About the Authors

Linda Penn

linda.penn@ncl.ac.uk

Affiliation Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Martin White

Affiliation Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Jaana Lindström

Affiliation Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Annemieke Th. den Boer

Affiliation Department of Human NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Ellen Blaak

Affiliation Department of Human NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Johan G. Eriksson

Affiliations Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Central Hospital and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Edith Feskens

Affiliation Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Pirjo Ilanne-Parikka

Affiliation The Diabetes Center, Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland

Sirkka M. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi

Affiliation Institute of Health Sciences (General Practice), University of Oulu and Central Hospital, Oulu, Finland

Mark Walker

Affiliation Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

John C. Mathers

Affiliation Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom

Matti Uusitupa

Affiliation Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Jaakko Tuomilehto

Affiliations South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain, Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University, Krems, Austria

Competing Interests

The authors have the following interests. M. Walker has been paid for consultancy work by Sanofi. JL has been paid for lectures by MSD and Ely Lilly Finland and paid for travel and meeting expenses by Novo Nordisk. Following completion of: 1 the EDIPS-Newcastle study, LP, M. White, JCM, and M. Walker (with full agreement of the Wellcome Trust); 2 the DPS JL; and 3 the SLIM study EB A-dB; have supplied expertise, data and study samples to Tethys Bioscience, 5858 Horton St, Suite 280 Emeryville, CA 94608. Newcastle University, THL Finland, and Maastricht University received remuneration from Tethys bioscience as well as additional sample analysis data. These resources did not contribute to completion of the submitted work. There are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Author Contributions

Contributed to revisions, commented on the manuscript, and approved the final version prior to publication: LP M. White JL A-dB EB JGE EF PIP SKK M. Walker JCM MU JT. Provided clinical advice and support during the conduct of EDIPS-Newcastle: M. Walker. Secured funding for the DPS study cohort: JT MU. Secured funding for EDIPS-Newcastle: M. White JCM. Secured funding for SLIM : EB EF. Secured funding for the EDIPS collaboration, EU Concerted Action (CA) Contract N° BMH4-CT98-3759 (DG 12-SSMI): EB EF. Guarantors for this work: LP M. White JL A-dB EB JGE EF PIP SKK M. Walker JCM MU JT. Conceived and designed the experiments: JT MU M. White JCM EB EF. Performed the experiments: JL PIP JGE LP A-dB SKK. Analyzed the data: LP. Wrote the paper: LP.