About the Authors

Elliud Muli

Contributed equally to this work with: Elliud Muli, Harland Patch, Maryann Frazier

Affiliations The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Biological Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU), Kitui, Kenya

Harland Patch

Contributed equally to this work with: Elliud Muli, Harland Patch, Maryann Frazier

hmpatch@psu.edu

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Maryann Frazier

Contributed equally to this work with: Elliud Muli, Harland Patch, Maryann Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

James Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Baldwyn Torto

Affiliation The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Tracey Baumgarten

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Joseph Kilonzo

Affiliation The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

James Ng'ang'a Kimani

Affiliation The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Fiona Mumoki

Affiliation The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

Daniel Masiga

Affiliation The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

James Tumlinson

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Christina Grozinger

Affiliation Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EM HP MF JF JT CG. Performed the experiments: EM HP MF BT TB JK JNK FM DM. Analyzed the data: HP MF TB CG. Wrote the paper: EM HP MF JF BT TB DM JT CG.