About the Authors

Zongqi Xia

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Elizabeth Secor

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lori B. Chibnik

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Riley M. Bove

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Suchun Cheng

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tanuja Chitnis

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Andrew Cagan

Affiliation Research Computing and Informatics Service, Partners HealthCare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Vivian S. Gainer

Affiliation Research Computing and Informatics Service, Partners HealthCare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Pei J. Chen

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Katherine P. Liao

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stanley Y. Shaw

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Peter Szolovits

Affiliation Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Howard L. Weiner

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Elizabeth W. Karlson

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Shawn N. Murphy

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Research Computing and Informatics Service, Partners HealthCare, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America, Laboratory of Computer Science, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Guergana K. Savova

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tianxi Cai

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Susanne E. Churchill

Affiliation i2b2/National Center for Biomedical Computing, Partners HealthCare, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Robert M. Plenge

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Isaac S. Kohane

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Philip L. De Jager

pdejager@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

GKS and PC, are on the Advisory Board of Wired Informatics, LLC, which provides services and products for clinical natural language processing (NLP) applications. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ZX PLD. Performed the experiments: ZX RMB AC VSG SNM PJC GKS TC HLW. Analyzed the data: ZX ES LBC SC TC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZX PJC GKS. Wrote the paper: ZX. Critical Revision of the manuscript: ZX KPL SYS ANA PS EWK SEC RMP ISK PLD.