About the Authors

Matthew H. Schneps

mschneps@cfa.harvard.edu

Affiliation Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jenny M. Thomson

Affiliation Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gerhard Sonnert

Affiliation Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc Pomplun

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chen Chen

Affiliations Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Amanda Heffner-Wong

Affiliation Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MHS GS MP JMT. Performed the experiments: MHS CC AHW. Analyzed the data: GS MHS CC JMT AHW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MP MHS JMT CC. Wrote the paper: MHS GS MP JMT CC.