PLOS ONE: [sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST, sort=Date, newest first, q=subject:"Economics"]PLOShttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/webmaster@plos.orgaccelerating the publication of peer-reviewed sciencehttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/search/feed/atom?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&unformattedQuery=subject:%22Economics%22&sort=Date,+newest+firstAll PLOS articles are Open Access.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/resource/img/favicon.icohttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/resource/img/favicon.ico2024-03-29T10:16:27ZCan green funds improve corporate environmental, social, and governance performance? Evidence from Chinese-listed companiesFangjun WangXinmiao ZhouTian Gan10.1371/journal.pone.03013952024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Fangjun Wang, Xinmiao Zhou, Tian Gan</p>
Green funds play pivotal roles in driving corporate sustainable development. Utilizing data from Chinese publicly listed companies from 2010 to 2021, we examine the impact of green funds on corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and the underlying mechanisms. The research findings claim that green funds positively affect corporate ESG performance. Mechanism analysis systematically demonstrates that green funds contribute to elevated corporate ESG performance by alleviating financial constraints, enhancing managerial efficiency, and fostering green innovation. Heterogeneity analysis further underscores that the effect of green funds is particularly potent in companies with high external attention. Furthermore, green funds also play significant roles in production capabilities and economic value. This research enriches the micro-level evidence on the development of green funds and furnishes substantial implications for sustainable development.Prevalence and associated factors of occupational injuries in an industrial city in GhanaMichael Tetteh AsieduDouglas Aninng OpokuNana Kwame Ayisi-BoatengJoseph OsarfoAlhassan SulemanaAliyu MohammedJohn AmissahJennifer AshileviAyongo Mate-KoleFelix Agyemang OpokuIsaac Kofi YanksonEmmanuel Kweku Nakua10.1371/journal.pone.03013392024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Michael Tetteh Asiedu, Douglas Aninng Opoku, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Joseph Osarfo, Alhassan Sulemana, Aliyu Mohammed, John Amissah, Jennifer Ashilevi, Ayongo Mate-Kole, Felix Agyemang Opoku, Isaac Kofi Yankson, Emmanuel Kweku Nakua</p>
Background <p>Workers are exposed to workplace hazards which increase their risk of occupational injury. Data on occupational injuries and associated factors are important for planning and informing national policy regarding workplace health and safety. This study sought to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with occupational injuries among workers in an industrial city in Ghana.</p> Methods <p>A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 459 workers in the Tema industrial enclave in Ghana from 22<sup>nd</sup> December 2020 to 27<sup>th</sup> February 2021. Participants were recruited using a two-stage sampling technique. Eight communities were randomly selected from twenty-five communities in the first stage while households in each community were randomly selected in the second stage. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, occupational health and safety and occupational injuries were collected. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between occupational injuries and associated factors.</p> Results <p>The mean age of the workers was 33.9 (±6.8) years with a range of 21–53 while over 18.1% of them were working at the Port and Harbour. The prevalence of occupational injury among the workers in the preceding twelve months was 64.7%. The mechanism of injury was mainly the use of working tools (45.8%) and hot surfaces, substances or chemicals (14.1%). Being a casual staff (AOR: 2.26, 95%CI: 1.04–4.92), working at Port and Harbour (AOR: 3.77, 95%CI: 1.70–8.39), no health and safety training (AOR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.08–4.39), dissatisfaction with health and safety measures (AOR: 4.31, 95%CI: 2.12–8.78) and tertiary education (AOR: 0.03, 95%CI: 0.01–0.10) were significantly associated with occupational injuries.</p> Conclusion <p>The prevalence of occupational injuries in this study was high. Promoting machine tools’ safety, health and safety training, and satisfaction with health and safety measures through rewarding workers who do not sustain injuries could be key to employees’ health and safety.</p>Tobacco use among in-school young adolescents in Indonesia: Exploring availability, affordability, and accessibilityYeni RosilawatiZain RafiqueErwan Sudiwijaya10.1371/journal.pone.03012912024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Yeni Rosilawati, Zain Rafique, Erwan Sudiwijaya</p>
The research on Indonesian adolescents’ perception of tobacco control in schools is limited. This study aimed to explore the availability, affordability, and accessibility of tobacco among young adolescents in Yogyakarta Municipality, Indonesia, with a focus on advocating for school teenagers. Focus groups, comprising participants from diverse backgrounds and stakeholders, were conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to systematically collect varied data. The subsequent analysis employed a robust thematic approach, combining both inductive and deductive processes to ensure a nuanced exploration of emerging patterns and pre-existing frameworks. In addition to focus group data, the study incorporated insights from extensive field observations and research group discussions. The multifaceted approach enhanced the depth of analysis but also facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics. The findings of this study revealed that young adolescents found it extremely easy to purchase cigarettes from local markets. The smoking prevalence among young adolescents was relatively low, with only 10% of the respondents admitting to smoking. Although the Indonesian government has increased surveillance and regulations regarding smoking among young individuals, the actual implementation and effectiveness of these measures remain questionable. The existing anti-smoking approaches in Indonesia have been unsuccessful in curbing smoking among Indonesian school students. The study argues that it is crucial to recognize and value students’ perceptions of smoking, as their knowledge of smoking is actively constructed. To address this issue, future anti-smoking education in schools should incorporate interactive sessions rather than solely relying on didactic approaches that highlight the harms of smoking. By engaging students in interactive discussions, they can actively participate in constructing their understanding of the consequences of smoking. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance the implementation of tobacco control measures within schools and extend the reach of these measures to off-campus environments.Research on the coupling relationship and interaction between urbanization and eco-environment in urban agglomerations: A case study of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerationWeilong WuYing HuangYuzhou ZhangBo Zhou10.1371/journal.pone.03012872024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Weilong Wu, Ying Huang, Yuzhou Zhang, Bo Zhou</p>
Urban agglomerations are emerging as new regional units for national participation in global competition and the international division of labor. However, they face increasingly severe resource and eco-environment pressures during urbanization. The coordination of the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment has attracted global attention. In this study, we used Coupling Coordination Degree and Vector Autoregression models to examine the dynamic evolution, coupling relationships, coordinated development patterns, and interaction mechanisms between urbanization and the eco-environment. The results indicate that: (1) The level of urbanization in the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban agglomeration was relatively low, and the region showed a good eco-environment background. However, rapid urbanization is gradually straining the carrying capacity of the eco-environment. (2) A close and stable coupling relationship exists between urbanization and the eco-environment, which has reached an advanced coupling stage. The status of coordinated development among cities differs considerably, and multiple stable forms may exist simultaneously. (3) Urbanization has a substantial impact on environmental changes, whereas the restrictive effect of the eco-environment on urbanization development is not particularly notable. (4) Various interactive relationships exist between the urbanization and eco-environment subsystems, including positive promotion and negative constraint effects. The positive promotion effect mainly manifests between the economic, social, and ecological response subsystems, while the negative constraint effect is most evident in the mutual coercion and inhibition between the regional urbanization, economic urbanization, ecological status, and ecological pressure subsystems. These findings have important policy implications for decision makers exploring the path of coordinated and sustainable development in urbanization and the eco-environment in Urban agglomerations.Factors related to a sense of economic insecurity among older adults who participate in social activitiesYuriko InoueHisae NakataniIchie OnoXuxin Peng10.1371/journal.pone.03012802024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Yuriko Inoue, Hisae Nakatani, Ichie Ono, Xuxin Peng</p>
Japan has the highest life expectancy worldwide. Older adults who experience economic insecurity may refrain from seeking medical consultation or using long-term care insurance, and these behaviors may increase the incidence and progression of frailty. This study conducted a cross-sectional survey to identify factors related to a sense of economic insecurity among older adults who participate in social activities, and identified support measures. In total, 1,351 older adults aged ≥65 years who had participated in social activities voluntarily completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire encompassed their physical, cognitive, social, and psychological conditions, and economic insecurity. We performed univariate analysis considering a sense of economic insecurity as the dependent variable, and conducted multiple logistic regression analysis (forced entry method) considering the independent variables with p<0.1 as the covariates. Among the 872 filled questionnaires, 717 were analyzed as they had no missing data with respect to the responses to survey questions (valid response rate was 53.1%). Analysis results showed that 43.6% of the older adults had a sense of economic insecurity, which was most common among those aged 75–84 years, accounting for 47.3%, followed by those aged 65–74 years accounting for 44.1%, and those aged ≥85 years accounting for 31.5% (p<0.05). The sense of economic insecurity was not associated with physical conditions, subjective symptoms of dementia, or social conditions; however, it grew with increased loneliness (OR: 1.71, 1.002–2.92, p = 0.049) and decreased with an increased subjective sense of well-being (OR: 0.86, 0.81–0.92, <0.001). Economic insecurity among older adults was not associated with physical, cognitive, or social aspects, as reported in previous studies. The survey respondents constituted older adults who participate in social activities. Maintaining interactions within the community, even in old age, may prevent loneliness and improve subjective health.Etonogestrel-releasing subdermal contraceptive implant: Budget impact analysis based on the Brazilian private healthcare systemAgnaldo Lopes da Silva FilhoRicardo Luis Pereira BuenoYohanna RamiresLara Marina Cruz Lino10.1371/journal.pone.03012072024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Agnaldo Lopes da Silva Filho, Ricardo Luis Pereira Bueno, Yohanna Ramires, Lara Marina Cruz Lino</p>
High rates of unplanned pregnancies persist despite pharmacological developments and advancements in contraceptive methods. Here, we demonstrate that the etonogestrel-releasing subdermal contraceptive implant (IMP-ETN) may be an appropriate and cost-effective alternative to levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSs) for women in Brazil. For our pharmacoeconomic analysis, we reviewed the literature on IMP-ETN regarding its acceptance, eligibility criteria, choice, relations with age, adverse events and, finally, the unmet need in the fee-for-service private healthcare sector. We considered qualitative observations in combination with quantitative analysis and performed a deterministic sensitivity analysis to investigate whether this technology can be self-sustainable over a period of five years. The target population for this analysis comprised 158,696 women. Compared with the continued use of LNG-IUSs, adopting the IMP-ETN can result in a cost avoidance of $ 7.640.804,02 in the first year and $ 82,455,254.43 in five years. Disseminating information among physicians will promote this change and strengthen the potential cost avoided by private health system payers. These savings can be used to improve other healthcare programs and strategies. Moreover, the principles of care can be promoted by improving and adapting healthcare systems and expanding treatment and follow-up strategies. This would also provide support to women’s reproductive rights and improve their quality of life. Our results suggest that the IMP-ETN has a favorable cost-effectiveness profile. Given all its advantages and negative incremental cost impact over a period of five years, the IMP-ETN may be a more favorable alternative to LNG-IUSs. Therefore, it should be offered to beneficiaries with a private healthcare plan. This analysis overcomes previous barriers to the use of cost-benefit models, and our results may help balance decision-making by policymakers, technical consultants, and researchers.Design and implementation of an intensive panel survey with refugees and other migrants in need of protection in Costa RicaAbigail WeitzmanMatthew BlantonSophie M. MorseGilbert Brenes CamachoMaría José Chaves Groh10.1371/journal.pone.03011352024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Abigail Weitzman, Matthew Blanton, Sophie M. Morse, Gilbert Brenes Camacho, María José Chaves Groh</p>
Over the last decade, the global population of refugees and other migrants in need of international protection (MNP) has more than doubled. Despite their rapid growth, panel data collection among MNP remains rare, leaving scholars with few data sources to draw on to understand dynamic changes in their social, economic, legal, or health circumstances. With that paucity in mind, we developed and piloted the <i>Encuesta de Refugiados</i>: <i>Experiencias Sociales y Salud</i> (ERESS), a weekly panel survey conducted with MNP living in Costa Rica. To our knowledge, this panel constitutes one of the first weekly surveys with MNP anywhere in the world. Here, we describe the overall study design, sample recruitment and retention, and key descriptive findings. We show that retaining demographically and socioeconomically diverse MNP in intensive panel surveys is possible and that doing so reveals valuable insights into dynamic changes in their incorporation, family dynamics, and health and wellbeing. By offering a summary of our field experiences and central methodological findings, we highlight the potential benefits and challenges of collecting intensive panel data with MNP, as scholars increasingly seek to understand their pre- and post-migration trajectories and relationships between the two.Association between sociodemographic factors, clinic characteristics and mental health screening rates in primary careFrank MüllerAlyssa M. AbdelnourDiana N. RutaremaraJudith E. ArnetzEric D. AchtyesOmayma AlshaarawyHarland T. Holman10.1371/journal.pone.03011252024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Frank Müller, Alyssa M. Abdelnour, Diana N. Rutaremara, Judith E. Arnetz, Eric D. Achtyes, Omayma Alshaarawy, Harland T. Holman</p>
Background <p>Screening for mental health problems has been shown to be effective to detect depression and initiate treatment in primary care. Current guidelines recommend periodic screening for depression and anxiety. This study examines the association of patient sociodemographic factors and clinic characteristics on mental health screening in primary care.</p> Design <p>In this retrospective cohort study, electronic medical record (EMR) data from a 14-month period from 10/15/2021 to 12/14/2022 were analyzed. Data were retrieved from 18 primary care clinics from the Corewell Health healthcare system in West Michigan. The main outcome was documentation of any Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4/PHQ-9/GAD-7) screening in the EMR within the 14-month period at patient level. General linear regression models with logit link function were used to assess adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of having a documented screening.</p> Results <p>In total, 126,306 unique patients aged 16 years or older with a total of 291,789 encounters were included. The prevalence of 14-month screening was 79.8% (95% CI, 79.6–80.0). Regression analyses revealed higher screening odds for patients of smaller clinics (<5,000 patients, aOR 1.88; 95% CI 1.80–1.98 vs. clinics >10.000 patients), clinics in areas with mental health provider shortages (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.62–1.77), frequent visits (aOR 1.80; 95% CI, 1.78–1.83), and having an annual physical / well child visit encounter (aOR 1.52; 95% CI, 1.47–1.57). Smaller positive effect sizes were also found for male sex, Black or African American race, Asian race, Latinx ethnicity (ref. White/Caucasians), and having insurance through Medicaid (ref. other private insurance).</p> Discussion <p>The 14-month mental health screening rates have been shown to be significantly lower among patients with infrequent visits seeking care in larger clinics and available mental health resources in the community. Introducing and incentivizing mandatory mental health screening protocols in annual well visits, are viable options to increase screening rates.</p>Effect of compassion fatigue on emotional labor in female nurses: Moderating effect of self-compassionLi-Chuan Chu10.1371/journal.pone.03011012024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Li-Chuan Chu</p>
Emotional labor is common in nursing but may be affected by the mental state of nurses. This study explored the effect of compassion fatigue on emotional labor and whether self-compassion moderates this effect of compassion fatigue. Methods: A two-stage survey design with a convenience sample. Participants were female nursing staff recruited from emergency departments, intensive care units, ward nursing units, and outpatient departments of medical centers, regional hospitals, and district hospitals in Taiwan. A total of 300 questionnaire copies in each of the first and second stages were distributed, and 272 pairs of responses were retrieved (valid response rate = 91%). The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with AMOS 21. The proposed hypotheses were verified using hierarchical regression conducted with SPSS version 25.0. Results: This study revealed that compassion fatigue positively predicted surface acting (<i>β</i> = 0.12, p < 0.05) and negatively predicted deep acting (<i>β</i> = −0.18, p < 0.01) and expression of genuine emotions (<i>β</i> = −0.31, p < 0.01). In addition, self-compassion negatively moderates the relationships between compassion fatigue and surface acting (<i>β</i> = −0.12, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and positively moderates the relationships between compassion fatigue and expression of genuine emotions (<i>β</i> = 0.15, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Conclusions: To avoid excessive consumption of emotional resources, nurses with high compassion fatigue may employ surface acting by engaging in emotional labor without making an effort to adjust their feelings. Nurses need also be sympathized with, and such sympathy can come from hospitals, supervisors, colleagues, and, most crucially, the nurses themselves. Hospital executives should propose improvement strategies that can prevent the compassion fatigue on nurses, such as improving nurses’ self-compassion.Effectiveness evaluation of China’s water resource tax reform pilot and path optimization from the perspective of policy fieldMingyi YangMuqi ZhouConglin Zhang10.1371/journal.pone.03010312024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Mingyi Yang, Muqi Zhou, Conglin Zhang</p>
The water resource tax reform played an important role in promoting sustainable development in China. Subsequent to the seven-year reform, the effectiveness evaluation of the policy in each pilot area and the exploration of the optimization path directly affected the promotion of water resource tax policy and the improvement of water use efficiency. Therefore, the theoretical framework of the water resource tax policy field was constructed to examine the mechanism of the three subsystems of policy scenario, policy orientation, and policy effect; fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was then used to evaluate and quantitatively compare the policy implementation effect and policy path in each pilot area, with emphasis put on three policy orientations, i.e., the decision and decomposition effect of policy goals, the selection and im plementation effect of policy tools, and the policy supervision and security effect. As shown by the research results: ① the water resource tax reform had effectively improved the efficiency of water resource utilization in the pilot areas; ② three pilot models of water resource tax policy had been extracted, namely the policy goal and tool-driven model centering on a single dimension of the policy field, the implementation-supervision dual drive model emphasizing the supervision and security effect of the policy, and the three-dimensional policy orientation linkage model that focused on the synergistic effect of the policy field; ③ strong heterogeneity existed in water resource tax policy implementation paths and effects in each pilot area. Accordingly, regional heterogeneity could be considered in the process of reform to construct institutionalized, precise, and differentiated reform implementation methods from the perspective of the policy field.Willingness and ability to pay for breast cancer treatment among patients from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional studyTamiru DemekeDamen HailemariamPablo SantosEdom SeifeAdamu AddissieEric Sven KroeberRafael MikolajczykBirgit SilbersackEva Johanna KantelhardtSusanne Unverzagt10.1371/journal.pone.03006312024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Tamiru Demeke, Damen Hailemariam, Pablo Santos, Edom Seife, Adamu Addissie, Eric Sven Kroeber, Rafael Mikolajczyk, Birgit Silbersack, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Susanne Unverzagt</p>
Introduction <p>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant neoplasm among women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The willingness and ability to pay (WATP) for treatment is a contributing factor in the utilization of health care services. The World Health Organization Breast Cancer Initiative calls for 80% of patients to complete multimodality treatment and indicates payment as central factor to improve BC outcome. The objectives of this study are to identify how much female BC patients paid in Addis Ababa for BC treatment, their WATP for BC treatment, and the factors that affect WATP.</p> Methods <p>The researchers collected data from 204 randomly selected BC patients who were treated in one of four different health facilities (one public and three private) between September 2018 and May 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to assess their WATP for BC treatment and multivariable regression to investigate factors associated with patients’ WATP.</p> Results <p>Of interviewed patients, 146 (72%) were at reproductive age. Patients’ median expenditure for all BC treatment services was 336 US dollars (USD) in a public cancer center and 926 USD in privately owned health facilities. These amounts are in contrast with a reported WATP of 50 USD and 149 USD. WATP increased with increasing expenditure (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.89 per 100 US), educational level (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.85) and service quality (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.72). In contrast, a monthly income increase by 100 USD corresponds to a 17% decrease of WATP (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.70 to 0.99).</p> Conclusions <p>We demonstrated that BC treatment was very expensive for patients, and the cost was much higher than their WATP. Thus, we suggest that BC should be included in both social and community-based health insurance plans and treatment fees should consider patients’ WATP.</p>Urban public services and fertility intentions of internal migrants in ChinaSichen LiuQuanling CaiMingxing WangKaisheng Di10.1371/journal.pone.03003452024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Sichen Liu, Quanling Cai, Mingxing Wang, Kaisheng Di</p>
As China continues to implement its progressive fertility promotion policy, there has been a drastic decline in the fertility rate. Given that the migrant population constitutes more than a quarter of China’s total population, enhancing the willingness of this demographic to have additional children through policy-guided urban public services is pivotal for optimizing China’s population development strategy. This study analyzes the influence of urban public services on the reproductive intentions of the migrant population, utilizing data from 110,667 migrant families with one child, drawn from China’s Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring data in 2016 and 2018. The data analysis reveals several key findings: (1) Urban public services, overall, exhibit a notable positive effect on the willingness of the migrant population to have more children, albeit with limitations and a declining trend. (2) Among urban public services, primary basic education significantly impacts the willingness of the migrant population to expand their families. (3) Large cities have created a ’reverse screening’ effect on the migrant population, leading to differential access to public services. This scenario caters effectively to the high human capital migrant individuals while reducing accessibility to livelihood public services for the low human capital migrant population. This paper critically evaluates China’s progressively adjusted fertility policy from the perspective of the migrant population. It underscores the necessity of establishing a comprehensive fertility support policy system across China.Institutional investors’ site visits and investment-cash flow sensitivity: Mitigating financing constraints or inhibiting agent conflicts?Jia LiaoYun ZhanYu Yuan10.1371/journal.pone.03003322024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Jia Liao, Yun Zhan, Yu Yuan</p>
Taking Chinese non-financial A-share companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) between 2003 and 2018 as a sample, this paper empirically examines whether and how institutional investors’ site visits (SVs) affect corporate investment-cash flow sensitivity (ICFS). The results show that institutional investors’ SVs can reduce ICFS, and this effect is more obvious for companies with fewer investment opportunities, larger sizes, higher internal cash flows, and higher agency costs, indicating that institutional investors’ SVs primarily inhibit ICFS caused by agency conflicts rather than financing constraints. In addition, the inhibitory effect of institutional investors’ SVs on ICFS exists mainly in companies with poor internal supervision governance and weak executive compensation incentive mechanisms, indicating that institutional investors’ SVs and other forms of corporate governance mechanisms operate as substitutes in reducing ICFS. This paper reveals the important role of institutional investors’ SVs in reducing ICFS, with important theoretical and practical implications for regulators to progressively regulate and promote this form of investor activity.Driving factors and grouping paths of rural sports development in China ‐ A qualitative comparative analysis based on fuzzy setsDuan YuHongwei FanNing Zhang10.1371/journal.pone.03001692024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Duan Yu, Hongwei Fan, Ning Zhang</p>
The development of rural sports depends on many factors, but the complex causal relationship between various factors and the level of rural sports development is not clear. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this study aims to examine the driving role of various factors on rural sports development and construct various grouping paths to improve the level of rural sports development in China. The results shows that the area of fitness venues and social capital participation are sufficient conditions for the development of rural sports in China. Resource endowment through government fing, social capital participation and the construction of sports venues and facilities is the key driving factor for rural sports development in China. There are four grouping paths for the high-quality development of rural sports, which are divided into three configurations by combining the grouping characteristics: the state-social capital jointly controlled type driven by economic development and the resource endowment driven by the modernization of the agriculture promotes production and the grassroots organizations that are supported by the advantage of resource endowment. The results of the study highlight the complex causal relationships and key driving factors of rural sports development in China, highlight the differences in rural sports development patterns in different regions, and provide new ideas and guidelines for improving the level and quality of rural sports development.Selection of presale models for innovative products considering channel preferences and valuation differencesManman JiangLiping QinWenjin ZuoQiang Hu10.1371/journal.pone.02999452024-03-28T14:00:00Z2024-03-28T14:00:00Z<p>by Manman Jiang, Liping Qin, Wenjin Zuo, Qiang Hu</p>
To reduce financial pressure and operational risk, and improve match between supply and demand, an increasing number of enterprises are adopting presales to launch new products. In this context, this paper investigates three presale models for innovative products, namely, the no-presale model, the manufacturer presale model and the retailer presale model. A Hotelling model is used to describe the impact of channel preferences and valuation differences on the two-stage competition between innovative products. Aiming at evaluating the purchase behavior of consumers under three presale modes, a game optimization model is established to analyze the presale decision problem for innovative products under different presale entities. The research shows that: (1) Compared with no-presale, presales can help enterprises obtain more profits. The overall profit of the supply chain is optimal under the retailer presale mode. (2) When the difference in channel preferences is small, the manufacturer obtains the greatest profit by choosing the direct presale model. In contrast, the selection of different presale entities has a significant impact on product sales and supply chain enterprise profits. At this point, the manufacturer should choose the retailer presale model. (3) When the product valuation discount is high, the manufacturer can increase the spot and wholesale prices to induce consumers to choose the presale method to purchase the product. In the opposite situation, the manufacturer should lower the presale price to improve the presale utility of consumers and encourage them to participate in the presale. These conclusions provide more targeted suggestions for enterprises to formulate presale strategies, which can help them grasp market demand and improve market competitiveness.