of belief systems within and between political groups in the United States. Drawing on fifteen waves of nationally representative survey data from 2010 to 2021 (<i>N</i> = 16,742), our findings indicate that worry about climate change is the most central psychological element. Interestingly, we find that among politically unaffiliated individuals, the connections between psychological elements have strengthened over time, implying an increase in the consistency of belief systems within this group. Despite the political polarization in beliefs about climate change between Republicans and Democrats, our findings reveal that the ways these two groups organize and structure climate change beliefs systems are not markedly different compared to those of other groups. These findings provide theoretical and practical insights for climate change experts and communicators.Fast-tracking action on the Sustainable Development Goals by enhancing national institutional arrangementsMariam Akhtar-SchusterLindsay C. StringerNichole Barger10.1371/journal.pone.02988552024-03-20T14:00:00Z2024-03-20T14:00:00Z<p>by Mariam Akhtar-Schuster, Lindsay C. Stringer, Nichole Barger</p>
Six years remain to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite some progress, institutional effectiveness for SDG achievement has not been delivered at a national level. Identification and establishment of an institutional framework to operationalise the 2030 Agenda within national plans, giving science-based coordination of SDG implementation a central role, is urgently required to accelerate progress. This paper tackles this challenge. Drawing on literature analysis, it asks: 1) What are the deficiencies in institutional national arrangements that hinder SDG implementation? 2) How can existing institutional deficiencies in SDG implementation be addressed? and 3) How can institutional changes support fast-tracking of SDG implementation processes at national level? Findings show that country-specific horizontal institutional arrangements are usually advanced. However, national visions to improve mainstreaming across decision-making at different levels to enable whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches to SDG implementation are commonly under-developed. Deficiencies are due to poor systematic engagement of scientific and technical expertise in operational day-to-day communication, as well as in the design, validation, implementation, monitoring and reporting of domestic SDG-related multi-stakeholder actions. Vertical institutional arrangements are complex, and risk resource-consuming, uncoordinated implementation. Our analyses suggest countries may benefit from establishing a national, centralised independent scientific and technical coordinating body for SDG implementation at national level, within existing science-based institutional arrangements. Such a body would not be led by governmental processes but would provide technical support to government agencies. We argue that scientific and technical skills in data and information management and quality control are central to coordinated and evidence-informed support, and could help to accelerate national SDG implementation. Such a supporting body would also enable a more joined-up approach between stakeholders working in the areas of science and technology, government and practice, improving orchestrated science-based actions and their auditing across sectors and stakeholder communities at national and sub-national levels. It would further guide actions to reduce trade-offs within national sustainable development aspirations, and would facilitate consideration of diverse values in advancing towards a durable and just transformative future. Such efforts are vital given the rapidly closing window of time for SDG achievement.CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> dynamics in a eutrophic tropical Andean reservoirEliana Bohórquez-BedoyaJuan Gabriel León-HernándezAndreas LorkeAndrés Gómez-Giraldo10.1371/journal.pone.02981692024-03-20T14:00:00Z2024-03-20T14:00:00Z<p>by Eliana Bohórquez-Bedoya, Juan Gabriel León-Hernández, Andreas Lorke, Andrés Gómez-Giraldo</p>
We studied the dynamics of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) in a eutrophic tropical reservoir located in the Colombian Andes. Temporal and spatial dynamics were addressed through sampling during six field campaigns conducted throughout a two-year period. We monitored fluxes at the air-water interface, dissolved gas concentrations, physical and chemical properties of the water column, microstructure profiles of turbulence, and meteorological conditions. Throughout the study period, the reservoir was a persistent source of CH<sub>4</sub> to the atmosphere with higher emissions occurring in the near inflow region. During periods of low water levels, both the emissions and surface concentrations of CH<sub>4</sub> were higher and more spatially heterogeneous. The measured CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes at the air-water interface changed direction depending on the time and location, showing alternating uptake and emissions by the water surface. Mass balances of dissolved CH<sub>4</sub> in the surface mixed layer revealed that biochemical reactions and gas evasion were the most significant processes influencing the dynamics of dissolved CH<sub>4</sub>, and provided new evidence of possible oxic methane production. Our results also suggest that surface CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations are higher under more eutrophic conditions, which varied both spatially and temporally.