About the Authors
- Arief Lalmohamed
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Affiliations Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Alexander J. MacGregor
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Affiliation Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich United Kingdom
- Frank de Vries
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Affiliations Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Hubertus G. M. Leufkens
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Affiliation Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Tjeerd P. van Staa
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* E-mail: tjeerd.vanstaa@mhra.gsi.gov.uk
Affiliations Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom, Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
The Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, employing authors AL, FdV, HL, and TvS, has received unrestricted funding from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), the Dutch Health Care Insurance Board (CVZ), the Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP), the private-public funded Top Institute Pharma (www.tipharma.nl), includes co-funding from universities, government, and industry), the EU Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), the EU 7th Framework Program (FP7), the Dutch Ministry of Health and industry (including GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and others)The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). HL is a researcher at The WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy & Regulation, which receives no direct funding or donations from private parties, including the pharma industry. Research funding from public-private partnerships, e.g. IMI, TI Pharma (www.tipharma.nl) is accepted under the condition that no company-specific product or company related study is conducted. The Centre has received unrestricted research funding from public sources, e.g. Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), the Dutch Health Care Insurance Board (CVZ), EU 7th Framework Program (FP7), Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), and Dutch Ministry of Health. The authors have conformed to the NJR’s standard protocol for data access and publication. The views expressed represent those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Joint Register Steering Committee or the Health Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) who do not vouch for how the information is presented. CPRD has received funding from the MHRA, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme, Innovative Medicine Initiative, UK Department of Health, Technology Strategy Board, Seventh Framework Programme EU, various universities, contract research organisations and pharmaceutical companies. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: AL AM FdV HL TvS. Performed the experiments: AL TvS. Analyzed the data: AL TvS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AL AM FdV HL TvS. Wrote the paper: AL TvS. Critically read and revised the paper: AL AM FdV HL TvS.