Are Treatments More Effective than Placebos? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

• Jeremy Howick ,

  * E-mail: jeremy.howick@phc.ox.ac.uk

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Claire Friedemann,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Maria Tsakok,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Robert Watson,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Teresa Tsakok,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Jennifer Thomas,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Rafael Perera,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Susannah Fleming,

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Carl Heneghan

  Affiliation Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

  ⨯