About the Authors

Daila S. Gridley

dgridley@llu.edu

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Xiao Wen Mao

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Louis S. Stodieck

Affiliation BioServe Space Technologies, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America

Virginia L. Ferguson

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America

Ted A. Bateman

Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Maria Moldovan

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Christopher E. Cunningham

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Tamako A. Jones

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Jerry M. Slater

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Michael J. Pecaut

Affiliation Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DSG LSS VLF TAB MJP. Performed the experiments: DSG XWM LSS VLF TAB MM CEC TAM JMS MJP. Analyzed the data: DSG XWM LSS VLF TAB MM CEC TAM JMS MJP. Wrote the manuscript: DSG XWM MJP.