About the Authors

Ellen Li

ellen.li@stonybrook.edu (EL); Daniel.frank@ucdenver.edu (DNF)

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Christina M. Hamm

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Ajay S. Gulati

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

R. Balfour Sartor

Affiliation Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Hongyan Chen

Affiliation Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Xiao Wu

Affiliation Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Tianyi Zhang

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

F. James Rohlf

Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Wei Zhu

Affiliation Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America

Chi Gu

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Charles E. Robertson

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America

Norman R. Pace

Affiliation Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America

Edgar C. Boedeker

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America

Noam Harpaz

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

Jeffrey Yuan

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

George M. Weinstock

Affiliation Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Erica Sodergren

Affiliation Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Daniel N. Frank

ellen.li@stonybrook.edu (EL); Daniel.frank@ucdenver.edu (DNF)

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EL RBS ECB NH GW ES DNF. Performed the experiments: EL CMH AG JY ES. Analyzed the data: EL CMH AG HC XW TZ FJR WZ CG CER JY DNF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EL CMH HC XW TZ FJR WZ CER DNF. Wrote the paper: EL CMH AG RBS HC XW TZ FJR WZ CG CER NRP ECB NH JY GMW ES DNF.