About the Authors

Jenifer Mason

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Miren Iturriza-Gomara

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Sarah J. O’Brien

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Bagrey M. Ngwira

Affiliation Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Winifred Dove

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Martin C. J. Maiden

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nigel A. Cunliffe

N.A.Cunliffe@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NC MIG BN JM. Performed the experiments: WD JM. Analyzed the data: JM MIG WD NC SOB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BN NC MIG. Wrote the paper: JM MIG SOB MM NC.