About the Authors

Masashi Shin

Affiliation Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America

Yuanyuan Hu

Affiliation Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Coralee E. Tye

Affiliation Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America

Xiaomu Guan

Affiliation Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America

Craig C. Deagle

Affiliation Program in Endodontics, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America

Jerry V. Antone

Affiliation Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America

Charles E. Smith

Affiliations Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

James P. Simmer

Affiliation Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

John D. Bartlett

jbartlett@forsyth.org

Affiliation Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JPS JDB. Performed the experiments: MS YH CET XG CCD JVA. Analyzed the data: MS CES JPS JDB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CES JPS. Wrote the paper: MS CES JDB. Designed the look-up table (LUT) used in the pseudo-coloring analysis: CES.