About the Authors

James A. Fuller

Contributed equally to this work with: James A. Fuller, Aimee Summers

Affiliation International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Aimee Summers

Contributed equally to this work with: James A. Fuller, Aimee Summers

Affiliation International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Mark A. Katz

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Collaboration, Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kim A. Lindblade

Affiliations Division of Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala

Henry Njuguna

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Collaboration, Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya

Wences Arvelo

Affiliations Division of Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala

Sammy Khagayi

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Collaboration, Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya

Gideon Emukule

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Collaboration, Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya

Nivaldo Linares-Perez

Affiliations Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

John McCracken

Affiliation Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala

D. James Nokes

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Mwanajuma Ngama

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Sidi Kazungu

Affiliation Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research–Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Joshua A. Mott

Affiliations Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Collaboration, Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Sonja J. Olsen

Affiliation Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Marc-Alain Widdowson

Affiliation Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Daniel R. Feikin

dfeikin@jhsph.edu

Affiliations International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JAF AS DRF. Performed the experiments: JAF AS MAK KAL HN WA SK GE NLP JM DJN MN SK JAM SJO MAW DRF. Analyzed the data: JAF AS. Wrote the paper: JAF AS DRF.