About the Authors

Pere Domingo

Contributed equally to this work with: Pere Domingo, Maria del Carmen Cabeza

pdomingo@santpau.cat

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Maria del Carmen Cabeza

Contributed equally to this work with: Pere Domingo, Maria del Carmen Cabeza

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Ferran Torres

Affiliation Biostatistics and Data Management Platform, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic; Biostatistics Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Juliana Salazar

Affiliation CIBERER (U-705), Barcelona, Spain

Maria del Mar Gutierrez

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Maria Gracia Mateo

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Esteban Martínez

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Joan Carles Domingo

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Irene Fernandez

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Francesc Villarroya

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Esteban Ribera

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Francesc Vidal

Affiliation Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

Montserrat Baiget

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Recruited the patients and controls: MdCC MdMG MGM EM IF ER. Conceived and designed the experiments: PD F. Vidal MB. Performed the experiments: MdCC MdMG MGM EM IF ER. Analyzed the data: PD F. Vidal MB FT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JS MB JCD F. Villarroya. Wrote the paper: PD F. Villarroya F. Vidal FT MB.