About the Authors

Tamar Ringel-Kulka

Contributed equally to this work with: Tamar Ringel-Kulka, Jing Cheng

ringelta@email.unc.edu

Affiliation Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jing Cheng

Contributed equally to this work with: Tamar Ringel-Kulka, Jing Cheng

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Yehuda Ringel

Affiliation Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jarkko Salojärvi

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Ian Carroll

Affiliation Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Airi Palva

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Willem M. de Vos

Affiliations Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Reetta Satokari

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TRK YR WdV RS. Performed the experiments: TRK JC YR JS IC AP WdV RS. Analyzed the data: TRK JC YR JS IC AP WdV RS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TRK JC YR JS IC AP WdV RS. Wrote the paper: TRK JC YR JS IC AP WdV RS.