About the Authors

Janne Estill

jestill@ispm.unibe.ch

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Matthias Egger

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Leigh F. Johnson

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research (CIDER), School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Thomas Gsponer

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Gilles Wandeler

Affiliations Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Mary-Ann Davies

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research (CIDER), School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Andrew Boulle

Affiliation Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research (CIDER), School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Robin Wood

Affiliation Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Daniela Garone

Affiliation Khayelitsha ART Programme, Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa

Jeffrey S. A. Stringer

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Timothy B. Hallett

Affiliation Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Olivia Keiser

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

for the IeDEA Southern Africa Collaboration

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Interpretation of the results and review of the final manuscript: JE ME LJ TG GW MD AB RW DG JSAS TH OK. Conceived and designed the experiments: JE OK ME. Performed the experiments: JE OK. Analyzed the data: JE OK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RW DG JSAS TBH. Wrote the paper: JE OK ME.