About the Authors

Dongxu Zhou

Affiliations Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, University of California Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Zhaoxia Ji

Affiliation University of California Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Xingmao Jiang

Affiliation Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America

Darren R. Dunphy

Affiliation Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America

Jeffrey Brinker

Affiliations Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America

Arturo A. Keller

keller@bren.ucsb.edu

Affiliations Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, University of California Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DZ AAK. Performed the experiments: DZ. Analyzed the data: DZ AAK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZJ XJ DRD JB. Wrote the paper: DZ ZJ XJ DRD JB AAK.