About the Authors

Kelly M. Searle

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Timothy Shields

Affiliation W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Harry Hamapumbu

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia

Tamaki Kobayashi

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Sungano Mharakurwa

Affiliations W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia

Philip E. Thuma

Affiliation Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia

David L. Smith

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Gregory Glass

Affiliation W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

William J. Moss

wmoss@jhsph.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KMS TS GG WJM. Performed the experiments: KMS TS HH TK SM PET DLS GG WJM. Analyzed the data: KMS TS DLS GG WJM. Wrote the paper: KMS TS DLS GG WJM.